Pod Borer Damage Research Articles

Wild relatives of pigeonpea as a source of resistance to the pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch) and pod wasp (Tanaostigmodes cajaninae La Salle)

Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is an important legume crop in South Asia, East and southern Africa, and the Caribbean. Pod fly (Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch) and pod wasp (Tanaostigmodes cajaninae La Salle) are important constraints to increase the production and productivity of pigeonpea under subsistence farming conditions. Host plant-resistance can be used as an important component for the management of these pests, and therefore, we evaluated 28 accessions of wild relatives of pigeonpea for resistance to these pests. There were significant inter- and intra-species differences in the relative susceptibility to pod fly and pod wasp damage. Accessions belonging to Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars, C. sericeus (Benth. ex Bak.) van der Maesen, Rhynchosia bracteata Benth. ex Bak., C. acutifolius (F.v. Muell.) van der Maesen, C. lineatus (W. & A.) van der Maesen, and C. albicans (W. & A.) van der Maesen showed resistance to pod fly damage, while those from C. platycarpus (Benth.) van der Maesen, C. cajanifolius (Haines) van der Maesen and R. aurea DC. were susceptible. For the pod wasp, some of the accessions from C. scarabaeoides, C. albicans, Flemingia stricta Roxb., and R. bracteata (Roxb.) Wight showed a resistant reaction, while ICPW 83 belonging to C. scarabaeoides showed a susceptible reaction. ICPW 141, ICPW 278, and ICPW 280 (C. scarabaeoides), ICPW 214 (R. bracteata), ICPW 14 (C. albicans), and ICPW 202 (F. stricta) showed resistance to both pod fly and pod wasp damage. There was considerable variation in accessions belonging to different species for their susceptibility to pod fly and pod wasp, which can be exploited to breed for resistance to these pests. There was a negative association between pod wasp and pod borer damage, and therefore, it is important to keep track of the relative susceptibility of pigeonpea genotypes to pod wasp, while breeding for resistance to pod borers.

Vamban 3 Blackgram : A yellow mosaic resistant variety

The black gram genotype VBG 18 is a cross derivative from LBG 402 X LBG 17. It matures in 65-70 days. This culture rcorded high seed yield in station trials, multilocation trials and adaptive research trials. The average seed yield is about 775 and 826 kg/ha respectively in irrigated and rainfed conditions. The highest yield potential is 1800 kg/ha. It showed resistance to yellow mosaic virus disease and moderate resistance to powdery mildew and pod borer damage. Hence, the culture VBG 18 is released as Vamban 3 black gram for commercial cultivation in Tamil Nadu during 2000.

Characterization of Resistance to Limabean Pod Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Soybean

In four tests conducted in summer through autumn 1987, soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, accession PI 227687 was consistently less damaged than the susceptible controls by the limabean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella (Trietsche). Damage by pod borers increased with increasing trichome density on pods. Seed size was not a decisive factor in pod borer damage in the resistant accession. Limabean pod borer laid significantly fewer eggs on PI 227687 plants than on ‘KS 9’ plants, a susceptible commercial cultivar. Significantly fewer larvae entered the pods of PI 227687 to feed on developing seeds than in the pods of ‘KS 9’. Pupation was reduced when larvae were fed on PI 227687 compared with ‘KS 9’. Pupae were significantly lighter in weight and the percentage successfully emerging into adults was Significantly lower when larvae were fed on PI 227687 rather than on ‘KS 9’. Oviposition nonpreference and antibiosis appeared to be the mechanisms of limabean pod borer resistance in PI 227687.

EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING OF PULSES IN CEREALS ON THE INCIDENCE OF MAJOR PESTS

Effect of intercropping of greengram, cowpea, blackgram and soybean in maize and sorghum on the incidence of stem fly, whitefly, yellow mosaic and pod borer of pulses and shoot fly and stem borer of cereals indicated no significant effect on the pests except stem fly in blackgram, whitefly in cowpea, yellow mosaic and pod borers in green gram. Stem fly in blackgram and whitelly in cowpea were high when intercropped with maize. Greongram had low incidence of yellow mosaic when intercropped with maize and sorghum than raised as pure crop. Pod borer damage in greengram was significantly lesser in pure crop than raised with maize and sorghum. There was no difference in shoot fly and stem borer of sorghum and maize between pure crop and mixed with intercrops.

Effect of synthetic pyrethroids, neem extracts and other insecticides for the control of pod damage by Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on chickpea and pod damage-yield relationship at Pantnagar in northern India

The chickpea crop at Pantnagar (29 degrees N, 79 degrees E) in northern India, consistently suffers extensive pod damage due to Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), varying from 42·6 to 90·0%, with an average of 65·5% in unprotected controls. Grain yields were 0·02–1·36 t ha −1, average 0·72 t ha −1, during the ‘rabi’ winter seasons of 1979–1980 to s1986–1987. Among the insecticides tested for two or more years, cypermethrin at 36 and 45 g, deltamethrin at 12 g, fenvalerate at 120 g, endosulfan at 420 g and monocrotophos at 240 g ha −1 significantly and consistently reduced pod borer damage to < 22·5%, giving grain yields of > 1·7 t ha −1. Less effective but still significantly better than the control were quinalphos at 300 g, HCH at 2600 g, chlorpyrifos at 240 g ha −1 and neem seed kernel extract at 5·0%. Mean grain yields (adjusted for the years effect) were significantly negatively correlated with percentage pod damage ( r = −0·93).

Control of Bengalgram Pod Borer, Heliothis armigera Hubner

Three field experiments with dusts, three with spray formulations and two demon- stration trials were conducted during 1971-74 for the control of the bengalgram pod borar, Dust formulations were superior to the sprays in reducing the pod borer, damage and increasing the yield. Among the dusts, endosulfan 4 per cent was superior followed by carbaryl 10 per cent, methyl parathion + DDT 10 per cent. lindane 0,65 per cent and malathion 4 per cent in efficacy. Endosulfan 4 per cent dust consistently recorded higher yields and tower pod borer damage.

Response of NPK Fertilizer on the Incidence of Pod Borer, Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) and Grain Yield of Chickpea

Different dose of NPK fertilizer had shown both negative and positive influence on pod borer damage. In general, application of low to moderate doses of NPK reduced pod borer damage. Application of higher doses NPK increased pod borer damage compared to untreated control. Pod borer damage reduction by low to moderate doses of NPK fertilizer application ranged from 3.10 to 14.22%. The highest pod damage reduction (14.22%) was found in 20-20-20 kg NPK/ha followed by 40-20-20 kg NPK/ha (14.00%) and 20-40-20 kg NPK/ha (12.42%). While, pod borer damage was increased by higher dose levels of NPK fertilizer application which ranged from 4.34 to 15.81 %. Manuring with NPK fertilizer in chickpea increased grain yield upto 34.62%. The highest yield (1750kg/ha) was obtained from 20- 40-20 kg NPK/ha, which was statistically identical among levels of NPK application except 20-20-20 kg NPK/ha. The lowest yield (1300kg/ha) was recorded from control treatment. The highest marginal benefit cost ratio (4.35) computed from the manurial combination 40-20-20 kg NPK/ha followed by 20- 40-20 kg NPK/ha (MBCR 3.73) Manurial combination 40-20-20 kg NPK/ha was found most profitable followed by 20-40-20 kg NPK/ha in considering pod borer damage and yield in chickpea cultivation. Key words : Chickpea, Pod borer, NPK Fertilizer and Yield doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i1.2720 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(1), 117-124, 2009

Incidence and Damage Severity of Pod Borer, &lt;i&gt;Helicoverpa Armigera&lt;/i&gt; (Hubner) in Chickpea (&lt;i&gt;Cicer Arietinum&lt;/i&gt; L.)

Incidence, population fluctuations and damage severity of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) chickpea was studied at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh during rabi crop seasons of 2003-04 and 2004-05. The incidence started in 2nd to 4th week of January irrespective of sowing dates. The borer population fluctuated depending on the dates of sowing. Pod borer population was higher in the early sown crops (October 15 to November 01) and with delayed the dates of sowing from November 01 to 30 population was decreased and then increased again. It was observed that both the early (October 15 to November 01) and late sown (December and onward) crops received higher pod borer damage and produced lower yield. But mid sown (November 08 to 30) crops received less pod borer damage and produced higher yield. Hence, for ensuring higher yield with less pod borer damage, chickpea should be sown within the range of November 08 to 30 and the best date of sowing seems to be November 15. Key words: Chickpea, Pod borer, Population fluctuation, Damage severity, Yield. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3676 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 221-224, 2009

Effects of seed treatment and soil application with some insecticides on stemfly and pod borers on mungbean

For controlling stemfly (Opheoniyia phaseoli) and pod borers (Helicoverpa armigera &amp; Maruca vitrata of mungbean insecticides Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, and Phenyl Pyrazol were applied as seed treatment and soil application during kharif II season (August to December) in 2004 and 2005 at Burirhat, Rangpnr. In two years, stemfly infested 86.67-93.33 percent rnunghean plants and caused 26.90-27.09 percent stem tunneling in untreated plots. Carbofuran in both seed treatment and soil application had similar effect on stemfly resulting 1.4 to 7.0 and 1.4 to 4.57 times less damage and stem tunneling, respectively, than the control. Pod borer damage did not differ significantly among the treatments in 2004, but differed in the second year. The yield of mungbean was significantly higher by the soil application of Corbofuran followed by the seed treatment by the same insecticides. But soil application of Carbofuran proved to be economical. Key Words: Seed treatment; soil application; insecticides; stemfly; pod borers; mungbean. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i2.5803Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(2): 303-311, June 2009

Development of an integrated management approach for pod borer, &lt;i&gt;Helicoverpa armigera&lt;/i&gt; (Hubner) on chickpea

An experiment was conducted to develop an 1PM approach for the management of pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in chickpea field. Out of seven modules studied, module 5 consisting of sequential first spray with Helicoverpa nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (HNPV) @ 500 LE/ha and second spray after seven days interval with Cypermethrin @ 1 ml/ litre gave the best protection with the lowest pod borer damage (4.62%) and provided the highest yield (2096 kg/ha) and maximum net return (Tk. 43746/ha) followed by module 3 where only RNPV was sprayed twice. But the most economic module for pod borer management was M2 where chickpea intercropped with mustard was sown on 15 November. For best protection against pod borer, the most effective 1PM module was chickpea sown on 15 November and first spraying with HNPV @ 500 LE/ha just at 100% plant pod formation stage and second spray after 7 days with Cermethrin @ 1 ml/L, ensuring higher yield and return. Keywords: Integrated management; pod borer; chickpea. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5882Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(2) : 201-206, June 2010