Pods Plant-1 Research Articles

Effect of levels of phosphorus and varieties on growth and yield of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

A field experiment entitled “Effect of levels of phosphorus on growth and yield of black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was conducted in Agronomy research farm in School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Medziphema, during kharif season of 2022. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments which were laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. The treatment consisted of four different levels of phosphorus (P) viz., 0 (P0), 20 (P1), 40 (P2) and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P3) and three different varieties (V) viz., SBC-40 (V1), SBC-51 (V2) and PU-31 (V3). The results revealed that among different levels of phosphorus, application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded higher growth attributes, yield attributes and nutrient uptake. In case of varieties, SBC-51 variety recorded higher growth attributes, yield attributes and nutrient uptake compared to the other varieties. In case of interaction between varieties and phosphorus, variety SBC-51 along with the application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded the maximum growth attributes and yield attributes viz., number of pods plant-1 (37.24), pod length, number of seeds pod-1 (6.93), seed yield (1014.66 kg ha-1 ), stover yield (2246.54 kg ha-1 ) over rest of the treatment. In terms of nutrient uptake, application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in SBC-51 variety of black gram recorded highest N, P and K uptake by both seed and stover.

Effect of ethyl methane sulphonate on growth, yield and some physiological parameters of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) verdc) in non - water stressed and water stressed conditions

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is a legume cultivatd majorly for it’s seeds and commonly grown by subsistence farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to determine the effect of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) mutagen on the growth, yield and some physiological parameters of non-water stressed (NWS) and water stressed (WS) bambara groundnut. It’s seeds were treated with five concentrations (0.00 (control), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00% v/v) Ethyl methane sulphonate and were grown under two conditions: non-water stressed and water stressed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.50) in the emergence percentage (6 DAS), germination percentage (7 DAS), plant height (PH), number of leaves per plant (NL), leaf length (LL), leaf width, (LW), relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents in the non-water stressed and water stressed plants. After rewatering at 8 WAS, highest number of leaves in NWS and WS conditions were observed in 0.75% EMS concentration (229, 189), highest leaf length in NWS and WS plants were observed in 0.50% EMS concentration (9.47cm, 9.13cm). Highest leaf width in NWS and WS plants was observed in 0.25% EMS concentration (4cm, 3.63cm). Highest number of pods per plant (NP) and weight of pods per plant (WP) were observed in 0.75% EMS concentration only in NWS plants. Highest chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content was observed in 1.00% EMS concentration. The result form this study showed that Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) mutagen concentration increased the growth, yield and physiological parameters of Bambara groundnut in non-water stressed condition at different doses, however there was no positive effect of EMS on yield in the water stressed plants.

Potassium augments growth, yield, nutrient content, and drought tolerance in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek.)

Uneven rainfall and high temperature cause drought in tropical and subtropical regions which is a major challenge to cultivating summer mung bean. Potassium (K), a major essential nutrient of plants can alleviate water stress (WS) tolerance in plants. A field trial was executed under a rainout shelter with additional K fertilization including recommended K fertilizer (RKF) for relieving the harmful impact of drought in response to water use efficiency (WUE), growth, yield attributes, nutrient content, and yield of mung bean at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, BARI, Ishwardi, Pabna in two successive summer season of 2018 and 2019. Drought-tolerant genotype BMX-08010-2 (G1) and drought-susceptible cultivar BARI Mung-1 (G2) were grown by applying seven K fertilizer levels (KL) using a split-plot design with three replications, where mung bean genotypes were allotted in the main plots, and KL were assigned randomly in the sub-plots. A considerable variation was observed in the measured variables. Depending on the different applied KL and seed yield of mung bean, the water use efficiency (WUE) varied from 4.73 to 8.14 kg ha−1 mm−1. The treatment applying 125% more K with RKF (KL7) under WS gave the maximum WUE (8.14 kg ha−1 mm−1) obtaining a seed yield of 1093.60 kg ha−1. The treatment receiving only RKF under WS (KL2) provided the minimum WUE (4.73 kg ha−1 mm−1) attaining a seed yield of 825.17 kg ha−1. Results showed that various characteristics including nutrients (N, P, K, and S) content in stover and seed, total dry matter (TDM) in different growth stages, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), root volume (RV), root density (RD), plant height, pod plant−1, pod length, seeds pod−1, seed weight, and seed yield in all pickings increased with increasing K levels, particularly noted with KL7. The highest grain yield (32.52%) was also obtained from KL7 compared to lower K with RKF. Overall, yield varied from 1410.37 kg ha−1 using 281 mm water (KL1; well-watered condition with RKF) to 825.17 kg ha−1 using 175 mm water (KL2). The results exhibited that the application of additional K improves the performance of all traits under WS conditions. Therefore, mung beans cultivating under WS requires additional K to diminish the negative effect of drought, and adequate use of K contributes to accomplishing sustainable productivity.

Performance of Rabi Blackgram (Vigna mungoL.,) under Different Sowing Windows

Field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during the period from October, 2017 to January 2018 to evaluate the performance of rabiblackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under different sowing windows. The experimental site was sandy loam and it was neutral in reaction with a pH of 7.30, EC of 0.20 ds m-1. The experiment comprised four blackgram varieties viz., TBG-104, LBG-787, GBG-1 and PU-31 and four sowing dates viz., 1st fort night of October, 2nd fort night of October, 1st fort night November and 2nd fort night November.The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept (FRBD) having sixteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that varieties and dates of sowings significantly influenced all the parameters in the growth attributing experimentation characters such as plant height, dry weight, leaf area index, and yield attributing characters like number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1 and 1000 seed weight and seed yield (kg ha-1), haulm yield (kg ha-1) and harvest index (%) and were found highest in PU-31and lowest in LBG-787. With regard to sowing windows, the higher as well as lower values of these parameters were observed with sowing 1st fort night of October and 2nd fort night of November, respectively. Sowing PU-31 on 1st fort night of October and 2nd fort night of November gave the highest seed yield (856.42 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (2473.96 kg ha-1) respectively. Overall the results proved that 1st FN of October seems to be the appropriate sowing date for getting higher yield of black gram during rabi season. Among different varieties PU-31 came out with higher yield followed by GBG-1, TBG-104 and LBG-787.

Genotypic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Elite Genotypes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The study was conducted during the rabi season (October, 2021–April, 2022) at the Crop Research Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, focused on 30 chickpea genotypes to evaluate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlations and path analysis among quantitative traits. Utilizing a randomized block design, the study found that the number of pods plant-1 exhibited the highest variability, while pod length showed the least variability. Significant phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation highlighted substantial variability among the genotypes, with shoot length, root length, and the number of secondary branches displaying high genetic advance and heritability. This suggested the predominant influence of additive gene action on these traits, making them suitable for selection-based improvements. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were generally similar, indicating minimal environmental influence on most traits. Positive correlations were identified between the number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed index and other dependent traits, indicating their potential for enhancing crop yield through selection. The study further revealed significant direct associations among traits, emphasizing the presence of additive gene action and the feasibility of effective selection for improving chickpea characteristics. In conclusion, the findings offer valuable insights into the genetic variability and heritability of chickpea traits, guiding future breeding and selection programs for enhanced genotypes.

Estimation of Correlation Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Component Traits in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The present investigation entitled “Estimation of Correlation Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Component Traits in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)” for 10 characters. The experiment comprising of 23 genotypes of pea were grown in a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with three replications at Research Farm, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Post Graduate College, Ghazipur, during rabi season of 2017-2018, plant to plant and row to row distance was kept 10 cm and 45 cm, respectively. The maximum positive and significant phenotypic correlation coefficient (0.834) was found between seed yield per plant, biological yield per plant. Positive and significant correlations were observed between seed yield per plant and number of pods per plant, plant height. Positive and significant correlations were also recorded between biological yield per plant and plant height, number of pods per plant. Similarly number of pods per plant had positive and significant correlation with plant height.

FOLIAR ZINC AND SOIL APPLIED MOLYBDENUM OPTIMIZE YIELD AND DRY MATTER PARTITIONING OF LENTIL

A field experiment on the effect of zinc and molybdenum application on the yield of lentil was carried out at The University of Agriculture Peshawar during the Rabi season of 2021. The experiment was carried out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Four levels of molybdenum (0, 1, 2 and 3 kg ha−1) and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at different intervals of lentil crop (control, 50 days after sowing, 100 days after sowing, 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing) were tested in the experiment. The results revealed that 3 kg ha−1 of molybdenum enhanced plant height (55 cm), nodules plant−1 (25), branches plant−1 (7), days to flowering (107) and maturity (159), dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (64 g m−2), dry matter of leaves at the maturity stage (113 g m−2), dry matter of branches at the physiological maturity stage (304 g m−2), dry matter of pods at the maturity stage (439 g m−2), pods plant−1 (92), seeds pod−1 (2.0), 1000-seed weight (31 g), biological yield (3207 kg ha−1), and seed yield (1002 kg ha−1). Zinc foliar spray (0.5%) at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of lentil crop improved the dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (62 g m−2), days to first flowering (109), days to physiological maturity (157), dry matter of leaves at the physiological maturity stage (111 g m−2), dry matter of pods at the physiological maturity stage (435 g m−2), pods plant−1 (91), 1000 seed weight (32 g), biological yield (3236 kg ha−1) and seed yield (1026 kg ha−1). Lastly, scatterplots revealed a significant correlation of grain and biological yield with their components. It is concluded that molybdenum application at a rate of 3 kg ha−1 and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of the lentil crop increased seed yield and is thus recommended for the Peshawar region.

Assessing the impact of nutrient omissions on growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency in winter rape (Brassica napus L.) under rainfed ecology

Rape (Brassica napus L.) is an essential source of edible oil. The growing demand for rapeseed oil seeks to devise nutrient management strategies to lessen the gap between actual and potential yields. A field experiment was investigated at MRCFC, SKUAST-Kashmir, focusing on the best nutrient management practice for realizing higher yield in Brassica napus, using the nutrient omission plot technique. The yield and yield components of oil seed rape responded significantly to nutrient omissions. Treatments comprising NPKS + FYM, NPKS, NPK, NP, PK, NK, and control with three replications were carried out in randomized block design. Significantly, the highest seed yield of 1250 kg ha−1 was registered with NPKS + FYM, with a yield superiority of 143% over control. In terms of yield attributes, the number of pods plant−1 was the key contributor to yield. Response toward the nutrients followed the order of N > P > S > K. Application of FYM was observed to increase the efficiency of accompanying nutrient particularly for P (6.6%). Combined application of the nutrients leads to improvement in the nutrient efficiency of major nutrients evaluated in terms of agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency, and apparent nutrient recovery (ANR) efficiency. Based on the outcome of the results, balanced application of chemical fertilizers in combination with FYM seems to be pivotal for harnessing the potential of individual nutrients toward achieving higher yield in Brassica napus.

Residual Effects of Microbial Treated Paddy Residues Applied to Zero Till Maize on Growth and Yield of Summer Greengram

Background: Farmers’ conventional tillage and residue removal practices in rice-maize-greengram systems in India are input-intensive, costly and soil degradative. A number of soil quality issues have emerged due to continuous cropping and burning of residues threatening the sustainability of rice based cropping systems for the last more than four decades. Nevertheless, the in-situ or in-field decomposition of crop residue using microbial inoculum is rarely studied. This necessitated the use of microbial consortia developed by a combination of potent strains of fungi which can perform harmoniously for rapid decomposition of crop residues. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during 2020-21 and 2021-22 with eight residue-management treatments and three fertility levels to zero till maize at college farm, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU using strip plot design and the residual effect on the succeeding greengram was studied. Result: Greengram growth and yield were significantly higher under residual effect of incorporation of residues treated with microbial consortia consisting of Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus awamori and Phanerocheate spp. along with 300:100:100 kg ha-1 of N, P2O5 and K2O (125% RDF) and P supplied in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) under zero tillage during summer, 2021 and 2022. Growth parameters like plant height, leaf area index, dry matter production and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1, pod length and number of seeds pod-1 in greengram were higher under residue incorporated plots compared to residue burning, removal and retention plots with 125% RDF.

Unraveling the potential of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus for arsenic resistance and plant growth promotion in contaminated lentil field

The legume crop, lentil is often found to be contaminated with arsenic (As) across the globe, and becomes a serious problem when consumed as dietary component. Bioremediation techniques are considered to be sustainable, and low cost measures to combat this problem. The current study has been aimed at identifying the As-resistant endophytic bacteria from the root nodule of lentil plants grown in As-contaminated soil, assess their capacity to tolerate As, and establish their contribution in plant growth promotion. Four As-resistant endophytic bacteria were isolated from the lentil nodules in the contaminated (17.1 and 1.54 mg kg−1 of total and available As) field (Uttar Panchponta, Nadia, West Bengal, India located at 23° 05′ N and 88° 54′ E). The results showed that among all isolates, ARGNCAR-1 exhibits the highest As resistant capacity (200.0 mM for arsenate and 21.0 mM for arsenite). Interestingly, the ARGNCAR-1(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, KX882106) is also able to solubilize phosphate (8.59-8.6 µg mL−1 under arsenate stress and 8.0-8.1 µg mL−1 under arsenite stress) and produce significant amount of indole acetic acid (10.2-10.4 µg mL−1 under the arsenate stress and 9.4-9.5 µg mL−1 under arsenite stress). The presence of aoxB gene was detected in these four As (III) oxidizing isolates. A pot experiment was conducted with the contaminated soil and the isolated strains were inoculated. The strain ARGNCAR-1 was found to be the most efficient in reducing about 20% As from soil and 22% As from the lentil seeds and ensured significant plant yield enhancement (5.17 g plant−1) than uninoculated soil (4.54 g plant−1) mainly through their corresponding increase in pod plant−1 (110) and biomass (6.51 g plant−1). Considering the efficacy of curbing As load as well as improving plant growth, the ARGNCAR-1(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus KX882106) emerged as one of the most promising candidates in As contaminated belts.

Studies on Chemical Weed Management Practices on Growth and Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.)

An investigation was carried out at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during kharif 2021-22 entitled studies on chemical weed management practices on growth and yield of blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.)]. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. Among all the treatments, hand weeing at 25-30 DAS, recorded significantly lower weed density, higher weed control efficiency that favoured higher growth and yield parameters. Whereas, among the chemical weed management practices, application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS as post emergent recorded significantly lower weed population (2.71/0.25 m2), lower weed dry weight (1.53/0.25 m2) and higher weed control efficiency (90.31 %) compared to other chemical weed management treatments. The treatment sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS as post emergent also recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height (40.18 CM), number of branches (9.18), and dry matter production at harvest (23.50 g plant-1) and yield components viz., number of pods plant-1 (46.69 ), number of seeds pod-1 (7.89), 100 seed weight (4.7 g), seed yield (1059 kg ha-1) compared to other treatments. Significantly higher net returns (Rs.48,406) were recorded in hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS, which was on par with application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (Rs.45,066 ha-1). The higher benefit cost ratio was recorded with application of sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (3.08) followed by hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS AND IRRIGATION SCHEDULES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MUSTARD (BRASSICA JUNCEA L.)

To investigate the impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus, as well as different irrigation schedules, on the growth and yield of the Mehran Raya variety of mustard, The results showed that the F3 = 120-60 kg/ha produced population plant( 31.78 m2), height of plant(181.09 cm), branch plant-1 (9.24),pods/plant(832.87) seeds pod-1 (15.26), seed index (1000 seeds wt. 17.11 g), and seed yield (2407.67 kg ha-1). while theF1(control) results showed minimum plant population of(8.11m2), height of plant (126.98cm), branch plant-1(4.92), pods plant-1(471.49) seeds pod-1 (5.07), seed index (1000seeds wt.14.44 g), and seed yield (1279.22kg ha-1). In case of irrigation maximum plant population (24.22 m2), height of plant (165.93 cm), branchesplant-1 (8.09), podsplant-1(565.22) seeds pod-1 (12.04), seed index (1000 seeds wt. 17.11 g), and seed yield (1955.11 kg ha-1). Whereas the minimum plant population(17.11 m2), height of plant (148.80 cm), branchesplant-1 (6.22), podsplant-1(637.04) seeds pod-1 (8.74), seed index (1000 seeds wt. 15.56 g), and seed yield (1579.67 kg ha-1) was recorded in one irrigation. On the basis of results found it can be able that the balanced fertilization and irrigation scheduling was higher than alone application of treatment due to synergetic effect of NP with irrigation by mustard in terms of growth and seed yield. It was determined that despite the consequences the variation in the values different growth yield traits of mustard crop, the mustard harvest was markedly higher (2407.6 kg ha-1) when the crop was given NP @ 120-60 kg ha-1.

Biochar as sustainable input for nodulation, yield and quality of mung bean

To reduce dependency on synthetic fertilizers in response to the escalating costs of fertilizers and environmental limitations, it is imperative to enhance crop productivity and soil fertility sustainably. This research was carried out at the Agricultural Research Farm of Abdul Wali Khan University in Mardan, Pakistan, with the objective of investigating the effects of biochar on the qualitative attributes of mung beans. The randomize complete block design (RCBD) was used for the experiment having four replication. The treatments comprised of four levels of biochar i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha−1. Our results revealed that increasing biochar content caused an increase in yield components as well as attribute composition. The nodule density (17.8), pods plant−1 (27.3), grains pods−1 (11.4) and biological yield (6497 kg ha−1) produced best results under the application of 30 t ha−1 of biochar. Moreover, grain yield (1550 kg ha−1), grain nitrogen content (25.2 g kg−1) and straw nitrogen content (15.3 g kg−1) also resulted best under 30 t ha−1 biochar. While, 1000 grain weight (64 g) was recorded highest weight under 20 t ha−1. The quality attributes showed that the oil content (41.1%), as well as the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents (13.7%), were found to be the best under the application of 30 t ha−1. While, protein (23.37%) and linoleic acid (23.128%) content were the highest at 10 t ha−1of biochar. Moreover, the palmitic acid (6.1025%) and stearic acid (2.64%) content resulted higher under 20 t ha−1 of biochar. All the attributes showed positive response to either small level of biochar or a large level, but their response showed that biochar can be a factor that improves both yield and quality. The study therefore suggests that biochar should be applied to the soil to improve its fertility in regards of nutrient and increased organic matter.

Evaluation of Genetic Parameters for Yield and its Attributing Traits in Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

A study was conducted employing twelve quantitative traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height(cm), number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, pod length(cm), number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight(g), harvest index, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant (g) on 40 green gram genotypes with the intent to uncover the genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Significant variance was found for each characteristic when using simple descriptive statistics. High PCV and GCV estimates was noticed for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant, number of cluster per plant and number of pods per cluster. Days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant showed high heritability with high genetic advancement based on a study of genetic variability, suggesting that additive gene action predominates. It will be beneficial to select for these traits.

Influence of Foliar Nutrition for Maximising the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) under Irrigated Condition

Background: A field experiment was conducted at the Central farm of Imayam Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Thuraiyur, during Thaipattam (Jan.- Feb.) 2019 to study the influence of foliar nutrients for maximizing the yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under irrigated condition. Methods: The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated thrice. The treatments comprised six different foliar nutrients viz.,T1 - Control (RDF alone - 25:50:25 kg NPK ha-1), T2 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% TNAU Pulse wonder, T3 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% (19:19:19), T4 - RDF + foliar spray of 1% KCl, T5 - RDF + foliar spray of 2% DAP, T6 - RDF + foliar spray of Salicylic acid 100 ppm, T7 - RDF+ foliar spray of PPFM @ 500 ml ha-1. The variety used VBN(Bg) 5. The foliar nutrients were sprayed on 30 and 45 DAS. Result: The results revealed that among the different foliar nutrients, foliar application of 1% pulse wonder resulted in higher LAI and DMP, closely followed by 2% DAP spray. Similar to the yield parameters, foliar application of 1% TNAU pulse wonder produced more pod clusters plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1,and it, however, was on par with 2% DAP spray. Foliar spray of 1% TNAU pulse wonder produced a higher grain yield of 918 kg ha-1, comparable with a grain yield of 2% DAP (896 kg ha-1). The highest gross return (` 50,490 ha-1), net return (` 26,000 ha-1) and BCR (2.03) were obtained with foliar spray of 1% pulse wonder followed by 2% DAP spray, Hence, it is concluded that raising blackgram with foliar spray of pulse wonder spray @ 1% twice at 30 and 45 DAS is the viable package for getting higher yield and higher income.

The The Effect of Types Planting Media and the Growth Regulatory Substances of Sprouts Extract on the Growth and Yield of Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Long bean production in East Java has declined in the last three years because of the decreased soil fertility and the failure of pod formation. The addition of organic matter to the soil planting medium and spraying ZPT bean sprout extract are some efforts to increase the supply of nutrients and overcome flower fall. This study aimed to determine the interaction between the treatment of the planting media and ZPT of bean sprout extract toward growth and yield of long bean plants. The study was conducted factorially using a completely randomized design (CRD) in 3 replications. The first factor is the type of planting medium namely M0: soil; M1: soil+ compost; M2: soil+ chaff charcoal; M3: soil+ cocopeat. The second factor was the concentration of ZPT bean sprout extract, namely T0 control; T1: 10%; T2: 20%; T3: 30%. There was a very significant interaction between the treatment of the planting media and the bean sprout extract ZPT on the variable number of pods per plant and wet weight of pods per plant. The best treatment was the combination of the type of soil and compost growing media with ZPT bean sprout extract 20%. The main effect of the type of planting media treatment showed that the results were not significantly different for all observed variables. The ZPT treatment of bean sprout extract significantly affected the variables of flowering age, harvest age, and pod length per plant, the best treatment was the concentration of ZPT bean sprout extract 20%.

Delineating the Genetic Variability and Diversity in Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Genotypes

This study evaluated 44 green gram genotypes collected from the AICRP on MULLaRP to investigate genetic variability and divergence. During kharif (July–October, 2020), the genotypes were assessed for various morphological traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation, indicating significant variability. Clusters plant-1, pods plant-1, and seed yield plant-1 exhibited the highest genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation. High heritability was observed for 1000-seed weight, clusters plant-1, pods plant-1, and seeds pod-1, suggesting the influence of additive genetic factors. Genetic advance as a % of the mean was particularly notable for clusters plant-1, pods plant-1, and seed yield plant-1. Further analysis using Mahalanobis D2 statistics resulted in the classification of genotypes into seven clusters, with Cluster I being the largest. Cluster IV and VI showed the highest inter-cluster distance, indicating substantial genetic divergence. Notably, Cluster III represented by AKM 1801 displayed superior characteristics such as high mean values for pod length, seeds pod-1, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per plant, making it a potential candidate for green gram improvement programs. In terms of genetic diversity, 1000-seed weight contributed the most, followed by clusters plant-1 and chlorophyll content. These findings highlight the importance of these traits in shaping the genetic diversity observed among the green gram genotypes.

Determination of Important Agricultural Traits of Some Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Genotypes and Adaptation in the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Zone

This research was carried out to determine the yield and agronomic characteristics of some soybean genotypes under main crop conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Zone in the years 2021-2022. In the research, 13 varieties (Adel, AP-3773, Arısoy, Asya, Atakişi, Atlas-3616, J-112, Lider, Planet, Racer, Sonya, Winchester, Yemsoy) 1 genotype (Yeniköy-9) were used. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. It was determined that the average plant height varied between 64.05 cm (J-112) and 114.25 cm (Winchester). The lowest average first pods height (1.74 cm) was obtained from J-112 variety while the highest value (13.69 cm) was obtained from Yemsoy variety. The lowest number of branches per plant values i.e. 1.83 no. plant-1 and 2.13 no. plant-1 were recorded from J-112 and Planet variety respectively. In the experiment, the number of pods per plant varied between 72.20 pods plant-1 (Arısoy) to 105.61 pods plant-1 (AP-3773). However, the average weight of 100 seeds varied between 15.07 g (Asya) to 22.10 g (Lider). The lowest average protein content (33.58%) was obtained from Yemsoy variety while the highest value (41.50%) was obtained from J-112 variety. It was determined that the average seed yield varied between 379.74 kg da-1 (Arısoy) and 580.73 kg da-1 (Lider). According to the data obtained as a result of the experiment, Lider variety was come front with the highest seed yield (580.73 kg da-1) and, J-112 variety had the high protein content with 41.50%, Planet (21.96 g) and Yeniköy-9 (20.87 g) varieties had the highest 100 seed weight. According to production goals, one of this superior varieties may be prefer to grow in the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Zone.

Molybdenum inhibited the growth of Phytophthora nicotiana and improved the resistance of Nicotiana tabacum L. against tobacco black shank

Tobacco black shank (TBS) is a soil-borne fungal disease caused by Phytophthora nicotiana (P. nicotianae), significantly impeding the production of high-quality tobacco. Molybdenum (Mo), a crucial trace element for both plants and animals, plays a vital role in promoting plant growth, enhancing photosynthesis, bolstering antioxidant capacity, and maintaining ultrastructural integrity. However, the positive effect of Mo on plant biotic stress is little understood. This study delves into the inhibitory effects of Mo on P. nicotianae and seeks to unravel the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that 16.32 mg/L of Mo significantly inhibited mycelial growth, altered mycelial morphological structure, damaged mycelial cell membrane, and ultimately led to the leakage of cell inclusions. In addition, 0.6 mg/kg Mo applied in soil significantly reduced the severity of TBS. Mo increased photosynthetic parameters and photosynthetic pigment contents of tobacco leaves, upregulated expression of NtPAL and NtPPO resistance genes, as well as improved activities of SOD, POD, CAT, PPO, and PAL in tobacco plants. Furthermore, Mo could regulate nitrogen metabolism and amino acids metabolism to protect tobacco plants against P. nicotianae infection. These findings not only present an ecologically sound approach to control TBS but also contribute valuable insights to the broader exploration of the role of microelements in plant disease management.

Influence of Foliar Application of 19:19:19 and Mono-Potassium Phosphate on Growth and Yield of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

Aims: Foliar application or foliar nutrition is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Water soluble fertilizers (19:19:19 and mono potassium phasphate) have been introduced exclusively for foliar feeding and fertilization. There is very little information about the foliar application of water soluble fertilizers. There is need for more research in this field. Therefore, foliar nutrition is being recognized as an important method of fertilization in modern agriculture. The current study aimed to study the effect of foliar application of inorganic sources of nutrients for exploiting genetic potential of the crop for supplementing the part of nutrient requirements at critical stages. Methodology: A field experiment was conducted during late kharif 2019 on sandy loam soils at College of Agriculture, Keladi Shivappa Nayaka University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, to study the effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizers on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.). The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design comprising of 3 replications and 13 treatment combinations consisting of three water soluble fertilizers along with package of practice (viz., 2 % DAP, 1 % 19:19:19, 2 % 19:19:19, 1 % mono-potassium phosphate, 2 % mono-potassium phosphate, 1 % 19:19:19 + 1 % mono-potassium phosphate). All water soluble fertilizers were given as foliar spray at two crop growth stages (30 and 45 DAS). Results: Foliar application of monopotassium phosphate and 19:19:19 each @ 1 per cent at 30 and 45 DAS along with package of practice recorded significantly higher plant height (56.04 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (8.46), leaf area (5.37 dm2 plant-1), total dry matter production (22.16 g plant-1), number of pods plant-1 (22.10), number of seeds plant-1 (12.65), pod length (8.92 cm), seed yield (1038.82 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (1675.28 kg ha-1), thereby achieved yield increment of 25.07 per cent over package of practice and 46.85 per cent over farmers practice as compared to the other treatments. Conclusion: Foliar application of monopotassium phosphate and 19:19:19 each at 1 per cent at 30 and 45 DAS along with package of practice in late kharif found ideal for achieving higher yield potentiality in green gram.