Podocarpus Neriifolius Research Articles

Diversity of Seedlings in the Kerangas Forest Kersik Luway Nature Reserve

The Extreme Kerangas Forest is an edapic type of kerangas forest dominated by a much higher quartz sand content than the soil. However, the vegetation in this area is still abundant and the species have their own criteria that are very distinctive and different from other forest types. This paper describes in detail the investigation of seedling variety in the extreme Kerangas Forest of the Kersik Luway Nature Reserve. The research focuses on sapling vegetation in a 1-hectare area of this unique forest type, which is distinguished by high quartz sand content in the soil. The study methodologies are thoroughly described, including the application of the sensus method. The investigation found 38,225 unique saplings representing 16 species from 13 different groups. The most common species were Tristania obovata, Ilex hypoglauca Laec, Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don, Ficus sp. and Calophyllum glaucum. These species thrive in the Kerangas forest's nutrient-poor, acidic soils. According to the report, conservation efforts should prioritize the preservation of these unique ecosystems as well as the rehabilitation of barren areas containing rare species. The severe Kerangas forest in the Nature Reserve is home to a broad assortment of species that have evolved to thrive in harsh environments.

Ecology of Nepenthes on Mount Talang, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Gunung (Mount) Talang is an active volcano in West Sumatra that has a number of Nepenthes species, including the endemic N. talangensis, but their ecology has been little been studied. This study found five species of Nepenthes growing in the protected forest area of Gunung Talang, namely N. bongso, N. inermis, N. pectinata, N. spathulata and N. talangensis. The population of N. talangensis is very small (23 individuals) and it grows sympatrically with N. bongso and N. inermis forming natural hybrids. Lithocarpus conocarpus, Camellia lanceolata, Syzygium acuminatissimum, Adinandra dumosa and Dehaasia sp. are the five most dominant tree species found in the Nepenthes habitat, while L. conocarpus and Podocarpus neriifolius had strong positive associations with N. talangensis. Growth rates of the five Nepenthes species were not significantly different, neither were foliar nitrogen (mean = 1.14%) or phosphorus concentrations (mean = 0.11%). We suggest that N. talangensis should be considered as Critically Endangered and outline some possible conservation actions.

The ecology of conifer persistence in tropical rainforests: Podocarpus neriifolius in northern Thailand

The ecology of conifer persistence in tropical rainforests: Podocarpus neriifolius in northern Thailand

Respiratory temperature responses of tropical conifers differ with leaf morphology

Abstract Photosynthetic traits suggest that shade tolerance may explain the contrasting success of two conifer taxa, Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae, in tropical forests. Needle‐leaved species from Pinus (Pinaceae) are generally absent from tropical forests, whereas Pinus krempfii, a flat‐leaved pine, and numerous flat‐leaved Podocarpaceae are abundant. Respiration (R) traits may provide additional insight into the drivers of the contrasting success of needle‐ and flat‐leaved conifers in tropical forests. We measured the short‐term respiratory temperature (RT) response between 10 and 50°C and foliar morphological traits of three needle‐ and seven flat‐leaved conifer species coexisting in a tropical montane forest in the Central Highlands of Vietnam containing notable conifer diversity. We fit a lognormal polynomial model to each RT curve and extracted the following three parameters: a (basal R), and b and c (together describing the shape of the response). Needle‐leaved species (Pinus kesiya, Pinus dalatensis and Dacrydium elatum) had higher rates of area‐based R at 25°C (R25‐area) as well as higher area‐based modelled basal respiration (a) than flat‐leaved species (P. krempfii, Podocarpus neriifolius, Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Nageia nana, Taxus wallichiana, Keteeleria evelyniana and Fokienia hodginsii). No significant differences were found between needle‐ and flat‐leaved species in mass‐based R25 (R25‐mass) or in the shape of the RT response (b and c); however, interspecific differences in R25‐mass, R at nighttime temperature extremes (R4.1 and R20.6) and leaf traits were apparent. Differences in R25‐area and a suggest that needle‐leaved foliage may be more energetically costly to maintain than flat‐leaved foliage, providing new insight and additional support for the hypothesis that shade tolerance is an important driver of Podocarpaceae success and Pinaceae absence in the majority of tropical forests. Interspecific differences in R25‐mass and leaf traits highlight that varying ecological strategies are employed by conifers to coexist and survive in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Ultimately, these data further our understanding of current conifer biogeographical distributions and underscore the need for additional studies to elucidate the effects of extreme temperature events on the continued survival of conifers in this unique forest. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Podocarpus neriifolius (Podocarpaceae)

The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don was determined by BGISEQ-500 platform sequencing in this study. The entire cp genome was determined to be 133,878 bp in length. The genome contains a total of 119 encoding genes, including 82 protein-coding genes, four rRNA genes, and 33 tRNA genes. The overall GC content of P. neriifolius genome is 37.1%. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by other 18 conifer species illustrated that P. neriifolius was the nearest relative to P. totara, P. latifolius, and P. lambertii.

IDENTIFIKASI JENIS POHON FAMILI PODOCARPACEAE PADA HUTAN PEGUNUNGAN ATAS DI GUNUNG BAWANG KABUPATEN BENGKAYANG KALIMANTAN BARAT

Mount Bawang is one of the protected forest areas in Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan with an altitude reaching 1.471 masl. Mount Bawang belongs to the type of tropical rain forest which is overgrown by various species of plants with high species diversity. The forest in Gunung Bawang has a zone of upper mountain forest vegetation which is a habitat for tree species from the family Podocarpaceae. Podocarpaceae family tree species can grow in humid forest conditions, dominating the upper mountain forests, mountainous scrublands, and some in the swamp and scorch forest. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the morphology of tree species from the Podocarpaceae family on Mount Bawang. The method used in this study is an exploration method that is carried out by exploring the ridge at an altitude of 1.100-1.400 masl, then taking samples of the herbarium. Based on the results of the study found 5 species of trees from the family Podocarpaceae. These species are Dacrydium xanthandrum, Falcatifolium falciforme, Podocarpus borneensis, Podocarpus neriifolius, and Phylocladus hyphophyllus. The morphological characteristics of the Podocarpaceae family are generally needle-leafed, leafy mesophyll, thick, upright stems sometimes bent, and have seed-bearing organs in the form of conifers.Keyword: Bengkayang Regency, Mount Bawang, Podocarpaceae, Upper Mountain Forest.

Essential Oils of Three Conifer Species from FRIM’s Main Campus

A study was performed to investigate the volatile constituents of three conifer species (Podocarpus neriifolius, Nageia motleyi and Dacrydium elatum) which were planted in the main campus of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The fresh leaves were extracted by Clavenger hydrodistillation apparatus and the essential oils were analysed by GC and GC/MS analysis. Analyses revealed that the P. neriifolius and N. motleyi oils were rich with sesquiterpenes and have monoterpenes in very trace amount. The major sesquiterpenes of P. neriifolius oil were phyllocladene (26.37%), kaurene (13.75%), bicyclogermacrene (12.14%) and followed by sandaracopimara-8(14), 15-diene (7.89%) and β-caryophyllene (6.25%). Meanwhile, the major components of N. motleyi oil were bicyclogermacrene (45.85%), viridiflorene (12.36%), globulol (9.48%) and germacrene D (6.15%). D. elatum oil has mono- and sesquiterpenes as its main components in which β-caryophyllene (29.03%), α-pinene (28.41%), phyllocladene (22.89%), α-humulene (4.27%) and pimaradiene (2.61%) were detected in this oil. The chemical compounds identified are responsible for the aroma of these selected conifer species and showed the potential of conifer plants as a source of aroma chemicals.

Contribution to the Enumeration and Study of the Podocarpus L’Hér. ex Pers. s.str. (Podocarpaceae) Taxa in Vietnam

Podocarpus is a small genus of conifers, having some scientific and economic values. Vietnam is recognised as one of 10 conifer “hotspots” in the world with 90% of total taxa threatened. Goal of this study is to enumerate taxa of the Podocarpus s. str. Methods of classical external morphology study are applied. 46 historical collecting numbers and 7 new collecting numbers were studied, revisedand hosted in HNU. Their scientific names were comparied with Protologue. Two native species Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. and Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don with two varieties, var. neriifolius and var. annamiensis (N.E. Gray) L.K.Phan ms. and Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet as ornamental are listed. Annotations for each taxon mostly include the following informations: currently accepted scientific name, literature references to bona fide uses of these names, main synonyms used in regional literature, distribution, data on phenology, ecology, uses, Red List IUCN status, notes on taxonomy and biology and studied revised collections. Colour and characters of peduncles and seeds in the processing of their development were observed, described and illustrated by photos in details.

Influence of host tree species on isolation and communities of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi from roots of a tropical epiphytic orchid, Dendrobium sinense (Orchidaceae).

Most studies on the host preference of orchids have focused on the association between orchids and host characteristics, but little is known about the differences of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal communities in epiphytic orchids growing on different host tree species. We selected Dendrobium sinense, a tropical epiphytic orchid, to determine if fungal endophytes from the roots of D. sinense were preferentially correlated with host tree species. Fifty-six fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from 36 host trees were identified. The results indicated that the species richness and diversity of mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal communities isolated from D. sinense roots were strongly influenced by host tree species. Both species richness and diversity indices showed that D. sinense roots on Syzygium buxifolium harbored the most diverse and abundant endophytic fungi. Species of Tulasnellaceae were dominant on S. buxifolium and Rhododendron moulmainense but infrequent on Cyclobalanopsis disciformis and Podocarpus neriifolius. Our results provide evidence for distinct mycorrhizal and endophytic fungal communities on different host tree species. Further research focusing on fungi-orchid-host preference could be conducted to increase our understanding for the in situ conservation of epiphytic orchids.

English

In the present investigation, the methanol leaves extract of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don was assessed for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The antibacterial action was evaluated through agar disc diffusion method against seven pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacterial strains at various concentrations and compared against the standard (kanamycin 30 µg/disc). The antioxidant activity of the extract was investigated by means of a variety of in vitro assays and results were compared with standard drugs. The experiment indicates that the extract was effective against all the organisms and highest effectiveness showed against Salmonella paratyphi at 1000 µg/disc concentration. It also exhibited significant antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content was 168.2±6.4 mg galic acid equivalents/g of extract. The reducing power of this extract increases with the raise of concentration and the value of IC50 of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). scavenging activity was 4.73 µg/ml (IC50) value of standard ascorbic acid is 5.99 µg/ml. The results provided that the studied plant might indeed be possible basis of natural antioxidant as well as antimicrobial agents. Key words: Podocarpus neriifolius, antioxidant, antibacterial, 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, total phenol.

A new cyclopeptide and a new lignan from Podocarpus neriifolius

A new cyclopeptide, neriitide A (1) and a new lignan, neriilignan (2), along with six known compounds including two diterpenoids, three sesquiterpenoids and one sterol were isolated from the leaves of Podocarpus neriifolius. Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis including HREIMS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques. This is the first report of cyclopeptide and lignan separated from this plant.

Analgesic and Antidiarrheal Activities of Leaf of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don

The methanol extract of leaf of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don exhibited in vivo peripheral analgesic and antidiarrheal activities in Swiss Albino mice. In the peripheral analgesic activity assay, the methanolic extract showed 50.00 ± 8.57% and 70.25 ± 1.18% inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. In addition, the extract also revealed a dose dependant inhibition of castor oil- induced diarrhea with 43.77 ± 3.13% and 56.23 ± 6.49% inhibition of feces at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectivelyBangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 19(2): 215-218, 2016

Comparative Antidiarrheal Activity of Three Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants Using in Vivo Animal Model Study

Diarrhea is a worldwide concern. So this study investigated the antidiarrheal effect of methanol extract of leaves of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don., Mangifera sylvatica Roxb. and Ficus sagittata Vhal. using in vivo animal model. These plants have history of ethnobotanical use. Antidiarrheal effect was assessed in Castor oil induced diarrheal test model in Swiss Albino mice. Lopramide (5 mg/kg) was used as standard drug. The animals were treated with doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of the plant extracts. All data were analyzed by the software, statistical package for social science (SPSS), Version 18.0. The extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed a remarkable antidiarrheal activity by reducing the number of defecation and maintaining the consistency of faeces. All the extracts significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited the diarrheal incidence at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. Mangifera sylvatica showed the highest percent of inhibition of 72.37% at dose of 400 mg/kg and Ficus sagittata showed the lowest (52.63%) percent of inhibition at dose of 200 mg/kg while the standard Loperamide showed 77.63% of diarrheal inhibition. The results suggest the potentiality of Podocarpus neriifolius, Mangifera sylvatica and Ficus sagittata as antidiarrheal drugs but further investigations are required to find out the exact mechanism of action and the chemicals responsible for the effect.

New Sections and Species ofPodocarpusBased on the Taxonomic Status ofP. neriifolius(Podocarpaceae) in Tropical Asia

Material previously treated under Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don (Podocarpaceae) has been examined, with eight new species distinguished as P. hookeri de Laub., P. laminaris de Laub. (included within the newly established Podocarpus L'Her. ex Pers. sect. Spathoides de Laub.), P. lenticularis de Laub., P. linearis de Laub., P. marginalis de Laub., P. novoguineensis de Laub., P. oblongus de Laub., and P. vanuatuensis de Laub., and two new varieties as P. ledermannii Pilg. var. expansus de Laub. and P. pseudobracteatus de Laub. var. sicaris de Laub. (included within the newly established Podocarpus sect. Bracteati de Laub.). Belonging to Podocarpus sect. Foliolati de Laub., P. neglectus Blume was validly published but long considered a synonym of P. neriifolius and is recognized again as a species, with three species referred to it in new synonymy: P. discolor Blume, P. leptostachyus Blume, and P. thailandensis A. D. Silba & J. A. Silva. Podocarpus idenburgensis N. E. Gray, previously treated as a synonym of P. ledermannii, is also taxonomically recognized. Two other species are newly synonymized as P. crassigemmis de Laub. with P. archboldii N. E. Gray and P. epiphyticus de Laub. & Silba with P. teysmannii Miq. Five varieties are newly synonymized as P. neriifolius var. membranaceaus Wasscher with P. atjehensis (Wasscher) de Laub., P. neriifolius var. linearis Wasscher with P. hookeri, P. neriifolius var. polyanthus Wasscher with P. teysmannii, P. neriifolius var. penibukanensis Silba with P. confertus de Laub., and P. neriifolius var. staintonii Silba with P. hookeri. Two new sections of Podocarpus are established as Podocarpus sect. Bracteati de Laub. and Podocarpus sect. Spathoides. Species circumspections are accordingly revised for the established sections Podocarpus sect. Acuminati de Laub., Podocarpus sect. Foliolati de Laub., Podocarpus sect. Globuli de Laub., Podocarpus sect. Longifoliolati de Laub., and Podocarpus sect. Macrostachyes de Laub.

First record of Neophyllaphis podocarpi Takahashi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the Iberian Peninsula

Neophyllaphis podocarpi (Takahashi) (Neophyllaphidinae) is recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula, on the tree Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don (Podocarpaceae). The specimens were collected in two sites in Catalonia (NE Spain): Blanes (province of Girona) and Barcelona (Ciutadella Park and district of Pedralbes; province of Barcelona) in 2011 and 2014. Description of the aphid species as well as data on its biology, distribution and potential damages are given. This species is also cited in Italy (one record from 1989 on bonsai) and Azores Archipelago (since 2010).

An antiproliferative norditerpene dilactone, Nagilactone C, from Podocarpus neriifolius.

An ethanolic extract of Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don (Podocarpaceae) showed antiproliferative activity against two major tumor cell lines, viz. human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma and murine color 26-L5 carcinoma. Bioassay guided fractionation showed the highest antiproliferative activity in chloroform-soluble fraction. Nagilactone C, the major constituent of this fraction was isolated and characterized by using NMR, IR and FAB-MS spectroscopic methods. Nagilactone C possessed potent antiproliferative activity against human fibrosarcoma and murine colon carcinoma tumor cell lines exhibiting ED50 values of 2.3 and 1.2 microg/ml, respectively. Hence, nagilactone C could be the active constituent present in this plant.

Dendrochronological Investigations in Thailand

Some of the first tree-ring chronologies from mainland Southeast Asia have been developed from Thailand, and a significant link between climate and tree growth has been suggested. Four chronologies from two species of pine (Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon and Pinus merkusii Jungh. ' de Vriese) from northeastern, lower northern and northwestern Thailand have been constructed: three from P. kesiya and one from P. merkusii. A second P. merkusii chronology is being developed from samples from northwestern Thailand. Preliminary climate modelling demonstrates significant relationships for tree growth with both temperature and precipitation for both species. A significant, direct relationship is revealed with temperature at the beginning of the wet season for Pinus merkusii from Thung Salaeng Luang National Park, along with an inverse relationship with precipitation for the same period. It is also suggested that the month of November (the transitional month from wet to dry season) during the year of growth is most important for Pinus kesiya from Nam Nao National Park, based on significant, direct relationships with both temperature and precipitation. The dendrochronological potential of another species, the long-lived Podocarpus neriifolius, is also discussed.

Phenolic diterpenoids of some Podocarps

The woods of 10 species of the Podocarpaceae have variously yielded 12 phenolic diterpenoids. These include the Fijian members Dacrydium nidulum, Decussocarpus vitiensis, Podocarpus neriifolius and Dacrycarpus imbricatus, as well as Podocarpus gracilior, P. polystachus, P. sylvestris, P. gnidioides, Dacrydium comosum and D. falciforme.

7,4′-Dimethylaromadendrin and its 5-glucoside from Podocarpus neriifolius

7,4′-Dimethylaromadendrin and its 5-glucoside from Podocarpus neriifolius

Forest vegetation analysis of several altitudes in Wawouwai hill, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi

Study on forest vegetation at some different altitudes in Wawouwai hill, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi had been carried out by using quadrate method. The sampled plots were 100 m, 300 m and 500 m asl. The aims of this research were to know the species composition and forest structure of the reserve forest remain in Wawonii Island. Based on analyzed data from the three plots, it has been recorded totally 88 species plants belong to 70 genera and 39 families. Dominant species on each plot was different. The dominant species in plot I were Palaquium obovatum, Polyalthia sp., Santiria laevigata, and Garcinia sp. The dominant species in plot II were Kjellbergiodendron celebicum, Baccaurea javanica, Santiria laevigata, and Calophyllum soulatri. Xanthostemon confertiflorum, Podocarpus neriifolius, Garcinia celebica and Gulubia sp. were dominant species in plot III. Forest structure was reflected by tree height and diameter classes. Forest structure usually was catagorized in strata B ( 30 m high were still found, however in plot III most of trees had a small diameter and occupied strata C (&lt; 10 m high). © 2006 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: vegetation, forest, altitude, Wawonii, Southeast Sulawesi