Incidence Of Pneumonia In Children Research Articles

Persistent elevation in incidence of pneumonia in children in England, 2023/24.

Since November 2023, the absolute number of attendances at emergency departments for pneumonia among children aged 5-14 years in England have been above expected levels for the time of year. This increased signal peaked during March 2024 but then persisted into early summer 2024 despite decreases in prevalence of seasonal respiratory pathogens. Record linkage between emergency department and laboratory databases points to this unusual activity being driven largely by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Association between indoor environmental risk factors and pneumonia among preschool children in Urumqi：A case-control study

BackgroundPediatric pneumonia presents a significant global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pneumonia in preschool children in Urumqi and its association with indoor environmental factors. MethodsThis case-control study collected data from December 2018 to December 2019 on 1522 preschool children in Urumqi (779 boys and 743 girls) who were diagnosed with pneumonia by a physician. A control group of children who had never had pneumonia was matched in a 1:1 ratio based on gender, age, and ethnicity. Using questionnaires, data were collected on children's general characteristics, passive smoking, types of housing, flooring materials, and indoor dampness, analyzing potential factors associated with the incidence of pediatric pneumonia. ResultsMultivariate analysis revealed that cesarean birth (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27; 95 % confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.08–1.48), being an only child (OR = 1.32; 95%CI = 1.13–1.55), antibiotic treatment during the first year of life (OR = 2.51; 95%CI = 1.98–3.19), passive smoking during the mother's pregnancy (OR = 1.62; 95%CI = 1.24–2.13), living in multi-family apartment housing (OR = 1.64; 95%CI = 1.28–2.10) and other types of housing (OR = 1.47; 95%CI = 1.09–1.99), laminate flooring (OR = 1.31; 95%CI = 1.01–1.72), and tile/stone/cement flooring flooring (OR = 1.31; 95%CI = 1.06–1.61), and dampness in dwelling (during first year of mother's pregnancy) (OR = 1.30; 95%CI = 1.04–1.63) were risk factors for pediatric pneumonia. The use of fresh air filtration systems in children's residences (OR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.50–0.86) was identified as a protective factor. ConclusionThis study underscores the importance of indoor environmental factors in the prevention of pediatric pneumonia. Public health strategies should consider these factors to reduce the incidence of pneumonia in children. Future research needs to be conducted over a broader geographical range and consider a more comprehensive range of factors influencing pediatric pneumonia.

Structure-Based Virtual Screening, ADMET Properties Prediction and Molecular Dynamics Studies Reveal Potential Inhibitors of Mycoplasma pneumoniae HPrK/P.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) is a frequent cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. The incidence of childhood pneumonia caused by M. pneumoniae infection has been rapidly increasing worldwide. M. pneumoniae is naturally resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to its lack of a cell wall. Macrolides and related antibiotics are considered the optimal drugs for treating M. pneumoniae infection. However, clinical resistance to macrolides has become a global concern in recent years. Therefore, it is imperative to urgently identify new targets and develop new anti-M. pneumoniae drugs to treat MMP. Previous studies have shown that deficiencies in HPrK/P kinase or phosphorylase activity can seriously affect carbon metabolism, growth, morphology, and other cellular functions of M. pneumoniae. To identify potential drug development targets against M. pneumoniae, this study analyzed the sequence homology and 3D structure alignment of M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Through sequence and structure analysis, we found that HPrK/P lacks homologous proteins in the human, while its functional motifs are highly conserved in bacteria. This renders it a promising candidate for drug development. Structure-based virtual screening was then used to discover potential inhibitors among 2614 FDA-approved drugs and 948 bioactive small molecules for M. pneumoniae HPrK/P. Finally, we identified three candidate drugs (Folic acid, Protokylol and Gluconolactone) as potential HPrK/P inhibitors through molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations, and ADMET predictions. These drugs offer new strategies for the treatment of MPP.

PEMETAAN DAN POLA PENYEBARAN KASUS PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA BERBASIS SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS DI KOTA DENPASAR TAHUN 2022

Background: Pneumonia is part of respiratory tract infections in children and is one of the diseases that causes the most deaths in toddlers. According to data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia for 2021, based on 34 provinces of pneumonia in toddlers, Bali ranks ninth with the largest coverage of pneumonia in toddlers, namely 28.6% of cases with 23 cases of deaths in toddlers. The purpose of this research is to describe the mapping and patterns the spread of pneumonia in toddlers in Denpasar City in 2022 based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS Methods The design in this study uses descriptive quantitative with the research design used is cross sectional. Sampling of 260 samples was carried out using a purposive sampling technique. Data analysis using spatial classification analysis. Results: From the results of the study it was found that the spread of pneumonia in toddlers in Denpasar City in 2022 was classified into three categories namely high, medium and low. The pattern of distribution of pneumonia cases in Denpasar City in 2022 is the highest in West Denpasar District with 94 cases. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is that the West Denpasar Subdistrict region has the highest cases and the lowest cases are found in the East Denpasar Subdistrict region. Age, gender and population density are risk factors that influence the high incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Denpasar City.

Hubungan Pengetahuan Dan Perilaku Orangtua Dengan Faktor Resiko Terjadinya Pneumonia Pada Balita Di RSUD Jayapura

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that affects the lung tissue (alveoli) (Afriani, A & Oktavia, L, 2021). The toddler years are a phase that is very vulnerable to health problems. Meanwhile, pneumonia is in second place by presentation (15.5%). The factors related to the incidence of pneumonia in children under five are determined from the characteristics of the mother, factors in children under five, nutritional status of children under five and the last factor is environmental factors (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2018). This research itself uses quantitative methods with observation, distribution of questionnaires and literature reviews so that it can be concluded that the close relationship between parental knowledge, behavior and factors that cause pneumonia in toddlers is significantly related to the expansion of the number of pneumonia in toddlers in RSUD. Jayapura.

The Effect of Pianika Blow Therapy on the Respiratory Rate Values of Child Patients with Pneumonia at Prikasih Hospital

Background: Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung parenchyma in the alveoli and interstitial tissue caused by bacteria. The incidence of pneumonia in children <5 years in developing countries is higher when compared with developed countries, namely 10-20 cases/100 children per year, causing more than 5 million deaths per year in toddlers. Non-pharmacological techniques are currently in the spotlight as additional interventions for nursing care to overcome shortness of breath. Objective: To determine the effect of pursed breathing lips therapy or blowing a piano on the respiratory rate of pediatric patients with pneumonia Method: The research design used was a pre-experiment design, one group pre-test and post-test. This design involves one group being given a pre-test (O), given treatment (X) and given a post-test. Treatment success is determined by comparing pre-test scores and post-test scores. The research population and sample were 30 respondents, 15 control groups and 15 intervention groups. The research instrument uses a questionnaire. Statistical analysis uses a Paired Sample T-Test. Results: Respiratory results before therapy were given were abnormal >30x/minute (83.3%), the child blew the piano with the tone given for 17 seconds, rested for 2 minutes and carried out 3 attempts. The results with an average child respiratory rate of 34.53 before and 32.13, mean that there was a decrease in the RR value before and after the PLB technique, was carried out. The effect of PLB (pianika blowing) therapy on the RR value of preschool children with pneumonia at Prikasih Hospital. P-Value 0.043. Conclusion: Pursed Lips Breathing therapy is effective in increasing the RR value so this non-pharmacological therapy can be used as additional therapy for pneumonia patients. There is an effect of PLB (pianika blowing) therapy on the RR value of preschool-aged children with pneumonia at Prikasih Hospital.

Determinant Of Pneumonia In Children Under Five Years Old Related To Environmental And Behavioral Factors

Background: Pneumonia is an acute lower respiratory tract infection that affects the lung tissue (alveoli) and is the single biggest cause of death in children under 5 years old. Several factors cause pneumonia, namely, environmental factors, individual child factors, and behavioral factors . The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the physical home environment and behavior with the incidence of pneumonia in children. Methods: This research is an analytic observational study using a Cross Sectional Study design. The population of this study was all mothers who had children aged 0-59 months in 2021 with a total of 1,045 people and 92 samples were obtained from the slovin formula. Results: We found that out of 92 children who had pneumonia, around 34 children( 37 %) had poor lighting, 34 children ( 37 %) had floors that did not meet the requirements, 36 (39.1%) had ventilation that did not meet the requirements, 20 children(21.7%) family members had a habit of smoking inside the house and 37 (30.2%) house windows that were not opened frequently. The results of statistical tests using the Chi-Square Test concluded that lighting, house floors, ventilation, smoking habits and the habit of opening windows were significantly related to the incidence of pneumonia in children with a p-value of 0.00 ; 0.002 ; 0.004; 0.005; 0.015 respectively. Conclusions: Physical environmental factors of the house, lighting conditions, floors and ventilation that do not meet the requirements, and factors of smoking behavior and rarely opening the windows of the house are causes of pneumonia in children.

Etiological spectrum of pneumonia in children in Kyiv, Ukraine

Background. In Ukraine over the past 20 years, the incidence of pneumonia in children has increased. The aim of the study is to assess the contribution of respiratory viruses and bacteria to pneumonia in children in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia was studied in 175 children at Medical Center “Eurolab” and Clinical Hospital 2 (Kyiv, Ukraine) over 2018–2022. Viral and bacterial pathogens were detected using polymerase chain reaction, chromatographic immunoassay. Results. The prevalence of viral pneumonia among total cases of pneumonia was 78.9 % in Kyiv during 2018–2022. Thirty-seven (21.1 %) cases of CAP were classified as bacterial. The most common were respiratory syncytial virus (18.1 %), metapneumovirus (13 %), adenovirus (10.1 %), parainfluenza virus (10.1 %). The other causative viral agents were influenza virus type A (7.2 %), rhinovirus (5 %), bocavirus (2.9 %), SARS-CoV-2 (1.4 %) and measles virus (1.4 %). Etiological spectrum is similar to the results of studies conducted in other European countries. Conclusions. Respiratory viruses, particularly respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus, are the major contributors to community-acquired pneumonia in children in Kyiv.

Relationship of Physical Environmental Conditions of Houses with the Incidence of Pneumonia among Children under Five

Introduction: In 2019, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children under the age of five. In 2017, pneumonia killed 808,694 children under five, accounting for 15% of all fatalities among children under the age of five. Methods: An observational analytic survey with a case control design was used as the study approach. The research samples were collected using a simple random sampling procedure with 48 children under the age of five separated into two groups, 24 samples for the case group and 24 samples for the control group. The research was carried out between February and July of 2020. This study tools used were observation sheets and rollmeters.The data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between incidence of pneumonia in children under five with different variables, respectively, ventilation area, floor type, wall type, presence of smoke hole. Conclusion: It implies that the community should pay attention to the overall condition of the house, one of which is by improving home ventilation, adjusting the room area to the number of occupants, quitting smoking in the house, and cleaning the floor more often.

HUBUNGAN STATUS GIZI DENGAN KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA ANAK DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK UTARA PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT (NTB)

Pneumonia is a disease that attacks the lung tissue and is characterized by coughing and difficulty breathing which causes a wide spectrum of disease from mild to severe and deadly infections, depending on the causative pathogen. Nutritional status is a factor that is indirectly related to the incidence of pneumonia in children. Nutritional status has an important role in the child's immune system, malnutrition will be associated with a condition of decreased immune system so that various diseases can arise easily. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of pneumonia in children in North Lombok District, NTB Province. The method used in this research is observational quantitative analytic research with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling. The research was conducted at the District Hospital and all Community Health Centers in North Lombok Regency in April 2023. The research sample was 75 respondents. The data obtained were analyzed by Chi Square test. The significance value limit is (p≤ 0.05). The study showed that from 75 respondents, 57 people (76.0%) had positive pneumonia with malnutrition. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that the p - value < 0.05 (p - value = 0.03). There is a significant relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of pneumonia in children in North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara.

Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Children

Pneumonia has been known to be the leading cause of death in children under five years old. Children are a vulnerable group so pneumonia is a serious problem that needs to be addressed. Pneumonia is a disease that can be prevented and treated. Prevention of pneumonia can be done by knowing several risk factors that influence the incidence of pneumonia in children. Several risk factors have been known to be the cause of an individual's susceptibility to infection with pneumonia, including factors from the individual and the environment. Keywords: [Pneumonia, Risk factor]

A Systematic Review On Factors Influencing The Incidence Of Pneumonia In Children.

Pneumonia is a burden for child mortality. Pneumonia influenced by various modifiable factors, need to understand a factors and health seeking behaviour to prepare community based intervention on pneumonia.
 Objectives: 1. To assess the incidence of community acquired pneumonia in Children.
 
 To identify the risk factors for community acquired pneumonia in Children.
 
 Data Sources and Synthesis: This systematic review collected around 65 studies from various data sources such as PubMed, Biomed Central, Plus One, Helinet, Coherence, Google Scholar and Springer link. Based on the selection criteria 25 studies were analysed.The data synthesized on incidence, risk factors and health seeking behaviour and different aspects of pneumonia.
 Interpretation and Conclusion
 Various original research studies interpreted the incidence of pneumonia in children and lack of knowledge and practice, poor health seeking behaviour along with environmental factors are worsen the severity of childhood pneumonia. Complete Vaccination and effective use of health services promote the standard of care.
 Recommendation
 There is a need of community based intervention to prevent the occurrence of pneumonia and restore the paediatric health.

Prevalence of pneumonia and its determinant factors among under-five children in Gamo Zone, southern Ethiopia, 2021.

Pneumonia, which is a form of acute lower respiratory tract infection, affects the lung parenchyma and destructs alveolar air space. Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in under-five children. It was estimated that pneumonia kills 900,000 under-five children each year worldwide. Approximately 172 deaths per 1,000 live births occur in sub-Saharan African countries, with pneumonia being the major cause. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinant factors of pneumonia inunder-five children in southern Ethiopia. An institutional cross-sectional study was employed. A total of 239 child-caregiver pairs were included. Data were collected by trained nurses using a semi-structured questionnaire. The collected data were checked for completeness, coded and entered into EPI data version 4.6, and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Results were reported as the mean, frequency, and percentile. Logistic regression was employed to assess statistically significant predictors of pneumonia. Variables with a p-value <0.05 were considered statistically significant factors of pneumonia. The prevalence of pneumonia in the study area was 30%. Among the factors assessed, place of food cooking-inside the living room [adjusted odd ratio (AOR) = 5.79, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.47-13.58], nonexclusive breastfeeding (AOR = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.42-7.52), vitamin A supplementation status (AOR = 5.62, 95% CI: 2.65-11.94), and vaccination status (AOR = 3.59, 95% CI: 1.49-8.66) were significantly associated with the occurrence of pneumonia in under-five children. This study showed that the prevalence of pneumonia was relatively higher in Arba Minch town than other parts of the country. Place of food cooking, nonexclusive breastfeeding, vitamin A supplementation status, and vaccination status of children were significant factors of pneumonia among under-five children. Enhancing caregivers'/mothers' awareness of predicted factors was needed to reduce the incidence of childhood pneumonia and to enhance children's quality of health.

ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

ABSTRACTPneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that adversely affects the lungs caused by viruses, bacteria or fungi, where pneumonia accounts for 15 percent of under-five deaths in the world and resulted in 808,694 children dying in 2017 (WHO, 2019). The purpose of this study was to analyze family behavior and the condition of the physical home environment with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in Indonesia. The method in this study is a literature review. The data sources in this study came from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Pubmed then sorted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and obtained 28 research articles.The results of the analysis of several studies show that smoking habits of family members (83.3%), use of mosquito coils (50%), house occupancy density (72.7%), and type of house floor (50%) are associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. . It is hoped that the puskesmas can make efforts to control the risk of pneumonia in toddlers by conducting periodic counseling about the dangers of smoking to toddlers and how to overcome them, as well as relating to factors that affect the physical condition of the home environment, especially in the density of residential houses with a house building area that should be sufficient. for the occupants in it.Keywords: Pneumonia Incidence, Literature Review, Family behavior, Home Physical Environment Condition.ANALISIS PERILAKU KELUARGA BALITA DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP KEJADIAN PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DI INDONESIA: LITERATURE REVIEW TAHUN 2012-2021

The Effect of House Environmental Factors on the Incidence of Pneumonia in Toddlers

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract and it is a leading cause of death in toddlers around the world, especially in developing countries including Indonesia. Environmental factors have an important role in the incidence of pneumonia. This study aimed to determine the house environmental factors that influence the incidence of pneumonia in children &lt; 60 months in the working area of Public Health Center P. This study used a cross-sectional design that involved 114 children (aged &lt; 60 months) with their mothers. We conducted interviews and observations, and filled in the 9 checklists of the house environment: floor type, wall type, ventilation, density, cooking fuel, smoking habit, humidity, light intensity, and temperature. The data were analyzed with the Chi-square test and logistic regression. The results showed that the factors of the house enviroment affecting pneumonia in children &lt; 60 months were light intensity (p = 0.001; OR = 5.032; 95% CI = 1.94, 13.046), humidity (p = 0.003; OR = 6.98; 95% CI = 1.91, 25.421) and density (p = 0.019; OR = 3.140; 95% CI = 1.21, 8.154). Preventive programs from health workers are very important (i.e., counseling and health education). Support from local government and the community is necessary to promote healthy households.&#x0D; Keywords: pneumonia, children &lt; 60 months, house environment

Comparing the incidence of pneumonia in children seen at a Nigerian Teaching Hospital before and during the COVID -19 pandemic

Background: Following the outbreak of the new coronavirus (COVID 19) worldwide, many governments across the world including the Nigerian government had to implement measures to curtail the spread of this virus. Such measures included social distancing and personal hygiene which could have also helped to reduce the transmission of pneumonia among other infectious diseases.&#x0D; Objective: To assess the effect of COVID-19 on the incidence of pneumonia in children seen at the Department of Pediatrics, of a Nigerian private University Teaching Hospital.&#x0D; Method: We retrospectively analyzed the data of the patients seen with pneumonia in all the Pediatric units of the Teaching Hospital from April 2019 to March 2020 (pre-pandemic period) and compared it with that of those seen during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 2020 to March 2021.&#x0D; Result: There was a 28% decrease in the total number of children seen in the department from 5,657 in pre-pandemic period to 4,079 in the pandemic period. There was a 17% decrease in the mean number of children seen with pneumonia monthly from 4.92 to 4.08 in the pandemic period. This is despite the relative increase in the incidence rate of pneumonia in children seen from 1.04% in the prepandemic period to 1.2% in the pandemic period. We noted more complications of pneumonia including heart failure and anaemia in the pandemic period (24.5% of cases) than in the pre-pandemic period (15.3% of cases).&#x0D; Conclusion: The incidence of pneumonia in children seems to have increased in the wake of the COVID 19 pandemic.

Influencing Factors and Coping Strategies of Hospitalization in Children with Leukemia Complicated with Pneumonia.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of pneumonia when pediatric leukemia patients are hospitalized and propose coping strategies. Methods A retrospective study and analysis of the inpatient medical records of 183 children with leukemia in our hospital from August 2017 to August 2020. A total of 93 cases were in the case group of children with pneumonia, and the rest were 90 cases in the control group. Case data from two groups of children were compared, and the monofactor analysis of pneumonia occurred. The P < 0.05 was selected for its multivariate logistic regression analysis, and its coping strategy was proposed. Results After multivariate logistic retrospective analysis, it was found that the main influencing factors were neutrophils, white blood cells, vitamin D, and cellular immunity (P < 0.05). A review of the two sets of pathological data found that high doses of cytarabine reduced the incidence of pneumonia in children with leukemia (P < 0.05). Conclusion A timely understanding of the influencing factors of pediatric diabetes mellitus and pneumonia and the early application of cytarabine can reduce the incidence of pneumonia during the child's hospitalization.

Bagaimana Menurunkan Risiko Pneumonia Komunitas pada Anak-Anak Berusia &lt;5 Tahun yang Tinggal di Hunian Padat?

Overcrowding is one of the factors that contribute to respiratory diseases transmission, including pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infectious disease commonly found and is the most important cause of death for children aged &amp;lt;5. Generally, pneumonia was found in low-income residents from houses overcrowded. This study aims to identify the most dominant risk factors for community pneumonia in children aged &amp;lt;5 years who live in crowded housing in the Work Area of the North Larangan Public Health Center, Tangerang. A case-control study was conducted, with a ratio of cases and controls of 1:1, namely 25 cases and 25 controls. The sampling technique of cases is total sampling, and the control is purposive sampling. This study used univariate, bivariate with chi-square test, and regression logistic for multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five who lived in dense housing were exclusive breastfeeding (OR=7.65 (95% CI:1.27-46.07)) and nutritional status (OR=8.79 (95%CI:1.05-73.78)). Reducing the lack of exclusive breastfeeding and improving the underweight dietary status of children can minimize the risk of pneumonia in children under five living in dense housing.

Hubungan Riwayat Asma dan Riwayat Komorbiditas dengan Kejadian Pneuomonia pada Balita (Studi di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bandaharjo Kota Semarang)

Background: The incidence of pneumonia in children under five in the working area of the Bandaharjo Community Health Center in 2017 was 443 cases, 2018 was 328 cases, 2019 was 485 cases and in 2020 to June was 231 cases. A history of asthma and a history of comorbidities (anemia and diarrhea) is thought to be one of the determining factors that can cause children under five to develop pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the history of asthma and comorbid history associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in the Bandaharjo Community Health Center, Semarang City.Methods: This observational study used a case control design used in this study, with a sample of 80, namely 40 case samples and 40 control samples. The study population was all toddlers who seek treatment and live in the working area of Puskesmas Bandaharjo. The sample of cases in this study were toddlers who had pneumonia in January-June 2020, while the control sample was toddlers who did not have pneumonia 1 in January-June 2020. Data collection was through interviews. Data analysis used chi-square test and multiple logistic regression.Results: There was a relationship between history of asthma (p; 0.01; OR 19.5; 95% CI 6.23-61.15), history of comorbidities (p; 0.01; OR 22.91; 95% CI 5, 97-87,83) with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five.Conclusion: History of asthma and history of comorbidity have a strong relationship with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in the working area of the Bandaharjo Community Health Center, Semarang City.

Pneumonia in Toddlers: Association of Characteristics and Nutritional Status

Pneumonia is one of the health problems that contribute to the mortality of toddlers. Pneumonia cases in children are determined by health history. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between age, gender, birth weight, history of breastfeeding, nutritional status, and immunization status with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the Kudus Aisyiyah Hospital. The design of this study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 102 patients have participated as research respondents, and sampling was done using the accidental technique. The instrument used in this study is an observation sheet prepared for toddler patients with pneumonia. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and fisher's exact method. The results showed that 48 patients (47.1%) had pneumonia. There was a significant relationship between the age of children under five (p=0.003) and birth weight (p=0.0001) with the incidence of pneumonia. There was no relationship between gender (p=0.399), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.495), and nutritional status (p=0.141), with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. The age variable is associated with the pneumonia incidence in toddlers at Kudus 'Aisyiyah Hospital. Mothers are expected to pay more attention to the health of their toddlers due to their vulnerability to a variety of diseases, particularly infectious diseases. Support and counseling programs from health workers were also expected to help mothers' understanding to improve their child's health quality.