Pod Borer Research Articles

Estimation of Yield Losses Caused by Insect Pests on Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Field experiment was carried out to estimate the yield losses in pigeon pea crop due to insect pests during kharif 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 at College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Bharuch (Gujarat). Results revealed that avoidable yield loss due to insect pests in pigeon pea was recorded up to 38.48% when no plant protection measures are taken. Amongst different insect pests, the maximum damage was recorded due to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (34.90%) followed by pod sucking bugs, Clavigralla gibbosa (29.75%) and pod fly, Melanogromyza obtusa (23.64%). Pod damage due to spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata and tur plume moth, Exelastis atomosa was recorded up to 14.09% and 5.60%, respectively.

Insect Pest Complex of Field Pea Crop

A study on diverse insect pest complex of field pea was made in both the years of experimentation i.e. during Rabi, 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Crop Research Centre, College of Agriculture, SVPUA&T, Meerut. As many as 15 insect species were recorded during the study period which belongs to different orders viz. Orthoptera (one species), Hemiptera (four species), Lepidoptera (seven species), Isoptera (one species) and Diptera (two species). All the major parts of this legume plant viz., pod/seed, leaf, root and stem were found to be infested by the insect pests. Sucking insect pests appear during the seedling and vegetative stage of crop i.e. 1st week of December to 2nd week of January. Gram pod borer, pea pod borer and blue butterfly are the pod borer complex that appeared from flowering to maturity stage i.e. 1st week of January to 2nd week of February. Among all the fifteen insect pests, only two pod borers, Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were found as major pests of field pea with severe economic status to this area during successive Rabi, seasons.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA TINGKAT DAN INTENSITAS SERANGAN HAMA PENGGEREK BUAH KAKAO (conopomorpha cramerella) TERHADAP PRODUKSI KAKAO DI KECAMATAN MANYAK PAYED

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cocoa pod borer (CPB) pest attack intensity on cocoa production in Manyak Payed District. This study used a survey method, sampling was carried out using a "purposive" method which was carried out in 3 villages, namely Lhueng Manyoe village, Krueng Sikajang village, Pahlawan village starting from August to September 2022. In each of the observed garden criteria, percentage and The intensity of CPB pest attacks shows different levels because of the way cocoa farmers tend their farms so that there are plantations that have the highest CPB pest attack rates and there are gardens that have the lowest CPB pest attack rates. The gardens with the highest attack rate were found in the village of Lhueng Manyoe with the category of unkempt gardens and the lowest attack was found in the village of Krueng Sikajang with the category of conventionally treated gardens. The average attack intensity on all observed plantations was 24%. Meanwhile, the loss of cocoa yield reached 275.96 kg/ha/year.

Effect of Newer Insecticides against the Major Insect Pests of Groundnut

Efficacy of some newer insecticides were tested against the groundnut leaf miner Aproaerema modicella (Deventer), tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (F), gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and natural enemies (coccinellids) of groundnut. Tolfenpyrad @ 2.5ml/ l was significantly superior in controlling defoliator pests. The next best treatments were tolfenpyrad @ 2ml/ l, spinetoram @ 0.5ml/l, tolfenpyrad @ 1.5ml/ l, thiamethoxam+ lambdacyhalothrin @ 0.4ml/ l. The highest incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR) was obtained in the treatments with tolfenpyrad @ 2.5ml/ l.

IGKM 05-18-2: identified as high yielding and multiple disease resistance rabi mungbean genotype for Chhattisgarh state

To enhance the yield potential in the rabi season, a high yielding and multiple disease resistant mungbean genotype, IGKM 05-18-2 has been developed through pedigree method from cross between Pairy Mung x Pusa Vishal at IGKV, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. The entry was tested in multilocation trial (12 locations) for three years (2017-18 to 2019-20) followed by testing in All India Coordinated Research Project on MULLaRP for a period of two years (2019-20 and 2020-21). It was also screened for various pests and diseases under pathological trials of AICRIP. Based on three years data (2017-18 to 2019-20) in state multilocation trials, during Rabi season, the entry IGKM 05-18-2 (902.40 Kg ha-1) had shown 8.29 % yield increase over the best check i.e. Pairy Mung (833.27 Kg ha-1). Likewise, under All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP on MULLaRP) this entry shown the 6.46 % yield advantage over the best check VBN 4 based on the mean performance in IVT and AVT-1 trials. In addition to the yield advantages, it shown multiple resistances to MYMV, Cercospora leaf spot, Powdery mildew and root rot in co-ordinated trials whereas, it was found resistant against PM, MYMV and Alternaria leaf spot at station trial. The entry IGKM 05-18-2 showed moderate insect pest infestation and was considered as promising entry. The entry IGKM 05-18-2 was found with moderate insect pest (thrips, whiteflies and maruca pod borer) infestation and considered as promising entry and the higher seed yield was recorded than Local check LGG 450. The data of the tested entry revealed the mungbean genotype, IGKM 05-18-2 is found to have high yield potential, multiple disease resistant and most suitable for cultivation in rabi season of the state. This improved line with enhanced resistance for multiple diseases can also be further used as a resistant donor for transfer disease resistance genes in other elite cultivars.

Report of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> (F) Nucleopolyhedrovirus

This study explores the potential of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) as a sustainable solution for managing legume pod borer Maruca vitrata (F). Distinctive signs of viral infection, such as suspended deceased larvae on cowpea leaves, and virus spread have been observed. Microscopic examination reveals characteristic polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs), confirming MaviNPV as the causative agent. Symptoms, including decreased activity and mortality in younger larvae, larval-pupal intermediates and deformed pupae have been observed. Reproductive disruption is evident through the absence of an egg mass and discharge of fluid from emerged adults. Bioassay results highlight age-dependent susceptibility, with higher mortality in early instars.

Biology and Morphometry of Gram Pod Borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner Infesting Gram Cicer arietinum L.

Aims: To investigate the biology and morphometry of gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Hubner infesting gram Cicer arietinum L.
 Place and Duration of Study: The investigation was conducted in the PG Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India under laboratory conditions at 26.7±1.66°C temperature and 51.11±6.35 per cent relative humidity during 2021-22.
 Methodology: The Helicoverpa armigera was reared from eggs to the adult stage under laboratory conditions. Twenty-five samples of eggs, larval instars, pre-pupa, pupa, and adults were used for morphometrics measurement and fifty samples of each stage were used for determining the biological parameters.
 Results: The Helicoverpa armigera female laid eggs singly or in batches of 2 to 3 during nighttime. The incubation period was 2.84±0.58 days with 58.39±4.22 per cent hatching. The larvae passed through six different instars having durations, 2.54±0.50, 4.04±0.88, 4.04±0.88, 4.24±0.77, 4.50±0.51, and 4.92±0.80 days of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth instars, respectively. The mean larval, pre-pupal, pupal, pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition periods were 23.12±1.83, 1.64±0.69, 13.40±1.25, 2.60±0.49, 6.94±0.82, and 1.62±0.49 days, respectively. The lengths of egg, first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth instar larvae, prepupa, pupa, and male and female adults, were 0.49±0.05, 1.56±0.12, 4.27±0.38, 8.47±0.70, 13.50±0.95, 21.84±0.97, 32.58±0.99, 25.03±0.97, 19.95±0.96, 17.25±0.56, and 20.32±0.95mm, respectively. Whereas, the breadths were 0.50±0.04, 0.46±0.03, 0.72±0.04, 2.45±0.03, 2.72±0.07, 3.22±0.11, 4.12±0.16, 3.88±0.39, 5.26±0.31, 34.44±1.09, and 39.86±1.03mm, respectively. The lengths of head capsules of first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth instar larvae were 0.23±0.01, 0.45±0.01, 0.63±0.02, 1.12±0.01, 2.19±0.02, and 2.61±0.04, respectively which was not studied before. Whereas, the breadths were 0.26±0.01, 0.50±0.01, 0.73±0.01, 1.28±0.01, 2.22±0.01, and 2.70±0.05, respectively. The sex ratio of male to female was 1:0.76±0.05. The fecundity of gravid females was 544.85±63.89 eggs/female. The adult longevity was 9.04±0.78 and 10.54±0.99 days in males and females, respectively. The total life span was recorded as 47.20±2.57 and 48.70±2.79 days in males and females, respectively
 Conclusion: The Helicoverpa armigera adults completed their life cycle in 43 to 56 days. The adult longevity was higher in females than males. The males were smaller than the females. The sex ratio was male-biased. The various biological parameters would be useful in the planning of integrated management strategy under field conditions.

Biocidal Efficacy of a New and Native Species of Entomopathogenic Nematode against Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)

Efficacy of new and native species of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Heterorhabditis casmirica SKUAST-K 104 was evaluated against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera in laboratory conditions. Larval mortality was directly proportional to time period as well as time period but inversely proportional to larval size. H. casmirica SKUAST-K 104 applied @ 50, 100, 150 and 200 IJs per 2nd instar larva resulted in pest mortality by 0.00, 8.33, 16.66, and 25.00 per cent, respectively at 24 hours and they were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) from each other. At 200 IJs inoculum level, 8.33, 16.66, 25.0, 41.66 and 50 per cent mortality of 5th instar larva was recorded at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours post inoculation, respectively. LC50 values was directly proportional to the size of larva but inversely proportional to size of nematode inoculum level. On the other hand, LT50 values was directly proportional to the size of larva but inversely proportional to size of nematode inoculum level. LC50 values calculated at 24 hours for 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae was 256.88, 277.24, 326.25 and 384.25, respectively, whereas at 120 hours it was 126.11, 160.22, 184.36 and 219.14, respectively. Similarly, LT50 values calculated at inoculum level of 50 IJs per 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae were 105.0, 113, 122 and 131 hours, respectively but at highest inoculum level of 200 IJs, it was 75, 89, 94 and 100 hours, respectively. Nematode multiplication rate within the host cadaver was directly proportional to the size of the host. Minimum and maximum number of IJs/ larva was 2.72 x 105 and 1.03 x 105, obtained from 2nd and 5th instar larva, respectively.

Efficacy of bio-rational insecticide for eco-friendly management of pod borer of mung bean

Pod borer species Maruca vitrata (Geyer) and Euchrysops cnejus (Fab.) are the major limiting constraints in mung bean. The present experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Department of Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh during March to June 2021 to develop an ecofriendly management approach against pod borer attacking mung bean. Four eco-friendly biopesticides (Biomax 1.8 EC (Abamectin) @ 1.2 ml/L, Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 g/, Fytomax PM (0.1% Azadirachtin) @ 5.0 ml/L, Neem Seed kernel Extract (NSKE) @ 50.0 g/L) and clean cultivation were tested against pod borers of mung bean variety BU mug 4. An untreated control treatment was maintained for comparison. The marginal benefit-cost ratio of the treatments and the impact of the treatments on the abundance of beneficial arthropods in the experimental plots were recorded. The management approaches did not affect the abundance of beneficial arthropods in the bean field. The findings revealed that the lowest rate of pod infestation (1.9% by n/n and w/w) as well as the highest marketable yield (1.55 MT/ha) and marginal benefit- cost ratio (3.02) were obtained with the foliar spray with Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @0.4 g/L of water at 15 days interval. Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 g/L of water at 15 day intervals is an effective, suitable, and viable approach for suppressing pod borer complex without harm to beneficial arthropods in the mung bean field. Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2023) 27 (1): 71-79

Population Dynamics of Pod Borer <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> (Hubner) on Chickpea

A field experiment was carried out to study the population dynamics of pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea at the Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanad Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner during two consecutive seasons i.e. rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23. The incidence commenced from first and second week of December i.e. 49th and 50th Standard Metrological Week (SMW) and disappeared in the first fortnight of January. Incidence again started from the third week of January (3rd SMW) which increased gradually and reached peak (6.4 and 5.2 larvae/ m row) in the third and second week of February (8th and 9th SMW) during first and second season. These peaks coincided with the vegetative, flowering, and podding stages. The correlation studies showed that incidence has a positive significant correlation with temperatures (p<0.01) while, morning (r = -0.609 and -0.640, p<0.05) and evening relative humidity (r = -0.728, p<0.01 & -0.666, p<0.05) showed negative significant correlation. Further, stepwise linear regression model indicated that maximum temperature as single predicator independent variable had the strongest relationship with incidence based on high R2 value (61% and 63.40%). This forewarning regression model may help the farmers to take advance decision so as to minimize the damage caused by pod borer on chickpea.

Efficacy of selected insecticides and biopesticides against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on green gram, Vigna radiata (L) at Prayagraj

Efficacy of selected insecticides and biopesticides against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on green gram, Vigna radiata (L) at Prayagraj

Effect of Sowing Date and Bean Cultivars (Ghaffar, Talash, and Sadri) on the Damage by Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in Agronomic Conditions of Iran

Legumes, particularly beans, are a crucial human food source, second only to grains. However, the presence of bean pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), poses a significant threat to beans, causing quantitative and qualitative damage each year. To evaluate the effect of sowing date and cultivar on bean pod borer damage in Markazi Province, Iran. A split plot experiment design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and nine treatments was conducted over two crop years (2020‐2021 and 2021‐2022). The main plot had three sowing dates: 15 days earlier than the conventional date (early sowing), the conventional date, and 15 days later than the conventional date (late sowing). The subplot focused on three pinto bean cultivars: “Ghaffar,” “Talash,” and, “Sadri.” General, “Sadri” showed the highest mean of the number of larvae in per plant (0.46–0.53) and infection rate, while “Ghaffar” had the lowest mean of number of larvae (0.24–0.30) in both years. The mean of damaged pods was highest (0.42–0.61) in “Sadri” for both years, but lowest in “Ghaffar” (0.27–0.3) for both years. Similarly, the mean of the highest (4.08–4.96) and the lowest (1.54–1.79) damage percentages were observed in “Sadri” and “Ghaffar,” respectively, in both years. “Sadri” had the highest mean number of damaged grains (0.58–0.61) in both years, with “Talash” having the lowest (0.30) in the first year and “Ghaffar” (0.30) in the second year. Moreover, despite the higher pest population and damage, early sowing (May 20) resulted in higher yields in both years. The highest yield was associated to early‐sown “Ghaffar” plants whose yield was 3581.00 ± 225.43 kg/ha in the first year and 3571.0 ± 223.40 kg/ha in the second year. Thus, since “Ghaffar” is more pest‐tolerant, it can be recommended for cultivation in infested areas.

Effect of selected insecticides and biopesticides against pod borer, Maruca vitrata of cowpea

Effect of selected insecticides and biopesticides against pod borer, Maruca vitrata of cowpea

Management of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) through natural resource based bioagents in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Management of gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hub.) through natural resource based bioagents in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Comparative efficacy of certain insecticide and bio-pesticides against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.)

Comparative efficacy of certain insecticide and bio-pesticides against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.)

Field Efficacy of botanical extracts against Pod borers on Pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.

Field Efficacy of botanical extracts against Pod borers on Pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.

Field efficacy and economics of selected insecticides against gram pod borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] on greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Field efficacy and economics of selected insecticides against gram pod borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] on greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Efficacy of certain biopesticides and chemicals against gram pod borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)

Efficacy of certain biopesticides and chemicals against gram pod borer [Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)] on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L)

Biochemical characters conferring resistance against pod borers in pigeonpea genotypes

Biochemical characters conferring resistance against pod borers in pigeonpea genotypes

Studies on gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and its biorational management on chickpea

Studies on gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and its biorational management on chickpea