Plum Island Animal Disease Research Articles

A progress report on the status of a new disease of American cats: Cytauxzoonosis

A protozoon disease of domestic cats in the U.S.A. which resembled diseases of African ungulates caused by blood parasites of the family Theileridae and the genus Cytauxzoon was first described by scientists of the University of Missouri in 1976. The Plum Island Animal Disease Center of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) became involved in an effort to discover the relationship of the parasite to those of African species and to ascertain if the disease posed a threat to American livestock. More than 500 cats were infected and the disease studied experimentally by scientists of both institutions. Passage of the parasite was accomplished by parenteral administration of fresh or deep frozen blood or tissues from infected cats. With the exception of a single cat, immunized at PIADC, the experimental disease has terminated fatally about 20 days following exposure. Most cats died within 9–15 days after infection. Diagnosis of the disease is accomplished by study of blood smears, stained with Giemsa and by examination of sections from major visceral organs. Piroplasms are not always found in blood smears, but large masses of schizonts are always found in at least one of the following organs: lungs, spleen, liver or lymph nodes. Since the disease almost invariably has a fatal termination in cats, it is believed that the reservoir is in another species of animal. The new disease has now been reported from Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and Georgia, with new isolations of the parasite having been made in recent months.

IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC COMPARISON OF MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES ISOLATED FROM CATTLE AND GOATS WITH FOUR MYCOPLASMAS ISOLATED FROM GOATS IN THE UNITED STATES

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 225, Issue 1 p. 382-394 IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC COMPARISON OF MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES ISOLATED FROM CATTLE AND GOATS WITH FOUR MYCOPLASMAS ISOLATED FROM GOATS IN THE UNITED STATES S. S. Stone, S. S. Stone Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory Veterinary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, N. Y. 11944 National Animal Disease Laboratory, P. O. Box 70, Ames, Iowa 50010.Search for more papers by this authorR. J. Yedloutschnig, R. J. Yedloutschnig Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory Veterinary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, N. Y. 11944Search for more papers by this author S. S. Stone, S. S. Stone Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory Veterinary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, N. Y. 11944 National Animal Disease Laboratory, P. O. Box 70, Ames, Iowa 50010.Search for more papers by this authorR. J. Yedloutschnig, R. J. Yedloutschnig Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory Veterinary Sciences Research Division, Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, N. Y. 11944Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1973 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb45664.xCitations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume225, Issue1Mycoplasma and Mycoplasma‐Like Agents of Human, Animal, and Plant DiseasesDecember 1973Pages 382-394 RelatedInformation

San Miguel sea lion virus isolation, preliminary characterization and relationship to vesicular exanthema of swine virus.

BETWEEN 1932 and 1954 there were repeated outbreaks of vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) in Californian swine herds, but since 1956 no cases have occurred in the United States and this has been attributed to a federal law which prohibited the feeding of raw garbage to swine1. The continuing importance of vesicular diseases of swine, however, is suggested by reports from Italy2, Hong Kong3, Austria, Poland and Britain (personal communication from A. H. Dariri, Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, 1973) of a vesicular syndrome in swine that could not be ascribed to foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV).

Biochemical Characterization and Antigenic Relationship of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, Freundt and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Edward) Freundt

Forty-seven bovine, caprine, and ovine Mycoplasma strains were studied. Fifteen of these were M. mycoides subsp. mycoides Freundt; the remaining 32 were previously designated as M. mycoides subsp. capri (Edward) Freundt, M. agalactiae (Wroblewski) Freundt, or Turkish type C. Cultures of these strains were obtained from various laboratories abroad and from the Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory repository; they included representatives of species and serotypes previously reported. The purity of all 47 cloned strains was checked by a combination of differential inhibitory methods, cloning, characterization, and serological techniques. The strains were tested for glucose fermentation, tetrazolium reduction, arginine decarboxylation, film and spots formation, hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, inhibitory effect of 0.02% methylene blue, and methylene blue reduction. All M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, M. mycoides subsp. capri, and related strains were biochemically and serologically compared with the other strains and with representatives of a recent classification of the entire group of caprine and ovine mycoplasmas. All of the 15 M. mycoides subsp. mycoides strains gave similar biochemical reactions. Among the 32 test Mycoplasma strains, 2 of sheep origin designated Ghaleh Morghi-16 and S-5-64 were previously misidentified as M. agalactiae; 4 other strains were identified as Turkish C type. All of these Mycoplasma strains were identified as belonging to caprine and ovine group 8. The 32 strains were divided into 2 serogroups. One group was comprised of 5 strains, including the type strain of M. mycoides subsp. capri (strain PG3), and the other group contained 27 strains, including a large number previously identified as M. mycoides subsp. capri. All of the strains in the latter group showed an antigenic relationship to M. mycoides subsp. mycoides, whereas the 5 strains of the first group were serologically distinct. The 32 strains including in these 2 groups and the 15 M. mycoides subsp. mycoides strains had no antigenic relationship to Mycoplasma agalactiae, M. arginini, Acholeplasma oculusi, or to 7 new groups of caprine and ovine Mycoplasmas. It is significant that some of the group 8 strains were isolated from goats and sheep in countries free of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Their antigenic identity to M. mycoides subsp. mycoides suggests that serious problems might arise if diagnosis of such cultures were made solely on a serological basis.

Serological relationships between Mycoplasma mycoides and other bacteria.

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 143, Issue 1 p. 317-324 SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MYCOPLASMA MYCOIDES AND OTHER BACTERIA* M. Shifrine, M. Shifrine Employed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, L. I., N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorR. N. Gourlay, R. N. Gourlay East African Veterinary Reseach Organization Muguga, KenyaSearch for more papers by this author M. Shifrine, M. Shifrine Employed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, L. I., N. Y.Search for more papers by this authorR. N. Gourlay, R. N. Gourlay East African Veterinary Reseach Organization Muguga, KenyaSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1967 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb27671.xCitations: 7 * The research described in this paper was partly financed by the United States of America Agency for International Development under the terms of the CCTA/AID Project 16 for research on contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume143, Issue1Biology of the MycoplasmaJuly 1967Pages 317-324 RelatedInformation

Presence and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine skin.

Gailiunas, Peter (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N. Y.), and George E. Cottral. Presence and persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine skin. J. Bacteriol. 91:2333-2338. 1966.-This study established that the seven known antigenic types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) have consistent affinity to all areas of bovine skin, even though gross cutaneous lesions usually are found only in the pedal area. Considerable amounts of FMDV were present in skin of 13 different body areas, irrespective of the presence of hair. All skin specimens from the trunk of 50 experimentally infected steers, necropsied from 12 hr to 7 days postinoculation (DPI), contained FMDV in the dermal and epidermal tissues. In skins of some steers, FMDV persisted for as long as 5 days after cessation of viremia. The highest average virus titer, 10(3.6) plaque-forming units (PFU) per g of skin, was found at 2 DPI. Some areas of the trunk and extremities had titers of approximately 10(5.0) PFU per g of skin. Characteristic gross lesions were not observed in sampling areas. The present observations have epizootiological importance for hides offered in international trade, because FMDV localized intracutaneously is more difficult to inactivate than virus adhering to hide surfaces.

INFLUENCE OF TISSUE CULTURE PASSAGE ON VIRULENCE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS FOR MOTHER MICE.

Campbell, Charles H. (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N.Y.). Influence of tissue culture passage on virulence of foot-and-mouth disease virus for mother mice. J. Bacteriol. 86:593-597. 1963.-Foot-and-mouth disease virus serially passaged in bovine cell cultures was more lethal for mother mice than the parent virus from infected steers. In tests with virus from several pools of bovine tongue tissue, only 0 to 20% of the mice died. Serial passage of such virus in primary calf-kidney cell cultures progressively increased the lethality of the virus. By the eighth passage, after which no further appreciable increase was observed, the mortality was 60%. As the lethal capability of this virus population increased, the average time required for it to produce death decreased.

Defined medium for growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Pledger, Richard A. (Plum Island Animal Disease Laboratory, Greenport, N. Y.) and Jerome Polatnick. Defined medium for growth of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J. Bacteriol. 83:579-583. 1962.-Foot-and-mouth disease virus, grown in primary bovine calf-kidney cell layers with a defined medium containing glucose as the only organic substrate, produced virus titers equivalent to those obtained with complex media containing serum and lactalbumin hydrolyzate. Mannose was the only other substrate examined that could replace glucose. Krebscycle intermediates did not or only partially supported viral replication. Phosphate was also found essential for reproduction of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The rate of heat inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in defined medium was more than twice that in complex medium. This, however, did not interfere with the usefulness of the defined medium for short-term biochemical investigations.