Plural Research Articles

STUDENTS’ GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING THE PARAGRAPHS OF ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY

This research aimed to determine the grammatical problems found in students’ argumentative essays. The type of research used was descriptive research and the data source of this research was argumentative essays written by English Department students. Research data were collected by giving writing assignments and coding sheets. The collected data were grouped based on the research objectives, then described and analyzed to get the actual facts. The research findings showed that some of the grammatical problems that were often faced by students in writing argumentative essays were subject-predicate compatibility, verb forms, verb tenses, plural forms, and word formation errors as well as problems in the use of conjunctions, auxiliary modals and the use of personal subjects. In conclusion, the students still do not understand the concept of grammar well, and it will be difficult for them to produce a good argumentative essay.

INVESTIGATING THE USE OF OLD ENGLISH "SECOND PRONOUN" IN ROMEO AND JULIET MOVIE 1996 BY BAZ LUHRMANN AS CORPUS LINGUISTICS STUDY

This corpus linguistics study is to identify the use of the second pronoun in Romeo and Juliet Movie 1996 by Baz Luhrmann adapted from William Shakespeare's Novel. This movie is about the forbidden love between Romeo and Juliet because of family problems. The beauty of old English is interchangeable especially in literature. English underwent several changes. This change also affects the use of the second pronoun. The development of the pronoun has been a general process, which shows the variations available in what is considered a closed system. Based on Ernest Klein (1966), eight forms of second personal pronouns used by Shakespeare: the singular forms are Thou, Thee, Thy, and the plural forms are Ye, You, Your, and Yours. The objectives of the study are: (1) to identify the use of Old English “second pronoun” in Romeo and Juliet Movie 1996 by Baz Luhrmann adapted from William Shakespeare's Novel; and (2) to know which Old English “second pronoun” is higher and why. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method. The result of the research shows that the movie used old English of second-person pronouns You, Thou, Thee, Thy, Thee, and Thine as a singular pronoun. Based on the findings, the Romeo and Juliet Movie 1996 by Buz Luhrmann adapted from William Shakespeare's novel still uses Old English of second-person pronoun.

From “Best” to Situated and Relational: Notes Toward a Decolonizing Praxis

ABSTRACT This article discusses the continuing impact of settler proprietorship, or the state of owning and the right to own in a settler colonial context, in US professionalized oral history. Specifically, it focuses on three dimensions that demonstrate the linkages between settler proprietorship and established guidelines recognized as “best practices” in oral history: the multiscalar meaning of ownership; the oral history as an “open” and “discoverable” product; and the archive as repository. Centering the multifaceted work of Indigenous, women of color, and feminist oral historians and scholars, and drawing on my teaching and research as a guide, this article also considers how practitioners have long enacted plural forms of oral history that are in tension with, or depart from, these existing guidelines. Thus, I consider what is possible when we shift our focus from reproducing a singular standard of principles to acknowledging the multiple ways of practicing that already ground the labor of oral historians committed to decolonizing forms of (un)learning.

The coloniality of time in the global justice debate: de-centring Western linear temporality

ABSTRACT Differences between, and struggles over, plural forms of time and temporal categories is a crucial yet underexplored aspect of debates about global justice. This article aims to reorient the global justice debate towards the question of time by, first of all, critically problematising the coloniality of the Western temporal assumptions underlying the literature, and furthermore by stressing the need to account for the plurality of time. I argue that in the global justice debate, the implicitly racialised teleological narrative of linear time is particularly prevalent in the discourse on development as well as the debate on historical injustices. In order to avoid the epistemic violence resulting from the uncritical acceptance of Western temporal frameworks as universally valid, global normative theorising needs to move reflections on time to the centre of their considerations. This article suggests that relational theory offers pertinent resources for making sense of alternative ways of narrating, conceptualising, and experiencing temporality. The article encourages a conversation between Western and non-Western relational approaches, proposing the temporal dimension of feminist as well as African ubuntu thought as particularly promising starting points for contesting the epistemological privilege of analytic approaches dominating the global justice literature.

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Old Canaan in a New World: Native Americans and the Lost Tribes of Israel

Памятник хантыйской письменности Л. П. Вологодского «Matveĭ elta jemyń aĭkol-jastypsa» (1868): именная морфология

The missionary stage of the Khanty script has not been considered in Khanty linguistics. Of particular interest is the dialect belonging to the Khanty script monument of the Vologodski priest “The Evangel of Matthew” (“Matveĭ elta jemyń aĭkol-jastypsa”, London, 1868). The Obdorsky dialect is marked on the title page of this publication, but researchers note that “Obdorsky dialect of Vologodski” is a mixed idiom with birch features. This paper considers the grammatical indicators of the noun and the paradigm of personal pronouns compared with materials on western dialects of the Khanty language and the monument of the Khanty script “Sacred history” (Tobolsk, 1900). The analysis of grammatical indicators of the noun has not found any anomalous deviations in the category of number: the text contains both dual and plural forms; the case system has the nominative, illative, and locative; the values of the illative and locative coincide with the data of published works. However, additional values not identified in previous works were found: temporary semantics for the illative and translative, onomasiative for the locative. Also, the locative has a static and dynamic value, which is typical for the Priuralsky (obdorsky) dialect, and the comitative, marked in the monument, is inherent in the Sredneobsky dialect. The personal pronoun declension system has forms corresponding to the markers of the Priuralsky, Shuryshkarsky, and middle Ob dialects. Thus, the monument concerned was found to have formal indicators typical for the Sherkal Sredneobsky and Nizyamsky dialects and some features inherent in the Priuralsky (obdorsky) dialect.

Raspored nastavaka genitiva množine u kosovsko-resavskom dijalektu - kartografski prikaz

The paper analyses the materials recorded in the regions of the Kosovo-Resava dialect and then used in the relevant monographic studies and dialect related publications with the aim of presenting the inventory and distribution of genitive plural forms. The areal data display contains the plural genitive forms of nouns of all three genders used in the regions where the three sub-dialects of the Kosovo-Resava area are spoken. The map also displays the use of archaic forms in some Kosovo-Resava regions (genitive ≤ locative forms), as well as the influences that other, non-Slavic Balkan languages have on the inflectional system, particularly in the border areas, that is, in the contact zones.

Piotr Winczorek – badacz, nauczyciel i przyjaciel

This article was written to commemorate Professor Piotr Winczorek, who passed away on 9 February 2015. He was associated with the Faculty of Law and Administration of the University of Warsaw for over 50 years. However, the article focuses on three dimensions of Professor’s academic activity: those of a researcher, teacher and friend. Piotr Winczorek’s scientific interests evolved. Initially, he studied the functioning of political parties, especially in Poland during the communist regime. In this context, he tried to study various forms of social and political pluralism. In the 1980s, Piotr Winczorek concentrated on the issues of legal theory, developing his own approach to legal realism. After 1989, Professor focused on issues of public law, especially on axiological assumptions and the practice of constitutionalism, particularly the primacy of the constitution in the legal order, the rule of law, the separation of powers, and equality before the law. Piotr Winczorek was also an extraordinary teacher. He conducted classes with students, initiated new subjects and new curricula. He wrote several textbooks and coursebooks for students, including the textbook Introduction to Jurisprudence, which had 14 editions published over the past 30 years. Professor was also known for his many articles and commentaries on constitutional issues. For his younger colleagues, Piotr Winczorek was a true friend. He would invite them on a daily basis to cooperate, do joint research, and publish together. He also showed great civil courage in defending us against bureaucratic or political attacks. His honesty and wisdom is still remembered well beyond the walls of the University of Warsaw.

Latin Impersonal Passive and the Category of Pluractionality

This article aims to put Latin impersonal passive into the context of covert categories, specificallypluractionality. I try to reanalyse six passages from the Roman grammatical texts, mostly compiled in Heinrich Keil’s Grammatici Latini, in which the meaning of Latin impersonal passives is considered. There are two groups of evidence. The first one (passages from Diomedes, Priscian, and frg. Bobiense de verbo) presents the impersonal passive as a linguistic strategy that shifts focus from an agent to a situation, while the second one (Diomedes and two excerpts of Servius’ commentaries on Virgil) concentrates upon the number of agents. In the last case, a verbal action is considered to be a collective one involving many people, and therefore, in my opinion, falls into the category of pluractionality. Being a diverse phenomenon, the term pluractionality includes participant plurality, which is realised either in a subject or in an object depending on whether the verb is intransitive or transitive. Intransitivity of the Latin impersonal passive forms, as it seems, may imply agent plurality rather than subject plurality, since impersonal passive constructions are subjectless. Furthermore, in my opinion, the evidence provided by Latin grammarians demonstrates a contraposition of the 1st personsingular, 1st person plural and 3rd person singular passive forms.

Особенности функционирования формы множественного числа -lar в тюркских языках с позиций этнолингвистики

In this article, the author analyzes the Turkic category of numbers. The author has long been attracted by the special functioning of the plurality affix with the indicator -lar in the texts of various Turkic languages, starting with the most ancient monuments written in runic script, ending with the literary works of modern Turkish writers. This special functioning lies in the specific semantics of plural forms, and in how less frequently, compared to Western languages, these forms are used in written speech, not to mention oral. In addition, the ability of the basis of the word to express information about a variety of subjects without the specified indicator has repeatedly fallen into the center of research attention, i.e. in cases where the content is about a variety of subjects, the multiplicity indicator -lar is not used. Based on linguistic methods, the author of the article hypothesized that in the Turkic proto-language the category of number as a morphological means could be absent at all, and information about a variety of objects could be transmitted in other, non-morphological ways. At a new stage of the study, it means using the methods of ethnolinguistic analysis, the author seeks to find a connection between the infrequent use of plural forms and even its hypothetical absence in the language of an older period with the extralinguistic features of the Turkic mentality. This becomes possible if the scientific view is based on such factors that form the mentality as the geographical location of an ethnic group, the size of tribal collectives and the degree of cohesion of the collective members among themselves.

Nominal subject with a verb predicate in the 1st person plural (Russian Odni baby zhivem)

The grammatical category of person is a powerful shifter tool: it contributes to the organization of a speech act, distributes roles among its participants and regulates their speech behaviour. Means of the category of person are primarily verbal inflections and personal pronouns. At the same time, there are relations of additional distribution between the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person and substantives: where it is possible to use forms of the 1st and 2nd person, it is impossible to use nouns. This is the fundamental difference between the 1st and 2nd persons, which serve to designate the participants in the speech act, and the 3rd person as a ?minus sign? that serves the purposes of the referential nomination. However, the material of the Slavic languages provides additional facts that require explanation. Professor Predrag Piper drew attention to Slovenian constructions in which a noun in the subject position is combined with a predicate in the form of the 1st person plural of the verb: Slovenci dobro smucamo. Similar constructions can be found in the modern Bulgarian language: ??????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????????? ???, ? ?????? ??????, etc. Rarely are such instances to be found in Russian texts: ???? ???? ?????. As prerequisites and typological background for explaining these phenomena, the article considers the following grammatical features of the Slavic languages: a) personal pronoun ellipsis, b) formation of a special concept of a collective (plural) subject, c) addition of the list of hidden grammatical categories, d) weakening of syntactic links between the constituents of the sentence, e) the breadth of the meaning of the 1st person plural form.

O jednom bosnevijskom rukopisu iz porodične biblioteke Abdulaha ef. Maglajlije iz Rudog

Mustafa Maglajlija, son of Abdulah (an imam from Rudo) donated to us the Bosnevian manuscript ”Insansko stanje u času smrtnog nastupanja” (eng. The state of the Human when Death Strikes). Abdulah Maglajlija is known for his service in Foča and Rudo. He was also a correspondent for the Gazette of the Islamic Community and Preporod. Mid-twentieth century, during his service in Foča, Abdulah Maglajlija donated a diwan manuscript by Abdurrahman Džami to the Library of the Gazi Husrev Bey Madrasah in Sarajevo (1953). Moreover, he was one of the first amongst the more contemporary ulema (Muslim scholar) who had written an article on the Prophet Muhammed (in the 1957 Gazette issue). The Bosnevian manuscript ”Insansko stanje u času smrtnog nastupanja” is a 15-page long text in verse form, in approximately A5 format, written in hendecasyllabic verse, in reformed Arebica (use of Arabic script for writing in Bosnian), available as a copy from unknown origin. It also contains subheadings, such as: ”Dušini povici nakon izlaska iz tijela” (Eng. The soul’s cries after leaving the body) (page 5), ”Stanje zemlje đe će se insan ukopati govori” (Eng. The state of the soil where the human is buried speaks) (page 13), or ”Stanje kabura govori” (Eng. The state of the grave speaks) (page 15). The manuscript contains even miniature illustrations before each subheading (1: the place where the corpse is prepared, with a pronounced ewer, page 5; 2: the corpse wrapped in plain cloth (the Kafan), page 12; 3: grave with headstone, page 14). The manuscript’s authorship/localization may be determined more precisely based on its characteristic linguistic features: najdoh (nađoh, Eng. found), izajde (izađe, Eng. went out), izide (iziđe, Eng. went out), unide (uniđe, Eng. went in), postavit (postavljen, Eng. placed), vaske (vas, Eng. plural form of ”you”), etc. The final verses ”zato uv’jek viči la ilahe illallah” (Eng. So always shout La Ilaha Illa Allah) Abdulah compiled trigger further reflections about the possible authorship of the poem, its composition (compilation, success in translation and the like), and/or transcript of a larger integral textual form of which ”Insansko stanje” is just one possible part.

The use of Arabic linguistic resources to develop learning applications

<span>This paper aims at explaining how Arabic linguistic resources are generated and exploited to enhance Arabic acquisition. We have adopted the root and pattern approach to generate our resources using the linguistic NooJ platform. This work has been carried out in two phases: generating the linguistic resources and developing the application that exploits the pre-built resources. First, we have generated three different resources: comprehensive verbs and masdar resources linked to each other. A nouns-and-adjectives resource, where nouns and adjectives are linked to their broken plural forms. NooJ calls these resources to apply linguistic analysis to a given corpus and returns detailed annotations, which provides accurate morphological, syntactical, and semantic properties of each analyzed word. We have also used the mixed nature of Arabic masdar to implement transformational rules, which generate nominal sentences from verbal ones and vice versa. Second, we have developed an application that provides valuable learning functionalities, like full/semi verb conjugation, the extraction of broken plural forms of a given singular form, the extraction of masdar forms of a given verb form, and return words that share the same root. The developed application can be used by teachers, students/learners, and computational linguists interested in Arabic acquisition.</span>

El vosotrismo o vosotreo del habla canaria: causas y consecuencias

"There is not and there has never been, in the Spanish pronominal system, a more unstable field than that of second person plural forms. This grammatical subsystem has unceasingly evolved since the origins of the language. It has been conditioned by the need to renovate the forms of treatment of respect towards the listener. Social use inevitably degrades these formulas as the use of courtesy forms is generalized. This article aims to describe and explain, both semantically and socially, the heterogeneous situations that the use of this system (in particular, the form vosotros) presents in the current Canarian society. These situations point out to more or less ingenious solutions, like the conversion of the classic form of familiar treatment vosotros into a formula of respect whose future is quite uncertain, due to the pressure exerted by the most educated Canarian speakers and by the rules of the standard language."

Deconstruction and Reconstruction: How Did Shirley Lim Build Her Asian American Identity on American Soil

Shirley Lim is an Asian American writer of multiple identities. By doing textual analysis of her book Among the White Moon Faces: An Asian-American Memoir of Homelands, this paper applies deconstructive criticism to analyze Shirley’s identity formation. The puzzling plural form of “homelands” in the subtitle of her memoir is unriddled by detailed demonstration of how Shirley’s wishful thinking about the U.S. was deconstructed and her American identity constructed on the one hand, and how her disillusion of Malaysia was deconstructed and Malaysia as her homeland reconstructed on the other. By taking the initiative to help, Shirley managed to assimilate herself into the American society; by taking the responsibility of her Malaysian family, she retained her Asian bond; on top of that, the two seemingly incompatible elements ---“Asian” and “American” are incorporated and reconciled by Shirley in her own identity building, thus she achieves in becoming an accomplished Asian-American with two homelands.

Nominal and verbal plurality in the Mandara and Ɓata subgroups of Central Chadic

This paper contrasts the strategies for marking nominal and verbal plurality in the Mandara and Ɓata subgroups of Central Chadic, and offers some thoughts on their possible origin and development. The Mandara subgroup generally uses an /-a-/ infix for verbs, and the suffix /-ak/-ax/-ah/ for nouns. The Ɓata subgroup uses an /-ə-/ infix for both nouns and verbs, as well as a suffix /-j/ (or /-n/) for nouns. In both groups, the strategies used also depend upon the structure of the verb root. Data is provided for several languages, including little-documented languages such as Nzanyi, Bacama and Glavda. The data suggests that vowel infixes may originally have been used for both nominal and verbal plurals throughout Chadic, but the development of specific nominal plural suffixes gradually made the use of vowel infix plurals redundant in nouns. The nominal suffix /-ak/-ax/-ah/ would then have been a subsequent innovation in the verbal system for verb roots in the Mandara whose structure was incompatible with an infix strategy.

AS-SUNNAH SEBAGAI SUMBER HUKUM ISLAM DALAM ERA YANG PROBLEMATIK

As-Sunnah or what we often call Sunnah is the plural form of the word sunan which means "habit" or "to be done". At first glance it is similar to the Hadith, but it is different if the sunnah is everything that is quoted from the Prophet, whether in the form of words, practices, or in the form of provisions, teachings, characteristics, behavior, and life journey before the Prophet was appointed as an apostle. Meanwhile the hadith existed after the prophet was appointed as a messenger. There are two more terms that are similar but different, namely Khabar and Atsar. The function of sunnah in the Koran is ta'qid (as reinforcement), tabyin (as an explanation), and mustaqillah. In addition, the relationship between sunnah and al-Qur'an is like two complementary things between mubayyin and maudhu al bayan, mufashil and maudhu ijmal and between juz'i and kulli.

Employees' experience of human resource practices under plural form franchising: The impact of front‐line managerial capability

AbstractThe franchising business model has received scant attention within the field of human resource management (HRM). Data tracking workers' experience of this format are more elusive still. This study draws on comparative, qualitative data derived from discussions with 82 respondents working within the corporate and franchised divisions of a market leading, fast food multinational company (MNC). Extant analyses of franchised operations point to shortcomings in franchisees' treatment of staff. This outcome is typically asserted to be the result of the opportunism that flows from the desire to maximise revenues and minimise costs. This emphasis on structural pressures ignores the micro‐level influences and the complexity of the day‐to‐day dynamics of the employment relationship. Specifically, the impact of the leadership skills and competence of front‐line managers (FLMs) is overlooked. The study highlights that differences in FLM capability significantly affect the work climate, further aggravating poor HR activities in the franchised units, while offsetting some of the repressive task features associated with routinised work in the corporate division.

Error Analysis on the Students' Construction of English Irregular Plural Nouns

In English, the forms of singular nouns commonly different from those of the plural ones. Many students are confused with how to construct the irregular plural noun forms. The formation of irregular plural nouns has complex and unique patterns. This current study aims to get information about the types of errors commonly made by EFL learners in constructing irregular plural nouns and to know how the errors occurred. This study is descriptive qualitative applying error analysis theory. The data were collected by giving the respondents a test consisting of 28 questions on irregular plural construction. The result of analysis shows that the errors made by the respondents can be classified into three types: misformation, addition, and omission. Misformation was the kind of error most respondents made. The error specifically occurred with the nouns that had quite dissimilar plural forms from the singular ones (e.g., foot – feet, goose – geese).

ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE STUDENTS’ CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS

In English, the forms of singular nouns commonly different from those of the plural ones. Many students are confused with how to construct the irregular plural noun forms. The formation of irregular plural nouns has complex and unique patterns. This current study aims to get information about the types of errors commonly made by EFL learners in constructing irregular plural nouns and to know how the errors occurred. This study is descriptive qualitative applying error analysis theory. The data were collected by giving the respondents a test consisting of 28 questions on irregular plural construction. The result of analysis shows that the errors made by the respondents can be classified into three types: misformation, addition, and omission. Misformation was the kind of error most respondents made. The error specifically occurred with the nouns that had quite dissimilar plural forms from the singular ones (e.g., foot – feet, goose – geese).