Pluralistic Thinking Research Articles

Investigating cognitive and metacognitive components of WebQuest-based education in the 7<sup>th</sup> grade work and technology curriculum according to Shannon’s entropy technique

The current research was conducted to investigate the cognitive and metacognitive components of WebQuest education in the 7<sup>th</sup> grade work and technology curriculum using the strategy of quantitative content analysis and Shannon’s entropy technique. From the total population, it was selected as the sampling method of the research, therefore, all content elements, including activities, images, texts, and self-evaluations, were analyzed and investigated. These content elements were organized as the content analysis checklist and data collection tool. In this research, for the core components, the components obtained from the research with the title of “The application of WebQuest in teaching third-grade elementary science” were used, which included two core categories, cognitive and metacognitive, along with basic themes. The results of the examination of the cognitive components showed that in the 7<sup>th</sup> grade work and technology curriculum, the most attention was paid to the component of “pluralistic thinking” with an importance coefficient of (0/128) and also the least attention was paid to the components of “constructive thinking” and “creative thinking” with an importance coefficient of (0/061). Also, the results of the metacognitive components analysis illustrated that in the 7<sup>th</sup> grade work and technology curriculum, the most attention was paid to the components of “self-efficacy skills”, “self-management skills”, and “self-control skills” with an importance coefficient of (0/164) and the least attention was paid to the components of “self-directed skills” and “self-monitoring skills” with an importance coefficient of (0/109).

Constitutional citizenship and indigeneity: the case of Latin America

The article explores the impact of the recognition of plurinationality and related pluralist constitutional concepts on the constitutional construction of the relationship between the modern state and Indigenous nations and citizens. It uses the prism of the Indigenous constitutional citizen in order to undertake this task, focusing on the Latin American region and challenging some settled precepts about the place of the citizen in the modern state. The article concludes that Latin America presents a complex and evolving constitutional framework with regard to citizenship status, rights and identity in relation to the position of Indigenous peoples under the law. In plurinational states, legal conditions are in place for Indigenous peoples to identify both as citizens of the modern, settler state and as members of Indigenous nations. However, thus far, as regards effective implementation the story is somewhat more ambivalent. The enquiry is important, however, as it opens the issue of citizenship up to further enquiry with regard to the impact of pluralistic thinking.

The Two Philosophical Thoughts of Pluralism – Hegel and Wittgenstein's Reflections on Pluralism

In this paper, there are two philosophical schemes for understanding pluralistic thinking, Hegel's philosophical scheme for reconciling monism and plurality within reason, and Wittgenstein's pluralistic thinking based on decoupling and splitting of certainty and knowledge beyond the bounds of reason. Both paths have their advantages and disadvantages, so a path of prudential reflection could be given. The research method of this paper is based on the discussion of the history of philosophy, the inner logical thinking of philosophy, and the discussions of the philosophies of Hegel and Wittgenstein. It outlines that the conflict between reason and will is the core of understanding the issue of diversity. The research results demonstrate that the conflict between "Reason and Will", and the priority relationship between the two, constitute two paradigms for discussing diversity, and further argue that the conflict between individuals and communities is the practical condition of the diversity issue. Therefore, it advocates a new solution to the problem of diversity. The significance of this study is to achieve harmony between the community and the individual in a diverse world, while ensuring individual freedom. Metaphysics is indispensable to the discussion of Pluralism, without which we cannot provide a solid foundation for the discussion of Pluralism, so this paper attempts to seek some kind of new philosophical path from the comparative study of Wittgenstein's and Hegel's philosophies. Previous studies have neglected the philosophical effects of the conflict between "Reason and Will", which is the starting point of this study.

The Development of Philosophical Thinking: An Imperative of Modern Education

The core objective of this article is to advocate for the cultivation of philosophical thinking, a pivotal element that fosters a profound understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of the information society and the human role within this paradigm. An examination of the unique attributes of the information-communicative educational space, coupled with the tenets of post-classical knowledge, underscores the imperative for nurturing human capabilities and personality traits essential for efficacious self-identification within the information society. The anthropological nature of philosophy focuses on understanding that rational, abstract-universal, theoretical thinking is fundamentally value-laden, not free from human interests. These interests determine the directions of scientific research and, if necessary, limit freedom of choice. The philosophical perception of communication, seen as a wellspring of new knowledge generation aimed at pragmatic problem-solving and emerging from human solidarity, promotes the cultivation of creativity, an intrinsic quality of the persona. A favorable factor for the successful development of dialogical thinking is the transformation of the previously dominant written culture into an oral one, where natural spoken language plays an increasingly important role. The exigency for a high degree of personal individualization and thought individualization, prerequisites for successful self-identification, calls for the fostering of stereoscopic and pluralistic thinking. Such thinking, inherent to the philosophical discourse, inherently possesses an authorial essence and proffers diverse interpretative responses to identical queries, thereby catalyzing the development of contextual thinking adept at unraveling the meaning of events in situational contexts. Globalization, accompanied by an increase in the world’s diversity, contributes to the development of global thinking – the ability to solve local problems considering global patterns. As a counterbalance to informational pluralism, the visual turn emerges, epitomized by the capacity to encapsulate voluminous data into intricate montaged images and to adeptly interpret such constructs. This paradigm shift necessitates the enhancement of visual thinking, which, as contemporary philosophy posits, is oriented toward assimilating social experience, laying the groundwork for self-identification. The presented arguments substantiate the conviction that the development of philosophical thinking in the educational process is not an auxiliary factor, but an imperative of the modern information society.

Magnum Opus of Mohammed Arkoun; Cultural Resilience Amidst Pluralism

The world faces a multidimensional crisis, with cultural, ethnic, racial, linguistic, and ethnic diversity giving rise to various issues. Wars in different parts of the world continue to result in bloody events and casualties. Preventive efforts are needed to address these problems, including promoting a culture of tolerance. Mohammed Arkoun was a figure and philosopher of pluralism who advocated and conveyed ideas about pluralism. The weaknesses of classical Islamic theological thinking become apparent when confronted with the empirical social reality of human life that continues to evolve with the advancement of science and technology. Mohammed Arkoun, an intellectual fNrom Algeria, attempted to comprehensively reinterpret the framework of Islamic thought, including aspects such as theology (kalam), Sufism, jurisprudence (fiqh), ethics, and exegesis (tafsir). Mohammed Arkoun expressed that Islam can succeed if Muslims adopt an open attitude toward pluralistic thinking, as during the early Islamic period and the Middle Ages. This pluralism can be realized if religious understanding is based on human values, allowing Muslims to interact with anyone. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review study type, gathering data from various references, books, and articles related to Mohammed Arkoun's magnum opus: the study of cultural tolerance resilience amid pluralism. According to Arkoun, debates based on cultural diversity, thought, and theology in classical Islam lead to profound interpretations of the Quran and laws based on sacred texts.

포스트 모던 건축의 감성과 생태적 특성에 관한 연구

There are two main trends in modern worldview. The main trend is pluralistic thinking that suggested the restoration of human identity and ecological thinking that emphasizes the coexistence of humans and nature for a sustainable society. Postmodernism includes stylistic values as well as timing meaning “after the present,” and it does not mean to escape from the present, but to realize simultaneous stratification of “past, present, future”and reproduce stratification of values such as “superior culture” and “minority and majority.” Postmodern architecture can be divided into periods from the 1960s to the present, such as exploration period (60s), introduction period (70s-80s), formation period (90s), and evolution period (2000s). The period of exploration attempted to shift from functionalistic thinking to pluralistic thinking in modern times, and the period of introduction reflected ecological thinking as well as human sensibility. As a result of analyzing 40 cases into 17 significant factors, they were divided into three groups: Group A, which mainly considers emotional design elements, Group B, which balances emotional and complex system science, and Group C. Group B includes the cases of Peter Eisenman, Norman Foster, Frank O. Gehry, Rem Koolhas and Enric Miracles, which have been considered major examples of modern architecture since the 1990s. Therefore, it can be seen that the main trends in modern architecture reflect human sensibility, which is the main motivation for the formation of postmodern architecture, and design elements considering complex system paradigms, fractals, and ecological characteristics. Therefore, the main trend of modern architecture is to realize design elements based on human sensibility and ecological characteristics in architecture by applying modern science and technology.

The Paradox of Pluralism: Municipal Integration Policy in Québec

Researchers in social sciences have become increasingly interested in how pluralism is used in the context of local government, especially with regards to municipal administrations’ efforts to make cities more inclusive. What can municipal action show us about the evolution of pluralist thinking? How do cities in pluralist societies mobilize the principles of pluralism in their attempts to ensure greater social cohesion as urban spaces become more and more diverse? This article proposes the use of a systemic framework to show how municipal governments in the predominantly French-speaking province of Québec have attempted to go beyond the paradoxes that structure pluralism in rapidly diversifying urban settings.

Oxford Open Energy addresses the energy transition quest through multidisciplinary sciences and pluralistic thinking

<i>Oxford Open Energy</i> addresses the energy transition quest through multidisciplinary sciences and pluralistic thinking

Becoming Pluralists: Kant on the Normative Features of Pluralistic Thinking

Abstract Kant’s essays in the philosophy of history, such as Universal History and Conjectural Beginning, offer a speculative account of the gradual development of reason in our species and of the way the mature use of reason can be attained. Such mature use of reason, as Kant explains a few years later in the published Anthropology, is characterized by abandoning the standpoint of “practical egoism” and learning how to exercise the psychological disposition to “pluralism”. To be a pluralist, he claims, means to be capable of seeing things from other people’s standpoints, of giving deliberative weight to the needs of others, and of taking part in universally valid judgments. But Kant is never explicit about what is required in order to become a pluralist, nor does he explain what it means to be a pluralist beyond a brief remark in the Anthropology. My paper takes a detailed look at this under-studied notion and offers a novel account of this notion. I explicate the features of pluralistic thinking and I connect this notion to the public use of reason, the three maxims of common human understanding, and the role played by interpersonal communication in advancing the progress of our rational capacities. I also explain the key role of education in reason’s development and the conceptual relationship between the enlightenment of an individual and the enlightenment of the human species.

A process‐oriented, multilevel, multidimensional conceptual framework of work–life balance support: A multidisciplinary systematic literature review and future research agenda

AbstractWork–life balance is shaped not only by how individuals manage their personal demands and resources, but also by stressors and work–life balance support mechanisms from external environment encompassing multilevel social systems. Our systematic literature review focuses particularly on the role of work–life balance support, drawing on 384 journal articles and book chapters published between 1960 and 2019 across five research disciplines, including management, applied psychology, industrial relations, family studies and sociology. We make four major contributions to the literature, including: (1) conceptualizing work–life balance support from a process‐oriented perspective pertinent to a virtuous cycle of resource investment and return, drawing on the conservation of resources theory and the personal resource allocation framework; (2) adopting a multilevel approach that construes the interactions in terms of resource changes between individuals’ work–life experiences and their surrounding social systems nested at multiple levels, applying the socio‐ecological systems theory; (3) proposing a multidimensional typology that differentiates the role of actual existence versus subjective perception of support mechanisms as inspired by social support literature; and (4) advocating a pluralist, multi‐stakeholder approach to comprehending and reconciling multiple stakeholders’ shared and competing interests around provision/utilization of support mechanisms based on insights from multidisciplinary literature. Our process‐oriented, multilevel and multidimensional framework conceptualizes the critical role of work–life balance support in iterative interactions between individuals and their multilevel social environment through resource changes and reality–perception transformation. This conceptual framework also underscores the importance of pluralist thinking, context specification and cost‐effectiveness analysis for future research.

Actively open‐minded thinking in American adolescents

In a mixed‐methods study following 1551 adolescents from eight diverse schools across the US, a large majority demonstrated (a) strong norms of actively open‐minded thinking (AOT) and (b) a widespread capacity for AOT. Students from two public (government) schools, two private (public) schools, and two charter (academy) schools were followed for 18 months over the transition from middle school to high school, with data collected in each semester of the eighth grade and ninth grade year. The study included an unusually varied set of approaches to assess AOT values and habits, including a rating scale, two new multiple choice measures, teacher reports from three teachers per student, peer nomination, and interviews with subsets of the larger sample. These varied measures converged to reveal widespread openness to disagreement, desire for understanding, and pluralistic norms. In interviews, participants demonstrated AOT in three powerful ways: deep search for ideas, epistemic empathy, and pluralistic thinking. Moreover, repeated administration of measures indicated moderate intertemporal reliability of this trait, with six‐month test‐retest correlations ranging from .27 to .59 depending on the measure. This research suggests that existing capacities for AOT could be more fruitfully leveraged and supported by educators, helping students to capitalise on their own values and intuitions as they develop into mature critical thinkers. [Corrections made on 24 August 2020 after first online publication: ‘web search’ was incorrectly used throughout this article and it has now been corrected to ‘search’ in this version]

Research on the Innovation of the Educational Mechanism of College Student Party Members under the New Situation

College student Party members are the new force of the Party’s cause. The successful education of college student Party members is closely related to the development of the Party and the country. With the change of the times, the personality of contemporary college students is obvious, showing the characteristics of open and pluralistic thinking, dissatisfaction with conformity, worship of individualism and so on. The traditional education form of college student Party members is single, the content of education is partial to the theory, the carrier of education is mostly one-way communication, and the educational mechanism lacks interaction, which makes it difficult to arouse the interest of contemporary college student Party members, thus leaving a gap in the education position of college student Party members.

Pluralism in European Private Law

AbstractThis article takes stock of legal pluralist thinking in European private law. In which ways have existing theories brought forward our understanding of lawmaking in European private law? Central to that debate are the competing rationalities of EU internal market law, on the one hand, and national, juridical systems of private law on the other hand. An analysis of norms, processes, and actors involved in lawmaking in European private law reveals a field that has matured, but that is now at the threshold of a re-evaluation and potentially a transformation in lawmaking from ordered to strong legal pluralism, with a greater role for private regulation.

Pluralist Thinking in Economic and Socioeconomic Education

Pluralist Thinking in Economic and Socioeconomic Education

The one and the many: Both/and reasoning and the embracement of pluralism

This article outlines the basic structure of a Pluralistic Thinking Model (PTM). The model posits the activity of endorsing multiplicity and complexity as an individual difference factor. Pluralistic thinking is neither the reverse of prejudice, nor synonymous with multiculturalism, and deserves a conceptual space of its own. At its foundation lies a style of interpreting the world through a “both/and” lens. The PTM posits five drivers of pluralism: cognitive attributes, motivational factors (emotional and personality traits), a developmental trajectory, personal experience, and socio-cultural surround. Each of these is supported by research findings. While pluralism may lead to a sustainable embracement of diversity, it is challenging to maintain across domains and targets, indicating its domain-specificity. This paper presents two new tools for measuring pluralistic thinking: the Pluralistic Thinking Scale (PTS) and the Magic Wand Survey (MWS). Suggestions are offered for further exploration of the concept and for its social and ethical implications.

From Monism Thinking to Pluralism Thinking : On the Transformation of Academic Manner in Modern Economics

The development of any theory should not be confined into a kind of exclusive way based on monism, but should hold the pluralism belief advocating the competition among kinds of theories. Otherwise, it will fall into the plight of myth. Clearly, so is it for the economics. The rational development path of economic theory lies in the consilience of knowledge and thinking on the basis of the competition and comparison between different schools and disciplines. However, The research of modern mainstream economics takes on a strong tendency of monism, which makes it try to maintain a specific research paradigm and degenerate into a autistic” interpretation community, as well create a obvious mainstream paradigm fetishism. The tendency of monism is especially obvious in the academic of economics in China. The reason lies in the fact that the utilitarian style of study is more prevalent and the pragmatism system of academic is more distorted in China. In view of this, it is urgent for modern mainstream economics to take a turn in academic attitude: breakthrough the plight of myth resulting from monism by importing the open and pluralistic thinking. Accordingly, it should focus on such two aspects: one is to pay attention to non-professionals’ challenges and criticism from the external power, the other is to cultivate the academic spirit based on critical thinking from the internal power.

Pluralism in Crisis and Capabilities Approach: Martha Nussbaum's Philosophy from the Perspective of Political Aesthetics

The aim of the paper is to show the relevance of Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach to the two types of the crisis in pluralist thinking which we are currently facing. The paper adopts the perspective of political aesthetics, in that it analyzes the political significance of the aesthetic motifs in Nussbaum's project. The conclusion is that Nussbaum's conception allows us to appreciate the central importance of education based on arts and humanities. It is argued that only with such background can the respect for pluralism be permanently secured.

For the Liberation of a Pluralist Thinking

For the Liberation of a Pluralist Thinking

Strong HRM processes and line managers' effective HRM implementation: a balanced view

Exploring a unitarist and pluralist Human Resource Management (HRM) perspective, we propose a more nuanced view on Bowen and Ostroff's (2004) concept of strong HRM processes. More specifically, we investigate whether strong HRM processes contribute positively or negatively to line managers' effective HRM implementation. The results of a multi‐level model with data from 125 line managers and 899 employees of five organisations show a complex picture. In line with unitarist thinking, we find a positive indirect effect of strong HRM processes on HRM implementation effectiveness via line managers' ability. In accordance with pluralist thinking, we find a negative direct relationship between strong HRM processes and HRM implementation effectiveness. We discuss the tensions in HRM that might explain these ambiguous findings.

Brief quiet ego contemplation reduces oxidative stress and mind-wandering

Excessive self-concern increases perceptions of threat and defensiveness. In contrast, fostering a more inclusive and expanded sense of self can reduce stress and improve well-being. We developed and tested a novel brief intervention designed to strengthen a student’s compassionate self-identity, an identity that values balance and growth by reminding them of four quiet ego characteristics: detached awareness, inclusive identity, perspective taking, and growth. Students (N = 32) in their first semester of college who reported greater self-protective (e.g., defensive) goals in the first 2 weeks of the semester were invited to participate in the study. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: quiet ego contemplation (QEC), QEC with virtual reality (VR) headset (QEC-VR), and control. Participants came to the lab three times to engage in a 15-min exercise in a 30-days period. The 15-min QEC briefly described each quiet ego characteristic followed by a few minutes time to reflect on what that characteristic meant to them. Those in the QEC condition reported improved quiet ego characteristics and pluralistic thinking, decreases in a urinary marker of oxidative stress, and reduced mind-wandering on a cognitive task. Contrary to expectation, participants who wore the VR headsets while listening to the QEC demonstrated the least improvement. Results suggest that a brief intervention that reduces self-focus and strengthens a more compassionate self-view may offer an additional resource that individuals can use in their everyday lives.