Number Of Pods Research Articles

GenesisRM: A state-driven approach to resource management for distributed JVM web applications

Reducing resource waste while maintaining end-to-end latency service-level objective (SLO) by simultaneously managing CPU bandwidth, memory allocation, and pod number of web applications running on Java virtual machine (JVM) is challenging. The challenges stem from the complexity of the multi-type resource allocation optimization problem, the high sensitivity of JVM performance to resource scaling actions, and the lack of low-level resource scaling mechanisms. We present GenesisRM, a resource management framework with a novel state-driven architecture. Specifically, we design a state control model for JVM web applications that encompasses seven pod states. This model serves as an abstraction layer, decoupling the centralized resource management system into a global state manager and distributed pod managers. The state manager controls the state transitions of the pods based on the overall workload, while the pod managers dynamically allocate resources for each pod according to the state and local workload.Then, we propose a multi-frequency control model with two predictive state controllers and a reactive state controller to manage the state of pods based on the state control model. In addition, GenesisRM brings new mechanisms to scale JVM pods’ low-level resources without damaging their performance. We evaluate our work using a real-world JVM web application benchmark in three different scale server clusters of Pengcheng Laboratory Developer Cloud, and the 21-day experimental results show that GenesisRM saves 31.70% CPU and 17.60% memory compared to the best-performing state-of-the-art solutions while guaranteeing the SLO imposed on end-to-end latency.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity Analysis in African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa Hochst Ex.A.Rich Harms) using Qualitative and Quantitative Attributes

This study evaluated the genetic diversity of 18 African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) accessions from the IITA germplasm in Ibadan, Nigeria, using nine qualitative traits. The experiment was conducted behind the Biological Science Block at the University of Calabar, following a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. Qualitative traits were observed and recorded based on the descriptors for African Yam Bean, while quantitative traits were measured using metric tools like rulers, vernier calipers, and weighing scales. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests via GenStat Discovery Edition 4 and PASW version 20.0 software. Results indicated minimal variation in morphological traits such as days to 50% seedling emergence, vine length, leaf number, leaf dimensions, peduncle and petiole length, and days to 50% flowering across accessions. Leaf color varied, ranging from light green to dark and pale green, with accession TSs 285 showing pale green leaves. Seed shapes varied from round/globular to oval or oblong, and all accessions except TSs 33 had seed cavities. Accessions TSs 266 and TSs 38 performed better in most parameters, except for days to 50% flowering and leaf count. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in traits like days to 50% emergence, days to 50% flowering, leaf color, pod dehiscence, seed shape, seed cavity presence, testa splitting, and texture. However, no significant differences were noted for hypocotyl pigmentation and pod dehiscence. Accession TSs 266 excelled in traits such as vine length, terminal leaf width, peduncle length, and pod number per plant, showing optimal adaptation to the climatic and agro-geological conditions of Cross River State.

Identifying the Numerical Components Affecting Soybean (Glycine max) Yield Under Waterlogging at Reproductive Stages

ABSTRACTWaterlogging is a critical abiotic stress increasing in importance due to more intense, erratic rainfall associated with climate change. Waterlogging leads to significant yield losses in sensitive crops, such as soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Identifying soybean genotypes and traits associated with better waterlogging tolerance is of high interest. We assessed the response of six soybean genotypes, selected from a field screening of over 190 genotypes, to 10 days of waterlogging at the R1 (onset of flowering) and R4 (grain filling) stages. We evaluated yield and its components, as well as shoot and root dry weights (DW) at the end of the waterlogging treatments and at maturity, along with morphological traits such as plant branch number, stem diameter and plant height. By integrating all these traits, a waterlogging tolerance index (WTI) was calculated for each genotype to rank their sensitivity. The WTI showed variations among genotypes from 0.61 to 0.77, indicating genotypic variation in response to waterlogging. Greater reductions in root DW compared to shoot DW were observed immediately after waterlogging. By maturity, shoot DW of waterlogged plants was more severely reduced than root DW in all genotypes. Despite similar DW losses at R1 and R4 at physiological maturity, seed number per plant and 100‐seed weight responses differed between the treatments. Genotypes that performed well under control conditions suffered significant yield reductions of 70%–85% after waterlogging, mainly due to fewer fertile nodes and seeds per pod, with some also experiencing a notable decrease in 100‐seed weight. In contrast, other genotypes had milder responses, with less severe reductions in seed and pod traits. Identifying breeding soybean genotypes tolerant to waterlogging during reproductive stages that maintain the number of fertile nodes and pods per node without changes in seeds per pod could significantly mitigate yield losses from waterlogging.

Assessment of Combining Ability and Gene Action in F1 Generation for Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L). Millsp.

To estimate combining ability and nature of gene action, twenty four pigeonpea crosses were developed from ten parents in Line × Tester fashion during Kharif 2022-23 and were evaluated in Randomized Block Design with three replications during Kharif 2023-24. The estimates of σ2gca were lower than the corresponding σ2sca for all the twelve characters studied indicating the predominance of non-additive gene action. Among the parents, the line GJP 1915 was found to be good general combiner for seed yield per plant and its yield contributing characters like plant height, number of primary branches per plant and pod length. The tester GJP 1820 was also good general combiner for seed yield per plant and its component traits like plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight. The cross BDN 2013-41 × UPAS 120 had registered the highest sca effect for seed yield per plant. The sca effect in this cross combination was also accompanied by significant and desirable standard heterosis and high per se performance for days to maturity, reproductive phase duration, number of secondary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod and significant and desirable heterobeltiosis for days to maturity, reproductive phase duration, number of primary branches per plant, number of pods per plant and 100-seed weight. The cross GJP 1915 × BLACKTUR had registered significant and positive sca effect for seed yield per plant which was also accompanied by highest per se performance for pod length. These cross combinations can be potentially utilized in future breeding programmes for exploitation of hybrid vigour.

Agronomic and morpho‐physiological response of Andean genotypes of common bean to terminal drought

AbstractDrought is a major production constraint of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the agronomic and morpho‐physiological response of Andean genotypes to terminal drought, and (ii) identify Andean genotypes with an ideal combination of agronomic and morpho‐physiological traits for enhanced drought tolerance. Twenty Andean genotypes and seven checks were evaluated for drought tolerance in three field trials conducted in three locations. Agronomic and morpho‐physiological traits including seed yield, seed weight, shoot dry weight, pod number, pod harvest index, harvest index, and carbon isotope discrimination (CID) were measured. Strong positive correlations were observed between seed yield, and partitioning efficiency metrics and CID (r = 0.57***) under drought, which suggested the important role of assimilate partitioning and water use efficiency in the observed drought tolerance. The heritability estimates for pod harvest index (H2 = 0.88) and harvest index (H2 = 0.87) were higher than for seed yield (H2 = 0.43) and other morpho‐physiological traits, thus they can be used to indirectly select for drought tolerance. Based on the relationship between seed yield and CID under drought stress, 12 genotypes were identified as drought tolerant with high water use efficiency. Among these, three were classified as water savers, while nine as water spenders. Genotypes with an ideal combination of superior shoot dry weight, partition efficiency, water use efficiency, and superior seed yield under both drought stress and non‐stress conditions were identified. The identified genotypes can be used for genetic improvement of drought tolerance in the Andean gene pool of common bean.

Growth, forage yield and seed yield components responses of some bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) varieties to different seeding rate in Sula-mani Region

A field trial investigated the impact of varying seeding rates; 60 kg ha-1, 80 , 100 , and 120 Kg ha-1 on the growth, forage yield, and yield components of three bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) varieties (Perper from Serbia, Larnaca, and Tarsan-2). The experiments were conducted during the winter season of 2022-2023 in the Sulaimani governorate at Qlyasan locations. A factorial design was employed, and the experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Mean comparisons were performed using the Duncan test. Results indicate that a seeding rate of 60 Kg ha-1 resulted in optimal plant height (96.644 cm). The parameters Days to 50% flowering and days to maturity reached maximum values of 121.831 and 157.614, respectively, with an 80 Kg ha-1seeding rate. Dry leaf weight peaked at 1.129 g with the same seeding rate. Tarsan-2 exhibited the highest dry leaf weight (1.045 g), while variety number 2 showed the highest dry stem weight (3.746 g). Additionally, a seeding rate of 60 kg/ha combined with variety number 1 yielded the tallest plants (103.800 cm).Tarsan-2, in conjunction with a seeding rate of 120 , demonstrated the longest durations for Days to 50% flowering (127.300 days) and days to maturity (164.240 days), as well as the highest dry leaf weight (4.153 g). The maximum fresh yield was recorded at 24.699 ton/ha and 24.456 ton/ha with seeding rates of 100 Kg ha-1 and 120 Kg ha-1, respectively. Variety number 2, seeded at 60 Kg ha-1, exhibited the highest number of pods per plant (22.110). Conversely, variety number 1, when seeded at a rate of 100 Kg ha-1, yielded the highest 100-seed weight (22.073 g), seed yield (5.801 Mg ha-1), and harvest index (0.326).

Biogas slurry: A potential substance that synergistically enhances rapeseed yield and lodging resistance

Biogas slurry (BS) plays a vital role in improving the efficiency of crop production. On the flip side, the impact of BS on plant lodging factors and yield related traits is still obscure. Hence, we aimed to study the effects of pig and cow BS applications on yield formation, morpho-anatomical, mechanical, physiological properties and transcript expression patterns. The results showed that the yield and lodging resistance of rapeseed were synergistically improved via applying full BS dosage versus nitrogen fertilizer (CK). In addition, the seed yield was significantly increased by 23.9 % by promoting the dry matter accumulation and transport-ability, increasing number of pods by 8.4 % and 1000-seed weight by 5.1 %, respectively. Moreover, BS developed the stem mechanical strength by decreasing lodging index by 34.2 %, which was manifested by an increase in stem thickness and stiffness and a reduction in plant height. Besides, it enhanced the photosynthesis through promoting chlorophyll synthesis, delaying plant senescence, and accumulating N and K concentration. Anatomical observations revealed that BS increased greater number and area of stem vascular bundles, vessels, and maintained a dense microstructure than CK. Also, it boosted pectin, Ca2+ and K+ contents, which were significantly positively correlated with stem mechanical strength and reduced cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose contents. Meanwhile, correlation and structural equation modeling analysis validated the above results. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes were enriched in cell wall formation pathway, especially about the biosynthesis of pectin (PME, PG and PL), cellulose (CesA and CSL), lignin (PAL, POD, CCR, LAC and COMT) and hemicellulose (XTH and Xyl) were identified under BS. The above-mentioned results indicated that BS simultaneously affected lodging behavior by altering structural carbohydrates and modified yield composition by regulating dry-matter accumulation and allocation. This is the first comprehensive strategy on synchronizing rapeseed yield increase and lodging resistance under optimized BS management.

Molecular Regulation of Shoot Architecture in Soybean.

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) serves as a major source of protein and oil for humans and animals. Shoot architecture, the spatial arrangement of a plant's above-ground organs, strongly affects crop yield and is therefore a critical agronomic trait. Unlike wheat and rice crops that have greatly benefitted from the Green Revolution, soybean yield has not changed significantly in the past six decades owing to its unique shoot architecture. Soybean is a pod-bearing crop with pods adhered to the nodes, and variation in shoot architecture traits, such as plant height, node number, branch number and number of seeds per pod, directly affects the number of pods and seeds per plant, thereby determining yield. In this review, we summarize the relationship between soybean yield and these major components of shoot architecture. We also describe the latest advances in identifying the genes and molecular mechanisms underlying soybean shoot architecture and discuss possible directions and approaches for breeding new soybean varieties with ideal shoot architecture and improved yield.

Trends in American Alligator Pods in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge

Abstract American alligators are an important component of the Greater Everglades, serving as ecosystem engineers, predator, and prey and are tightly tied to water depth patterns. Because of their importance to ecosystem function and link to hydrology, American alligators are an ecological indicator for Everglades restoration. I used data from fall nighttime spotlight surveys of American alligators in the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, to describe the trend in number of hatchling pods from 1998 to 2021 and relate that trend to hydrologic parameters hypothesized to influence American alligator production. I used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate 14 models created from combinations of year of observation and three hydrologic variables: average and range in water depth from 16 April of the previous year to 15 April of the nesting year (breeding potential window) and average water depth from 16 April to 31 May of the nesting year (courtship and mating window). Number of pods ranged from 16 in 1998 to 0 in 2011. Each of the four top models included year and one or more of the hydrologic variables as predictors and explained 26–34% (D-squared) of the variation in number of pods. Year was the predictor for which the 95% confidence interval (CI) did not contain 0 and indicated a declining trend (from −3 to −8%; 95% CI). I included all hydrologic variables in the top models, indicating that they contribute some information to explaining the trend; however, contrary to my hypotheses, there was not a clear relationship between any of the hydrologic variables and number of American alligator pods. I based my hypotheses on information synthesized in the American alligator production suitability index model used in Everglades restoration planning, and my results suggest the need for additional refinement of that model.

Analysis of the Mechanism of Wood Vinegar and Butyrolactone Promoting Rapeseed Growth and Improving Low-Temperature Stress Resistance Based on Transcriptome and Metabolomics.

Rapeseed is an important oil crop in the world. Wood vinegar could increase the yield and abiotic resistance of rapeseed. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of wood vinegar or its valid chemical components on rapeseed. In the present study, wood vinegar and butyrolactone (γ-Butyrolactone, one of the main components of wood vinegar) were applied to rapeseed at the seedling stage, and the molecular mechanisms of wood vinegar that affect rapeseed were studied by combining transcriptome and metabolomic analyses. The results show that applying wood vinegar and butyrolactone increases the biomass of rapeseed by increasing the leaf area and the number of pods per plant, and enhances the tolerance of rapeseed under low temperature by reducing membrane lipid oxidation and improving the content of chlorophyll, proline, soluble sugar, and antioxidant enzymes. Compared to the control, 681 and 700 differentially expressed genes were in the transcriptional group treated with wood vinegar and butyrolactone, respectively, and 76 and 90 differentially expressed metabolites were in the metabolic group. The combination of transcriptome and metabolomic analyses revealed the key gene-metabolic networks related to various pathways. Our research shows that after wood vinegar and butyrolactone treatment, the amino acid biosynthesis pathway of rapeseed may be involved in mediating the increase in rapeseed biomass, the proline metabolism pathway of wood vinegar treatment may be involved in mediating rapeseed's resistance to low-temperature stress, and the sphingolipid metabolism pathway of butyrolactone treatment may be involved in mediating rapeseed's resistance to low-temperature stress. It is suggested that the use of wood vinegar or butyrolactone are new approaches to increasing rapeseed yield and low-temperature resistance.

Characterization of Yield, Physiological and Biochemical Responses in Chickpea Genotypes under Contrasting Water Availability

Chickpeas are a rich source of protein and essential nutrients, making them a staple in many diets worldwide. They are also drought-tolerant, which makes them a valuable crop for improving food security in arid regions. Thirty chickpea genotypes were evaluated under irrigated and rainfed condition separately Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at Post Graduate Institute Farm, MPKV Rahuri to study yield, physiological and biochemical response for drought tolerance in Rabi 2022-2023. Analysis of variance observed significant difference among studied genotypes in irrigated and rainfed condition for all the characters studied. Genetic variation exists in diverse chickpea genotypes for bio-physiological, morphological and yield attributing characters which can be explored for genetic improvement. As expected, water stress adversely affected the physiological, biochemical and yield responses of all the chickpea genotypes evaluated. The performance of genotypes Phule G-16318 and Phule G-1420-13-6 was observed to be stable for most of the characters such as Chlorophyll index, membrane stability index, relative water content, photosynthesis rate, proline content under moisture stress condition. Similarly, both the genotypes with minimal reductions in seed yield, 100 seed weight, pod number and biomass plant-1 under rainfed condition, can serve as donors for drought tolerance in chickpea improvement programs.

Biofortification in garden peas through multi-micronutrient formulations

Soil micronutrient deficiencies lead to crops with low essential element concentrations, affecting human health through micronutrient malnutrition. Effective practices, like foliar nutrient application, improve crop quality and reduce malnutrition. The garden pea (Pisum sativum L. var. hortense) is cultivated worldwide for its nutritional value and such nutrient-rich crops, through agronomic biofortification, offer a sustainable solution to global health issues by addressing micronutrient deficiencies. Four liquid micronutrient formulations [Treatment 1 (T1), Treatment 2 (T2), Treatment 3 (T3), and Treatment 4 (T4)] were prepared using either water or vermiwash as a carrier, with variations that included the presence or absence of plant growth regulators (GA3 + NAA)] and evaluated along with commercially available formulations [Arka Vegetable Special (T5) and ProKissan (T6)]. Micronutrient formulations, particularly T3, demonstrated notable effects on various parameters, including plant height, biomass, root characteristics, pod weight, and micronutrient contents in seeds of garden pea var. Kashi Nandini. T3 significantly outperformed other formulations in promoting plant growth, resulting in higher values for plant height, biomass, branches per plant, nodule mass, root biomass, surface area, volume, and density. Yield parameters such as pod length, weight, number of pods, and seeds per pod were also positively influenced by micronutrient treatments, with T3 leading to the highest overall yield, with a 24.09 % increase per plant and a 13.39 % increase per hectare compared to the control. Additionally, foliar application of micronutrients increased the concentration of copper, zinc, iron, and manganese in seeds, positively impacting seed quality. Quality parameters, including total soluble solids, protein, total phenol, and total flavonoid contents, were significantly improved by micronutrient treatments, with T3 showing the most favorable outcomes. Texture analysis indicated that peas treated with T3 had lower firmness values, suggesting maintained tenderness and sweetness. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive associations between various growth parameters, yield traits, and micronutrient contents. Overall, foliar micronutrient application proved to be a valuable biofortification strategy for enhancing the performance and quality of garden peas.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity for Yield Component Traits and Grain Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

Due to its high nutritional content and ability to supply a diet rich in protein, pulses hold a special place in Indian agriculture. In contrast to the world's production of cereals, pulses are grown seldom in low-fertile soils under conditions of moisture stress, which eventually hides their actual yield capability due to inadequate management approaches. The current study's objective is to estimate the genetic parameters of 13 yield attributing traits in 20 genotypes of urd bean to choose more yield-contributed characters in urd bean. Number of pods per plant revealed high estimates of PCV, GCV and heritability. In the Metroglyph study, superimposition of genotypes was seen because to the near closeness of two variables used to display the genotypes. In this classification analysis made based on number of pods per plant and harvest index for all the 20 genotypes of urd bean form four complexes. Out of 20 genotypes, 4 genotypes like IC-331226, IC-261173, IC-385718, and IC-426495 were recorded highest index score and fell into different complex, hence used as parents for getting good combinations for future hybridization programmes.

Effects of Native Rhizobia on Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Production and Soil Properties in Daloa, Center-West of Côte d’Ivoire

The field experiment study was conducted at the experimental station of Jean Lorougnon Guede University in Daloa to evaluate the potential effects of native rhizobia strains on soybean production and soils properties. The experiment was layout in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments include seven native strains, one exotic strain (Bradyrhizobium japonicum IRAT FA3), one synthetic fertilizer NPK 12-22-22 formulation and one negative control (no fertilizer, no inoculation). Agronomic parameters (plant height, plant dry biomass, nodule number plant-1, pod number plant-1, pod weight plant-1, seed yield ha-1) and soil parameters (pH, total nitrogen, orgnanic carbon, organic matter and available phosphorus) were measured. Results showed that all tested native rhizobia enhanced nodules number, plant growth and soybean yield as compared to negative control. Among these native rhizobia, RSC119 and RSC504 induced more nodules than the introduced strain B. japonicum IRAT FA3. RSC119, RSC309 and RSC508 produced more pods and seed yield than the introduced strain B. japonicum IRAT FA3 and the synthetic fertilizer NPK 12-22-22. RSC508 induced the highest pods number plant-1 (102 pods) and seed yield (4.2 t.ha-1). Moreover, these local bacteria had positive effects on soil properties following the soybean’s harvest. Among these bacteria, RSC119 enhanced mostly total nitrogen, organic matter and available phosphorus, then RSC508 significantly reduced soil acidity. This study therefore suggests that local rhizobia are effectiveness and could be use as inoculum to improve soybean productivity and soil properties restoration.

Characteristics of several soybean varieties (Glycine max L.) and weed management systems in an effort to increase productivity in low land rice

Soybean productivity in paddy fields is influenced by variety selection and grass management practices. This study aimed to assess several soybean varieties and evaluate the impact of soil processing and weed control on Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR), as well as growth and yield of soybean seeds. Conducted in Sungai Kakap, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan, during 2021, the research employed a Randomized Block Design with 15 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments included various combinations of tillage methods, weed control techniques, and mulching. The study identified four soybean varieties Detap-1, Derap-1, Devon-1, and Dena-2 with large seed sizes and high yields. These varieties also exhibited resistance to common pests such as Etiella zinkenella, Riptortus linearis, and Spodoptera litura. Weed composition analysis revealed O. sativa and Ageratum conyzoides as dominant species. Weed dry weight was lowest in the perfect tillage + pre-emergence herbicide treatment and highest in the minimum tillage + weeds are not controlled treatment. The highest plant growth and seed yield were observed in the minimum tillage + pre-emergence herbicide and perfect tillage + pre-emergence herbicide treatments. Plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, and dry seed yield were significantly higher in these treatments compared to others. In conclusion, varieties Detap-1, Derap-1, Devon-1, and Dena-2 possess suitable physical characteristics for cultivation in Indonesia. The most effective grass management models identified were minimum tillage + pre-emergence herbicide and perfect tillage + pre-emergence herbicide. These findings contribute to optimizing soybean cultivation practices, emphasizing varietal selection and weed control strategies for improved crop performance.

Exploring native arsenic (As)-resistant bacteria: unveiling multifaceted mechanisms for plant growth promotion under As stress.

This study explores the plant growth-promoting effect (PGPE) and potential mechanisms of the arsenic (As)-resistant bacterium Flavobacterium sp. A9 (A9 hereafter). The influences of A9 on the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana, lettuce, and Brassica napus under As(V) stress were investigated. Additionally, a metabolome analysis was conducted to unravel the underlying mechanisms that facilitate PGPE. Results revealed that A9 significantly enhanced the fresh weight of Arabidopsis seedlings by 62.6%-135.4% under As(V) stress. A9 significantly increased root length (19.4%), phosphorus (25.28%), chlorophyll content (59%), pod number (24.42%), and weight (18.88%), while decreasing As content (48.33%, P≤.05) and oxidative stress of Arabidopsis. It also significantly promoted the growth of lettuce and B. napus under As(V) stress. A9 demonstrated the capability to produce≥31 beneficial substances contributing to plant growth promotion (e.g. gibberellic acid), stress tolerance (e.g. thiamine), and reduced As accumulation (e.g. siderophores). A9 significantly promoted the plant growth under As stress and decreased As accumulation by decreasing oxidative stress and releasing beneficial compounds.

Enhancing the Growth and Yield of Soybean Plants with Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Background: Many organic wastes are currently used as organic fertilizers. Giving organic fertilizer to plants has a very good impact on soil and plants. The combination of LOF and PGPR can certainly increase the growth and production of soybean plants. This research was conducted in Tanjung Sari Village, Rembang, Central Java from November 2021 to January 2022. Analytical activities were carried out at the Land Resources Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, National Development University "Veteran" East Java. Method: This research method uses a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 9 treatments 3 replicates so that 27 experimental units are obtained. The first factor is PGPR (A), namely A0: Without PGPR A1: Banana Bark, A2: Bamboo Root and the second factor is LOF (B), namely B0: Without LOF B1: Banana stem B2: Bamboo shoots. Result: The results of this study showed that the combination of PGPR + LOF treatments made from local raw materials was effective in helping the growth of soybean plants obtained by the combination A2B2 (PGPR bamboo root + LOF bamboo shoot) with the number of pods 36 pods, and plant height 56.60cm, in terms of c-organic analysis (3.05%), N (0.63%), P (15.37%), K (1.23%). This combination is best because it contains lignocellulase enzyme and growth regulators. Conclusion: The combination of PGPR + local raw material-based LOF is effective in enhancing the growth of soybean plants.

Agronomic Evaluation of Improved Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum </i>L.) Varieties and Seeding Rates on Vertisols in Abeshige, Central Ethiopia

Identification of appropriate varieties and seed rates for different agroecology are important agronomic practices to increase the productivity of chickpea. A field experiment was conducted during the cropping season to evaluate the performance of chickpea varieties and their seed rates on Vertisols of Abeshige district. Four chickpea varieties (Minjar of 100, 125, 150 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>), Teketay of 120, 150, 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>, Habru of 130, 162.5 195 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> and Yelbe of 120, 150, 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>)] and three levels of seed rates were used and combined factorially in randomized complete block design with three replications. Interaction of Chickpea varieties and seed rates were significantly affected number of days to 50% emergency, days to 50% flowering and 90% maturity, plant height, seed yield, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, hundred seed weight, harvest index and dry biomass of chickpea. Teketay varieties showed better performance on seed yield, harvest index and number of seed per pod in response to seed rate. Teketay with 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> was gave better yield and yield components of Chickpea variety. Therefore, Teketay variety with 180 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> is recommended to sustain chickpea production in Vertisols of Abeshige areas in central mid-lands of Ethiopia.

Study of Genetic Variability and Path Analysis for Yield in Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

The current study was conducted in order to estimate the genetic variability, Correlation and path analysis for yield and yield contributing traits assessed 31 genotypes of green gram during Zaid season 2023. The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 replications. Data were collected from 5 randomly selected plants from each genotype in each replication, among 13 different traits seed index had highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variance followed by number of pod per plant, while least GCV and PCV was recorded for days to maturity. High heritability was shown by plant height followed by number of seeds per pod. Seed index and harvest index had highly significant positive genotypic correlation with seed yields per plant. While days to maturity and days to 50% pod setting was recorded as highly significant negative genotypic correlation with seed yields per plant. Plant height followed by primary branches per plant, biological yield seed index and harvest index was recorded as positive direct effect on seed yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels while days to maturity followed by clusters per plant, pods per plant and pod length was recorded as negative direct effect on seed yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. All the traits showed a strong and positive association with seed yield, proving that these traits actually correlate with one another. Therefore, identifying high yielding genotypes from highly segregating populations would be made easier with the use of direct selection for these traits.

The Effect of Paclobutrazol and Types of Nitrogen (N) Fertilizer on The Growth and Yield of Long Bean (Vigna sinensis L.)

Long bean is the one of the most widely consumed vegetables both fresh and processed. The market demand for long beans is rising, but their production remains limited. This study aims to investigate how different concentrations of paclobutrazol and various types of nitrogen fertilizers affect the growth and yield of long bean plants. The research was conducted in Dander Village, Dander District, Bojonegoro Regency, East Java. The study employed a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors: the concentration of paclobutrazol (P0 = control, P1 = 150 ppm, P2 = 200 ppm, P3 = 250 ppm) and the type of nitrogen fertilizer (N0 = NPK control, N1 = Urea, N2 = ZA, N3 = KNO3). Variables to observed included plant length, number of leaves, flowering age, number of pods, pod weight, number of seeds, and fruit set. The results showed that the combination of 150 ppm paclobutrazol and KNO3 nitrogen fertilizer produced the best results in terms of the fastest flower emergence at 29 days after planting (HST) and the highest pod weight of long beans at 43.00 grams per plant. Keywords: Paclobutrazol, Various Nitrogen Fertilizers, Growth, Yield, Long Beans (Vigna sinensis L.)