Plum Seeds Research Articles

EP112 - An Unusual Case of Seed Bezoars Intestinal Perforation

Abstract Introduction Seed bezoars are a distinct subgroup of phytobezoars, caused by the accumulation of indigestible vegetable or fruit seeds in the intestinal lumen. Intestinal obstruction due to plant seeds is seldom encountered because of their relatively smaller size, and intestinal perforation is even rarer. Case Report We report a case of a 64-year-old hypertensive, diabetic and cardiac patient who came to surgical emergency department with generalized abdominal pain and vomiting for 3 days. She was tachycardiac, tachypneic and hypotensive at the initial presentation. Abdominal examination revealed tense, rigid abdomen with absent bowel sounds. Bilateral air under diaphragm was seen on an erect abdominal radiograph. Laboratory workup showed leukocytosis and metabolic acidosis. Laparotomy was performed after resuscitating the patient. Operative findings revealed gross contamination and gangrenous small bowel starting from about 8 feet distal to DJ flexure till 15 cm proximal to ICJ. There was a 2 x 2 cm perforation about 8.5 feet distal to DJ flexure secondary to obstructed seed bezoar (1 each of apricot, peach, and mango pickle seeds and 4 java plum seeds). Gangrenous small bowel was resected, and loop ileostomy was fashioned. She underwent cardioversion for ventricular tachyarrhythmias during the surgery. Post-operatively, she remained on ventilatory support in ITU but could not survive due to cardiac arrhythmias. Conclusion Although intestinal obstruction and perforation occur rarely due to phytobezoars, this should always be considered in the differential diagnosis, and early therapeutic intervention should be considered in morbid patients.

Biosorption of Methyl Orange Dye in Single, Binary and Ternary System onto Gingerbread Plum Seed Shell Activated Carbon

The research investigated the potential of gingerbread plum seed shell activated to function as a biosorbent for eliminating methyl orange (MO) dye from water in various dye combinations, including single, binary, and ternary systems alongside methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) dyes. The characteristics of the adsorbent were analyzed through techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and pH point of zero charges. Batch adsorption tests were conducted to examine the adsorption processes' equilibrium behaviors, thermodynamics, and kinetics. The collected data were subjected to different isotherm and kinetics equations. The pseudo-second-order kinetics model provided the best fit for all the sorption systems, irrespective of composition differences, with higher rate constants observed for binary MO+MB= 0.031 g/mg/min system and lower for binary MO+CR= 0.028 g/mg/min and ternary MO+MB+CR= 0.029 g/mg/min systems compared to the single system MO= 0.030 g/mg/min. The maximum monolayer capacity of the adsorbent for methyl orange demonstrated synergistic interaction with the presence of methylene blue and antagonistic interaction with the presence of Congo red dye. The findings indicated that the adsorption processes varied based on the system's composition; they were all spontaneous (with Δ𝐺 values ranging from -1.146 to -10.415 kJ/mol) and exothermic (with Δ𝐻 values between -17.94 and -54.63 kJ/mol). Additionally, randomness decreased, as reflected by Δ𝑆 values of -054.43 and -382.62 J/K for the entire process.

The Potential of Plum Seed Residue: Unraveling the Effect of Processing on Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Properties.

Bioactive compounds extracted from plum seeds were identified and quantified, aiming to establish how the brandy manufacturing process affects the properties and possible cascade valorization of seed residues. Extraction with n-hexane using Soxhlet has provided oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids (92.24-92.51%), mainly oleic acid (72-75.56%), which is characterized by its heart-healthy properties. The fat extracts also contain tocopherols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. All the ethanol-water extracts of the defatted seeds contain neochlorogenic acid (90-368 µg·g-1), chlorogenic acid (36.1-117 µg·g-1), and protocatechuate (31.8-100 µg·g-1) that have an impact on bioactive properties such as antimicrobial and antioxidant. Anti-amyloidogenic activity (25 mg·mL-1) was observed in the after both fermentation and distillation extract, which may be related to high levels of caffeic acid (64 ± 10 µg·g-1). The principal component analysis showed that all plum seed oils could have potential applications in the food industry as edible oils or in the cosmetic industry as an active ingredient in anti-aging and anti-stain cosmetics, among others. Furthermore, defatted seeds, after both fermentation and distillation, showed the greatest applicability in the food and nutraceutical industry as a food supplement or as an additive in the design of active packaging.

Flours from Spondias mombin and Spondias tuberosa seeds: Physicochemical characterization, technological properties, and antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities.

Yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) and Brazil plum (Spondias tuberosa) seeds are byproducts of exploiting their pulp and currently have no relevant food or industrial applications. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical, technological, and functional characteristics of flours obtained from yellow mombin (YMF) and Brazil plum (BPF) residues. The flours presented a high percentage of insoluble fiber (68.8-70.2g/100g) and low carbohydrate (2.7-4.0g/100g) and caloric (91.9-95.3kcal) values. The flours showed potential for technological application. In addition, the highest concentration of total phenolic content (31.1-50.2mgGAE/g) was obtained with 70% acetone, which provided excellent results for antioxidant capacity evaluated by 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (81.0%-89.7%) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (60.6%-69.1%) radical scavenging capacity assays. Flour extracts in 70% acetone also exhibited inhibition of α-amylase (63.3%-78.8%) and amyloglucosidase (63.5%-71.0%). The antibacterial study revealed that extracts inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Burkholderia cepacia, and Burkholderia multivorans. Therefore, this study suggests the use of yellow mombin and Brazil plum residues for different food or industrial applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The knowledge gained from this study will open a new approach to add value to yellow mombin and Brazil plum fruit seeds as sources of fiber and bioactive compounds, with promising application in the formulation of functional and nutraceutical products, benefiting both a sustainable environment and a sustainable industry.

Development of Plum Seed-Derived Carboxymethylcellulose Bioink for 3D Bioprinting.

Three-dimensional bioprinting represents an innovative platform for fabricating intricate, three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures that closely resemble natural tissues. The development of hybrid bioinks is an actionable strategy for integrating desirable characteristics of components. In this study, cellulose recovered from plum seed was processed to synthesize carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 3D bioprinting. The plum seeds were initially subjected to α-cellulose recovery, followed by the synthesis and characterization of plum seed-derived carboxymethyl cellulose (PCMC). Then, hybrid bioinks composed of PCMC and sodium alginate were fabricated, and their suitability for extrusion-based bioprinting was explored. The PCMC bioinks exhibit a remarkable shear-thinning property, enabling effortless extrusion through the nozzle and maintaining excellent initial shape fidelity. This bioink was then used to print muscle-mimetic 3D structures containing C2C12 cells. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of PCMC was evaluated at different concentrations to determine the maximum acceptable concentration. As a result, cytotoxicity was not observed in hydrogels containing a suitable concentration of PCMC. Cell viability was also evaluated after printing PCMC-containing bioinks, and it was observed that the bioprinting process caused minimal damage to the cells. This suggests that PCMC/alginate hybrid bioink can be used as a very attractive material for bioprinting applications.

Effect of gamma irradiation on total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of java plum seeds

<p>The synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) has been widely added to lipids and food products as a preservative due to inhibiting lipid oxidation. However, concerns have arisen about the potential health impacts of this synthetic antioxidant on consumers. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative substitute for BHA that is safe for human health. The methanolic extract of Java Plum seeds (MEJS) contains a diverse group of phenolic compounds and has the potential to serve as a natural antioxidant. The antioxidant must remain stable during food processing, such as irradiation. This research aimed to determine the effect of γ-irradiation on the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of MEJS. When γ-irradiation was applied to MEJS at doses up to 12.5 kGy, there was a slight decrease in total phenolic and tannin content but a significant increase in total flavonoid content. This increase in total flavonoids led to a rise in both free radical scavenging and reducing power activities</p>

Processing waste: bioactive components and antioxidant capacity of cold-pressed oils from some fruit seeds

In this study, the possible use of seeds after fruit processing to obtain unconventional cold-pressed edible oil was investigated. For this purpose, seeds of quince, sour cherries and plum were used. Fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, peroxide and acid value, oxidative stability, and tocopherols and phytosterols content were determined in the studied oils. Plum seed oil was dominated by oleic acid, while quince and sour cherry seed oils contained abundant linoleic acid. The total polyphenol content in the studied oils ranged from 2.28 to 9.03 mg GAE 100 mL-1. Antioxidant properties (ABTS, DPPH, FRP) were associated with tocopherol content. All three studied oils were rich in β-sitosterol. The oxidative stability of the studied oil samples varied and ranged from 1.92 h-31.17 h. Quince seed oil had the highest content of α-tocopherol (44.30 mg 100 g-1) and plum seed oil had the lowest (3 mg 100 g-1), while sour cherry seed oil had the highest content of β+γ-tocopherol (17.19 mg 100 g-1). The results show that oil from quince, sour cherry, and plum seeds is suitable for the production of a high quality cold-pressed oil. The use of this type of waste from fruit processing contributes to waste reduction and promotes the circular economy.

Java Plum (Syzygium cumini (L.)) Seeds Potentials in Medicinal Uses: A Systematic Literature Review

Java plum seed contains several active compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review to explore the potential of Jamblang or Java plum seeds on health. The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) regarding the potential of jamblang seed in medicinal uses. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. Java plum seeds are believed to be beneficial for immune system support. Java plum seeds have anti-cancer properties. Studies have shown that these compounds can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce cell death. Java plum seeds have significant anti-inflammatory properties. They are thought to work by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are molecules secreted by cells that are involved in inflammation.

Thermal and Viscoelastic Responses of Selected Lignocellulosic Wastes: Similarities and Differences.

Woody lignocellulosic biomasses comprise the non-edible parts of fruit trees. In recent years, the exploitation of this biomass has been widening in order to mitigate environmental issues. At the same time, this waste could be transformed into a value-added product (active carbon by pyrolysis, isolation of nanocellulose, oils or proteins). For either valorization path, a complete thermo-mechanical characterization is required. A detailed thermo-mechanical study (TGA, DSC, DMA) was performed on two types of lignocellulosic wastes, with and without kernels: on one side, the walnut shells (WS) and the pistachio shells (PsS) and, in the second category, the apricot seeds (AS), the date seeds (DS), and the plum seeds (PS). The results of the sample-controlled thermal analyses (HiRes TGA) evidenced a better resolution of the degradation steps of WS. Kinetic studies conducted also by conventional TGA (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa) and modulated TGA (MTGA) allowed us to make comparative reasonings concerning the degradation of the investigated biomasses. The DMA results revealed the effect of water traces and oil kernels on relaxation and supported the atypical DSC endotherm emphasized in the freezing temperature domain.

Major Bioactive Compounds from Java Plum Seeds: An Investigation of Its Extraction Procedures and Clinical Effects.

Java plum is widely recognized as a plant with valuable medicinal properties, originating from Indonesia and India and distributed globally in the tropic and sub-tropic regions of the world. The plant is rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, terpenes, tannins, and lipids. The phytoconstituents of the plant seeds possess various vital pharmacological activities and clinical effects including their antidiabetic potential. The bioactive phytoconstituents of Java plum seeds include jambosine, gallic acid, quercetin, β-sitosterol, ferulic acid, guaiacol, resorcinol, p-coumaric acid, corilagin, ellagic acid, catechin, epicatechin, tannic acid, 4,6 hexahydroxydiphenoyl glucose, 3,6-hexahydroxy diphenoylglucose, 1-galloylglucose, and 3-galloylglucose. Considering all the potential beneficial effects of the major bioactive compounds present in the Jamun seeds, in the current investigation, the specific clinical effects and the mechanism of action for the major bioactive compounds along with the extraction procedures are discussed.

Adsorption purification of drinking water with activated carbons «Gold Carbon» produced from plum pit shells

The process of adsorption of sulfates and residual chlorine, which are the main sources of drinking water pollution, was investigated in the work. The shell of plum seeds activated by a vapor-gas mixture was used as an adsorbent. The shell of plum seeds is pre-carbonized at a temperature of 20 to 800 ° C and activated in a stream of CO2 and H2O in a mass ratio of 90:10 at a temperature of 750-850 ° C. The adsorption characteristics of sulfates and residual chlorine were investigated. The fastest adsorption of sulfates occurred on the adsorbent at a concentration of 500 mg/l. The characteristics of the kinetics of activated carbon adsorption by residual chlorine are found. The dependence of the absorption capacity of chlorine by activated carbons on the equilibrium concentration in water is determined. Upon reaching 90 minutes, we observe adsorption values of the order of 99%. The influence of the water flow speed on the absorption of residual chlorine by activated carbon was determined, where the optimal factor of the regime, the water flow speed, was 0.0022 m/s. The influence of the water flow speed on the turbidity index in the source and purified water was determined, where the maximum degree of purification for the activated shell of plum pits occurred at the water flow speed of 0.0022 m/s. The analysis of the data obtained indicates a satisfactory adsorption capacity of the studied activated carbons from the shell of plum pits and a high degree of water purification. Key words: adsorption, activated carbon, sulfate, residual chlorine, water purification, drinking water, water supply.

Optimization of ultrasound procedure for the sustainable production of oil from plum seeds

In this study, the energy-efficient advanced procedure for the production of oil from plum seeds was proposed. The optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of oil was carried out using the response surface methodology with the Box-Behnken design. The microwave pretreatment (MWP) of 460 W for 3 min was also applied to reduce the total extraction time. The extraction time (15 – 45 min), liquid-to-solid ratio (4 – 10 mL g−1), and extraction temperature (40 – 60 °C) were defined as the factors. The oil yield was considered a response in this optimization study. The ultrasonic bath of 150 W and 40 kHz was used for the production of cavitation energy during the extraction. The optimal conditions were the extraction time of 42 min, the liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL g−1, and the extraction temperature of 50 °C. Based on quality analysis, it was concluded that the oil obtained by MWP-UAE had adequate physico-chemical properties. The MWP-UAE was an efficient extraction technique in terms of extraction time and energy consumption.

Determination of Physico-Chemical and Functional Properties of Plum Seed Cakes for Estimation of Their Further Industrial Applications

The extraction of bioactive compounds from the waste material in the food industry is an important approach because, in that way, the plant raw material can be utilized before its landfill disposal or combustion. The interest of scientists is great for the development of innovative procedures for the further application of these materials. Plum kernels obtained after plum processing can be used for the isolation of oil enriched with unsaturated fatty acids and cakes remaining after oil isolation from plant material. This study aimed to consider the possibilities of the further utilization of cakes obtained after oil isolation from plum seeds using organic solvents in the Soxhlet extractor. The physical–chemical and functional properties of the obtained cakes were determined. The results indicated that the plum seed cakes are rich in proteins (36.95–61.90%) and crude fiber (6.36–9.85%). The HPLC analysis showed that the highest content of phenolic compounds had coumaric acid in the concentration range of 11.31–12.98 mg/100 g of dry weight. The amygdalin content (0.005–0.139 mg/g of dry weight) was in the allowed concentration range so that the cakes can be considered safe for human use. The antioxidant potential of the cakes (IC50 0.40–0.65 mg/mL) indicated that antioxidants are also present in this waste material so that the cakes can be used as a raw material for the development of sustainable products in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

A highly selective colorimetric sensing of CN– ion by a hydrazine appended Schiff base and its application in detection of CN– ion present in tobacco and food samples

• Colorimetric sensing – Fast response – Economic senor. • Hydrazone based colorimetric Schiff base HL-1 have been prepared towards CN – ions recognition with naked eye. • Bathochromic shift produced with significant color change. • The recognition mechanism based on deprotonation and interaction confirmed with NMR, FT-IR, ESI-MS spectroscopic techniques. • The practical application of HL-1 was carried out in tobacco and food samples (kidney bean, apple seed, cassava, flax seeds, almond skin, plum seeds). A simple, cost-effective, and highly selective colorimetric chemosensor, was designed and synthesized from 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and ethyl acetoacetate. The formation of the HL-1 ethyl-( E )-3-(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)hydrazono)butanoate was confirmed by spectral techniques. The receptor HL-1 was found to show a colorimetric response of the colour change from yellow to brown towards CN – ion, due to de-protonation and intra-ligand charge transfer. The receptor HL-1 interacts with cyanide in a 1:1 stoichiometric manner with a detection limit of 7.39 × 10 −7 M. Receptor HL-1 could be recyclable by treatment with TFA. The sensing behaviour of the receptor was further enunciated by computational studies and it’s also be efficiently used to detect trace amounts of cyanide present in food samples such as cassava peel, apple seeds, kidney beans, tobacco, flax seeds, almond skin, and plum seeds. Moreover, HL-1 would be used for practical applications like visible colorimetric test kits such as cotton swabs, and test paper strips.

Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of fenoterol from water solution by shells of plum seeds activated carbon

• AC obtained by of plum seeds using water vapor is suitable for use in human medicine. • The PSC has a high adsorption capacity for fenoterol, and it is 337.8 mg/g. • The process of adsorption of fenoterol on PSC is thermodynamically favorable. • The application of ultrasound has a favorable of adsorption of fenoterol on PSC. The aim of the study was to preliminarily investigate the possibility of using active carbon (AC) of the shell of plum seeds (PSC) in cases of acute poisoning by excessive oral intake of fenoterol. It was found that the PSC surface is characterized by a large specific area, 1680 m 2 /g, high Langmuir monolayer capacity, 337.8 mg/g without ultrasound (US) and 351 mg/g with US. The Langmuir, Flory–Huggins, pseudo second order and intraparticular diffusion model, follow the experimental results well, R 2 = 0.99 was in all cases. According to Boyd’s criterion, a combination of diffusion of solute through the film and through the pores, limiting steps for fenoterol adsorption onto PSC are. The contribution of US was positive in this study. This was shown by the adsorption rate constant of the pseudo-second-order which, without application of US it was 298 g/mg·min and with the application of US was 347 g/mg·min. The Gibbs free energy ΔG values, −27.25 kJ/mol, −27.93 kJ/mol and −28.58 kJ/mol, obtained by Langmuir constant K L , were negative at all operating temperatures, verifying that the adsorption of fenoterol was spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable. PSC has been shown to be a highly effective adsorbent that can be used in acute oral fenoterol poisoning and US is not contraindicated, on the contrary.

Black locust flowers as a natural source of antioxidants: Sustainable production of high-quality oil from plum by-product and its incorporation in the moisturizing cream

This study presents a challenge in terms of the development of cleaner technologies and sustainable development. The main effort was invested in the improvement of oxidative stability of plum seed oil using an eco-friendly and easy-to-use procedure (maceration). The fixed oil of plum seeds is composed of unsaturated fatty acids that are very sensitive to oxidative processes, but the addition of antioxidants can solve this problem. Since the obtained oil was further applied for the preparation of topical formulation, the aim was to avoid the use of toxic solvents and the process of their evaporation during the extraction of antioxidants from plant material. The way to overcome this problem was to directly use oil for the extraction of non-polar antioxidants from black locust flowers. The reason of use this plant material was due to its pleasant odor and high content of antioxidants. The maceration was carried out at the different temperatures (25, 40, and 60 °C) and the liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g for 48 h. After the extraction, the reducing capacity of the fixed oils was determined using a standard spectrophotometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The extraction process was described using two kinetic models, Ponomaryov and non-stationary diffusion models. The optimal extraction time and temperature were 16 h and 60 °C, respectively, for the extraction of antioxidants. Thus obtained oil with improved stability was incorporated in the moisturizing cream to develop an innovative topical formulation that can be used against the harmful effects of the environmental factors. During the oil stabilization, the addition of synthetic antioxidants was omitted so that the application of natural antioxidants was favored. This was acceptable from an ecological point of view because in this way the planting of black locust trees will be intensified and thus the carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced. • The fixed oil of plum seeds was obtained from the industrial by-product. • The plum seed oil was enriched with antioxidants from black locust flowers. • A sustainable procedure was proposed for the improvement of oil stability. • The innovative moisturizing cream with fixed oil of plum seeds was designed.

Optimized production of tannase and gallic acid from fruit seeds by solid state fermentation

Purpose: To investigate the possibility for gallic acid production from different tannin-rich fruit seeds using Aspergillus oryzae via solid-state fermentation.
 Methods: Fruit seeds of apple, guava, tamarind, black plum and watermelon were analyzed to estimate the synthesis of an enzyme tannase and its product gallic acid. Various physicochemical parameters were optimized to increase the gallic acid yield. Gallic acid was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus and identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was quantitatively determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
 Results: Amongst the various substrates tested, black plum seeds gave the highest activity of 34.40 U/g for tannase and 16.66 mg/g for gallic acid under optimized physicochemical conditions, i.e., 1:3 substrate: moisture ratio, 30 °C, 96 h incubation period and pH 5.5. Addition of carbon source had a negative effect on production while ammonium sulphate (0.2 %) as nitrogen source increased the yield of both products. The gallic acid produced was 98.5 % pure, compared to the standard.
 Conclusion: Production of tannase and gallic acid via solid-state fermentation conditions has been optimized in vitro. The optimized conditions can be utilized on a commercial scale for economically viable production of gallic acid.

Java plum and amaltash seed biomass based bio-adsorbents for synthetic wastewater treatment.

Biomass of Java plum (JP) and amaltash (AT) seeds were employed to remove arsenic from synthetic wastewater, cost effectively. The prepared biomasses were characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, and ICP techniques. Experimentation the optimization study has been carried out by using Design-software 6.0.8. Response surface methodology has been applied to design the experiments where we have used three factors and three levels Box-Behnken design (BBD). Arsenic removal ability of bio-sorbents was evaluated and optimized by varying pH, adsorbent dose concentration of arsenic in synthetic wastewater. For 2.5mg/L arsenic concentration and 80mg adsorbent dose at pH 8.8 Java plum seeds (JP) based bio-adsorbent removed ∼93% and amaltash seeds (AT) based bio-adsorbent removed ∼91% arsenic from synthetic wastewater. The adsorption behaviour better explained following Freundlich model (R2=0.99) compared to Temkin model (R2=0.986) for As (III) ions. The adsorption capacity was 1.45mgg-1 and 1.42mgg-1 for JP and AT, respectively after 80min under optimal set of condition. The adsorption kinetics was explained by either pseudo-first order model or Elovich model.

Optimization study on extraction of antioxidants from plum seeds (Prunus domestica L.)

This paper aimed to optimize the extraction of antioxidants from plum seeds (Prunus domestica L.) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The Box–Behnken design was used for the optimization of the extraction process. The four extraction parameters, such as the extraction time (10–40 min), ethanol concentration (20–100%, v/v), liquid-to-solid ratio (10–30 cm3 g−1), and extraction temperature (30–70 °C) were varied to investigate their impact on the content of antioxidants. Using HPLC methods, the following phenolic compounds were identified and quantified per 100 g dry weight: rutin (6.39 mg), epigallocatechin (1.94 mg), gallic acid (0.64 mg), ferulic acid (14.30 mg), syringic acid (0.87 mg), epicatechin (0.95 mg), caffeic acid (0.30 mg), and coumaric acid (11.18 mg). The content of amygdalin was 1.5 mg g−1 of the dry extract obtained under optimal conditions. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay and estimated based on the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The IC50 value of the extract obtained under optimal conditions was 0.94 mg cm−3. The proposed green technique is an economical and alternative procedure for the extraction of antioxidants by application of non-toxic and eco-friendly solvents. From the ecological point of view, it is acceptable due to the reduction of waste either after plum cultivation or production of alcoholic beverages.

Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Amygdalin in Apple Seeds with a Hybrid of f-MWCNTs/CoFe2O4 Nanocomposite

Background: Amygdalin is a natural compound known for curing cancer. It is seen in several plants including in bitter almonds, apricots, peaches, apples, and plum seeds (kernels). Amygdalin is a toxic molecule containing a nitrile group, due to which toxic cyanide anion releases by the action of a β-glucosidase. The consumption of amygdalin may lead to cyanide poisoning in the human body. Therefore, for the first time, this work is aimed at developing a novel electrochemical biosensor for the detection of Amygdalin (AMG) in apple seed samples. Methods: The proposed electrochemical biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing cytochrome c (Cyt c) on a Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) with nanocomposite of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4 NPs) and functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs). The characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite was performed with FTIR, TEM, TGA/DSC, and XRD techniques. Moreover, various experimental parameters such as the effect of pH, deposition time, sweep rate, potential, and enzyme incubation time and interference were also studied. Results: The fabricated biosensor enhanced the peak current by 10-folds compared to unmodified GCE. Under optimized experimental conditions, the biosensor exhibited linear response from 2 to 20 μM, with a linear regression equation Ipa (μA) = 8.4989 c + 6.6307 (R² = 0.9927). The LOD’s and LOQ’s were found to be 0.0112 μM and 0.2213 μM, respectively. Conclusion: The designed biosensor was successfully applied for the analysis of AMG content in the apple seed samples. The outcomes of this study identify the efficient electrocatalytic activity of the fabricated nanocomposite as significant electronic factors as major contributors to the electron transfer mechanism, with promising scope for the design of biosensor to sense toxic molecules.