Pod Injury Research Articles

Landscape factors affect relative abundance of rootworm species and pod injury in Georgia peanuts.

The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, is native to the US where it is a pest of peanut, Arachis hypogaea. The banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte, is native to the neotropics, but its range has expanded and currently includes most of the US peanut production area. The purpose of this study was to: (i) define seasonal variation in adult rootworm populations in peanut fields, and (ii) determine the effect(s) of proximity to a putative early season host (i.e., corn, Zea mays) and the presence of irrigation on rootworm infestation and pod injury in peanut. Seasonal abundance of adult rootworms in commercial peanut fields in Georgia was monitored in 2021 and 2022 using plant volatile lures attached to yellow sticky traps. Traps were located at 45, 90, and 180 m from the field edge in irrigated and nonirrigated peanut fields with and without a corn border. Two peaks in abundance were observed for both species in each year. Though peak abundance for the two species occurred nearly simultaneously, D. balteata was more abundant than D. u. howardi. Beetle abundance was highest in fields bordered by corn, but presence of irrigation was not as important for D. balteata as it was for D. u. howardi. Pod injury was greater in fields bordered by corn in both years, but there was no difference in pod injury between irrigated and nonirrigated fields. The number of beetles captured and incidence of pod injury within a field did not differ with distance from the field border.

A novel insecticide, isocycloseram, shows promise as an alternative to chlorpyrifos against a direct pest of peanut, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Larvae of the southern corn rootworm (SCR) Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are primary pests of peanut in the Virginia-Carolina region of the United States, and are relatively sporadic pests in southern states such as Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Peanuts have strict quality standards which, when they are not met, can diminish crop value by more than 65%. Management of direct pests like SCR is therefore crucial to maintaining the economic viability of the crop. The soil-dwelling nature of SCR larvae complicates management due to difficulties associated with monitoring and predicting infestations. Nonchemical management options are limited in this system; preventative insecticide applications are the most reliable management strategy for at-risk fields. Chlorpyrifos was the standard product for larval SCR management in peanut until its registration was revoked in 2022, leaving no effective chemical management option for larvae. We tested a novel insecticide, isocycloseram, for its ability to reduce pod scarring, pod penetration, and non-SCR pod damage in field studies conducted in Suffolk, Virginia in 2020-2022. Overall injury was low in 2020 and 2022, and in 2022 there was not a significant effect of treatment. In 2021, 2 simulated chemigation applications of isocycloseram in July significantly reduced pod scarring and overall pod injury relative to chlorpyrifos and the untreated control. Our results suggest that isocycloseram may become an effective option for managing SCR in peanut, although more work is needed to understand the mechanisms by which it is effective as a soil-applied insecticide.

Alleviation of podocyte injury: the possible pathway implicated in anti-inflammation of alpha-lipoic acid in type 2 diabetics

The objective of this study is to observe the effect of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on Pod injury by anti-inflammation and explore its possible renal protective mechanism. A total of 36 cases with type 2 diabetes with microalbuminuria and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels less than 9mmol/L and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≤9.0% were recruited to be treated with ALA (600mg, daily) for 6months (group DA). Another 30 healthy individuals were chosen as normal controls (group NC). The levels of serum creatinine (Cr), FPG, and HbA1c were detected; blood pressure was recorded; and early morning urine samples (corrected for urinary Cr) were collected for the examination of urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), podocalyxin (PCX), nephrin, albumin and Cr in group NC and group DA at the baseline and the sixth month. The excretions of urinary MCP-1, TGF-β1, PCX, nephrin and albumin to Cr ratio (abbreviated as UMCR, UTCR, UPCR, UNCR and UACR respectively) were significantly increased in group DA compared with group NC (all P<0.01), and after 6-month treatment, all indexes mentioned above decreased markedly (P<0.05), while FPG and HbA1c had no obvious changes. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between UMCR, UTCR with UPCR, UNCR and UACR, respectively (all P<0.01). Anti-inflammation of ALA in vivo and local kidney is implicated in the protection of glomerular Pod injury in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Resistance Evaluation Againts Black Pod Diseaseand Effectiveness of Inoculation Methods

The general objective of this experiment was to standardize method of resistance evaluation of cacao germplasm against Phytophthora palmivora, the pathogen causing black pod disease in cacao. The sepecific objectives were to evaluate (1) effects of inoculum type and pod injury, (2) effects of inoculum type and seedling injury, and (3) effects of genetic background of cacao seedlings on infection of P. palmivora. In this experiment, effectiveness of either zoospora or mycellia was evaluated as inoculation sources for pod, leaf and stem of cacao clone GC 7 and Sca 12. Part of the tested cacao pods, leaves, and stems were injured prior to P. palmivora inoculation while the others were not. Observations were conducted on diameter of the necrosed symptoms on inoculated cacao pods, number of necrosed spot on inoculated leaf, and the length of necrosed symptoms on stem of tested cacao seedlings. Results of the experiment indicated inoculation using mycelia of P. palmivora was more effective than zoospora and injuring the tested cacao pods and seedlings before P. palmivora inoculation can be used to prediction the resistance of tested cacao clones against P. Palmivora infection. Results of resistance prediction using detached pod assay was similar to that of using seedling assay; therefore, seedling assay could be used as an alternattive method of resistance evaluation. Cacao F1 hybrids derived from TSH 858 x Sca 12 showed some resistance against P. palmivora and they might potentially result in high yielding lines.Key words: Phytophthora palmivora, cacao breeding, germplasm evaluation, inoculation standardization, pod assay, seedling assay.

Studies on the efficacy of black soap and kerosene mixture on the control of Pod sucking bugs (Clavigralla tomentosicollis stal.) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)

Field experiment testing of various concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8% vol/vol) of an aqueous black soap and kerosene as a control for pod damage by Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal. indicated that the 8% concentration was the most effective in reducing pod injury and increasing the yield of seed in ?DanSokoto' cowpeas. None of the treatments significantly reduced the abundance of the pod sucking insects on the plants. Application of 8% concentration should therefore be considered for recommendation as a control to cowpea growers.

Selected Granular Insecticide Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Two Peanut Fields, 1996

Abstract Granular insecticides were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in Virginia-type peanut in 2 fields in Suffolk, VA. The 2 fields selected differed in soil characteristics but were both considered to represent a moderate level of risk to pod damage by SCR. ‘VA-C 92R’ peanuts were planted on 3 May (Field 1) and 23 May (Field 2) using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied in a 14-inch band over the row with a tractor-mounted Noble granular applicator on 28 June (at the time of early pegging). A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 200 ft (Field 1) and 4 rows by 180 ft (Field 2). Pod injury was determined 28 Aug and again 25 Sep from all full-sized pods from 5 randomly selected plants per plot. Pods were categorized as immature or mature and as undamaged, scarred (superficial damage to the outer pod wall), or penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was determined by digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot (400 row ft per plot, 4 Oct - Field 1; 360 row ft per plot, 14 Oct - Field 2). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.

Effect of Soybean Planting Date on Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Abundance and Pod Injury

Studies were conducted near Ames, LA, from 1989 through 1992 to quantify the effects of soybean planting date on bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), abundance and soybean pod injury and seed yield. Experimental treatments were seeding the 1st wk of May and the last wk of May, which spanned the recommended planting time in central Iowa. Plots were located adjacent to alfalfa, separated by a com buffer, and arranged according to 3 (1989 and 1990) or 4 (1991 and 1992) randomized blocks. Bean leaf beetle and soybean developmental stage were determined twice weekly. Pod injury and seed yield were measured from harvest samples. Results indicated that soybean planted toward the end of May had reduced bean leaf beetle colonization and lower seasonal densities than those planted the 1st wk of May. Lower densities resulted in significantly fewer beetle feeding days during pod development and reduced pod injury in 3 of the 4 yr of study. Additionally, seed yield potential was not significantly reduced by late planting. However, bean leaf beetle migration from early into late plantings during 1 yr of the study caused greater pod injury there, pointing to the need to determine the effectiveness of late planting when it is used as a pest management tactic.

Soil Insecticide and Fungicide Treatment Effects on Peanut Pod Damage, Disease Incidence, and Yield, 1994

Abstract Granular soil insecticides were evaluated in standard (Bravo) and alternative (Folicur, Moncut, and Tilt) fungicide programs for effects on pod damage, disease incidence, and yield. The test was conducted on a Varina loamy sand in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 6 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 25 ft (8 rows on 38-inch spacing). Granular insecticides were applied at pegging (Jul 12, 53 DAP) with a 2-row electric Gandy applicator, using 5-inch banders centered over the row. Foliar fungicides were applied with a tractor-mounted 8-row boom (8003 nozzles, 40 psi, 16.9 gpa for the first 2 appl. dates; TX6 nozzles, 60 psi, 8.3 gpa for the last 4 appl. dates). Tire traffic was confined to rows 1—2 and 7—8 of each plot so there was no traffic on yield rows after granular insecticide application. Insect pod damage was evaluated after digging by examining four 25-pod samples per plot and recording external hull feeding and internal kernel damage. The external injury counts reported include those pods with internal injury. Pod injury was primarily due to wireworm feeding based on recovery of 1.0 wireworm larvae/ft2 from 4-in depth sieve samples taken on Sept 6. Disease incidence was evaluated within 1 h of digging by scanning 100 row ft per plot and estimating the total row ft symptomatic for southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) on the plant crown and Rhizoctonia limb rot on plant laterals. No measure of disease severity was taken. The middle four rows (two 100-ft subsamples per plot) were harvested for yield.

Selected Liquid and Granular Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1994

Abstract Liquid and granular insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 11 May using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied in a 14-inch band over the row either just before planting (band, ppi), at planting (at plant), or on 28 Jun (flowering). Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gal formulation per acre at 22 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. Granules were applied with a tractor- or bicycle-mounted Noble granular applicator. Preplant treatments were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep using a land conditioner. Flowering time banded treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Pod injury was determined 20 Sept from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Pods were categorized as undamaged, scarred (apparently superficial damage to the outer pod wall), or penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was based on digging, combining (4 Oct), drying and weighing peanuts from the two center rows (60 row feet) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.

Selected Granular Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1994

Abstract Granular insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Surry County, VA. Peanuts were planted using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied on 28 Jun (flowering) in a 14-inch band over the row with a bicycle-mounted Noble granular applicator. Treatments were lightly soil incorporated using cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined 16 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Pods were categorized as undamaged, scarred (apparently superficial damage to the outer pod wall), and penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was based on digging, combining (5 Oct), drying and weighing peanuts from the two center rows (80 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.

Selected Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1993

Abstract Liquid and granular insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 17 May using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied in a 14-inch band over the row either at preplant (band, ppi), early flowering (24 Jun) or at pegging (13 Jul). Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 22 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. Granules were applied with a bicycle-mounted Noble applicator. Preplant treatments were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep using a land conditioner. Early flowering time banded treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Pod injury was determined 15 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Pods were categorized as undamaged, scarred (apparently superficial damage to the outer pod wall), and penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was based on digging, combining (6 Oct), drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (80 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.

Soil Insecticide and Fungicide Treatment Effects on Lesser Cornstalk Borer Injury, White Mold Incidence, and Peanut Yield, 1993

Abstract Granular soil insecticides were evaluated in standard (Bravo) and developmental (Folicur or Moncut) fungicide programs for effects on LCB damage, disease incidence, and yield. The test was conducted on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 25 ft (8 rows on 38-inch spacing). Granular insecticides were applied with a 2-row electric Gandy applicator, using 5-inch banders centered over the row. Foliar fungicides were applied with a tractor-mounted 8-row boom (8003 nozzles, 40 psi, 20.8 gal/acre for first 3 appl. dates; TX6 nozzles, 60 psi, 12 gal/acre for last 4 appl. dates). Traffic lanes were confined to rows 1-2 and 7-8 of each plot so there was no traffic on yield rows after granular insecticide applications. LCB damage counts were taken on 19 Jul by uprooting 2 plant clumps (1-4 plants/clump) per plot, and counting LCB feeding sites on plant crowns and laterals. LCB damage was evaluated again on 30 Aug by uprooting 1 row ft at 2 sites per plot, and counting LCB scarified pods. Pod damage was evaluated at harvest by counting external and internal pod injury on four 25-pod samples per plot within 24 h of digging. Disease incidence was evaluated within 1 h of digging by scanning 100 row ft per plot and estimating total row ft with white mold symptoms at the plant crown. Yields were taken from 100 row ft per plot.

Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Pod Damage, Disease Incidence, and Yield in Two Peanut Fungicide Programs1

Abstract The benefits of chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 15G) soil insecticide treatment in standard (chlorothalonil) and developmental (tebuconazole) peanut fungicide programs were compared in five field tests over a 3-yr period. Chlorpyrifos treatment reduced incidence of southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and insect pod injury, while increasing yield in the standard fungicide program. In contrast, chlorpyrifos treatment did not measurably affect stem rot incidence or yield in the tebuconazole program, and insect pod injury was reduced in only one of three years. Tebuconazole reduced Rhizoctonia limb rot (R. solani AG-4) and stem rot incidence, and decreased pod injury relative to the standard chlorothalonil program. Tebuconazole increased yield 804 kg/ha (716 lb/ac) over the standard fungicide. Chlorpyrifos increased yield 503 kg/ha (448 lb/ac) for a net return of $315/ha ($128/ac) in the standard fungicide program. However, in the developmental program, chlorpyrifos increased yield only 79 kg/ha (70 lb/ac) for a net return of -$2/ha (-$1/ac). Labeling of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor (EBI) fungicides such as tebuconazole would significantly affect peanut insect management in some production areas by reducing the economic incentive for preventative treatments of organophosphate insecticides.

Soybean Seed Yield and Quality Reduction by Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Pod Injury

Soybeans, Glycine max (L. Merrill), in field cages were infested with bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), adults to determine the effect oflate-season pod feeding on soybean seed yield and quality. Regression analysis revealed that a 3.06 kg/ha yield loss was caused by a density of one bean leaf beetle per square meter. Damaged seed weight, as determined from data provided in official grain-grade reports, was regressed against the number of injured pods at harvest. This analysis indicated that, for a 2,600 kg/ha (40 bu/ac) yield, 685 injured pods per square meter were necessary for economic seed damage to occur. The number of seeds with more than half the surface tissue darkened and the number of seeds with some darkened tissue but on less than half of the seed surface increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the number of injured pods. Economic-injury level equations were determined for late-season bean leaf beetle pod injury. Tables are provided that contain economic-injury levels based on adult and injured-pod counts for several combinations of pest-management costs and crop-market values. Analyses revealed that economic-injury levels based on seed-yield loss are exceeded before economic penalties are incurred from damaged seed in surface-injured pods. Guidelines for economic thresholds are also provided.

Treatment Timing for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1991

Abstract Selected insecticides applied at different times were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in 'NC 7' Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 13 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied at planting time, at early flowering time (14 Jun), at pegging time (16 Jul), or at late pegging time (12 Aug). Treatments were applied as 14-inch bands using an electrically driven, tractor-mounted Noble metering unit. At-planting bands were directed in front of the planters, then lightly soil incorporated with rolling cultivator gangs. Early flowering, pegging, and late-pegging bands were applied over rows. Early flowering and pegging treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Late-pegging bands were not soil incorporated. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 12 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Percent injury was determined for mature, immature, and total pods sampled. Yield was based on digging, combining (2 Oct), drying, and weighing peanuts from the two center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.

Liquid Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1991

Abstract Lorsban 4 E, applied at different times and rates, was evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in 'NC 7' Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 13 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Lorsban 4 E was applied at planting time either broadcast preplant incorporated (broadcast, ppi) or banded preplant incorporated (band, ppi), or banded at early flowering time (14 Jun). Planting time broadcast treatments were applied just before planting, with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 17 psi through 8003VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. Planting time banded applications were made in a 14-inch band with the same spray equipment, but calibrated to deliver 17 gal/acre at 22 psi through one 8004E nozzle per row. Both were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep with a land conditioner. Early flowering treatments were applied in 14-inch bands with the same spray equipment, but calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 22 psi through 2, 8002E nozzles per row, 1 on each side of the row, then lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Lorsban 15 C was applied as a 14-inch band at early flowering time as a treatment standard. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 5 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Percent injury was determined for mature, immature, and total pods sampled. Yield was based on digging, combining (8 Oct), drying, and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.

Two Spotted Spider Mite and Bean Leaf Beetle Control in Ohio, 1991

Abstract A test was conducted at the OARDC Northwestern Field Station near Hoytville to evaluate the efficacy of an acaricide applied at 2 rates and 4 insecticide treatments for control of TSSM on soybeans. The block selected for treatment had been fallow in 1990, planted 11 May, and was found in late Jul to be infested with TSSM that was evenly distributed throughout the block. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment was used. Plots were 200 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Treatments were broadcasted 5 Aug with a 4 row, 10 ft boom with nozzles (Spraying Systems XR 8002) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 32 gal/acre at 32 psi, at a tractor speed of 3 mph., when the soybean stand was in the early pod formation stage. Posttreatment TSSM abundance was determined by random collection of 40 leaves per replicate on 14 Aug, brushing the mites from the leaves on to a sticky glass plate, and counting the number of mites with a binocular microscope. Since the block was also impacted by a severe infestation of BLB, subsequent pod injury damage due to 2nd generation BLB was evaluated. In a neighboring block, sweep net sampling of BLB adults averaged 1.4 BLB per sweep on 25 Jul, 1.2 BLB per sweep on 7 Aug, and 5.2 BLB per sweep on 15 Aug.

Enhanced Infection of Peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., Seeds With Aspergillus flavus Group Fungi Due to External Scarification of Peanut Pods by the Lesser Cornstalk Borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller)1

Abstract The relationship between injury by the lesser cornstalk borer (LCB), Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller), and invasion of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., pods and seeds by species of the Aspergillus flavus group (A. flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare) were studied under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, LCB larvae were an excellent vector of an A. parasiticus color mutant (ATCC 24690) to all developmental stages of peanut pods. Fungal invasion and aflatoxin concentration in seeds were higher in immature pods (stage 2–3) than in more mature pods (stage 4–6). Contamination of seeds with ATCC 24690 was directly related to the extent of pod injury by larvae of the LCB. In field studies, over 50% of the LCB larvae collected from peanut were naturally contaminated with species of the A. flavus group. The planting date and harvest date of peanut had little influence on the incidence of fungal contamination of pods and seeds, or on aflatoxin content in seeds. However, increased pod injury by the LCB significantly increased the percentage of seeds infected with species of the A. flavus group. Seeds in pods with only external scarification from larval feeding had a significantly higher percentage of A. flavus group infection than seeds from uninjured pods. Therefore, infection and contamination of visibly uninjured seeds with aflatoxigenic fungi were enhanced by external injury to peanut pods by the LCB.

Treatment Timing for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1990

Abstract Selected insecticides applied at different times were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. NC 7 virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, Va. Peanuts were planted on 3 May using a 36- inch row spacing. Treatments were applied at planting time, either in furrow or banded, at flowering time (18 Jun), at pegging time (17 Jul), or at late pegging time (6 Aug). In-furrow treatments were applied with seed into the furrow. All banded treatments were applied in a 14-inch band using an electrically driven, tractor-mounted Noble metering unit. At-planting bands were directed in front of the planters, then soil incorporated 3-4 inches deep with rolling cultivator gangs. Flowering, pegging, and late-pegging bands were applied over rows. Flowering and pegging treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Late-pegging bands were not soil incorporated. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 17 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging, combining (28 Sep), drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.

Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1990

Abstract Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. NC 10C Virginia-type peanut in Isle of Wight County, Va. Peanuts were planted on 3 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied at pegging time (5 Jul) in a 14-inch band over the row using an electrically driven, tractor-mounted Noble metering unit, then lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 20 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants/plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging, combining (15 Oct), drying and weighting peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot.