Space Plots Research Articles

What Type of Apollonian Circle Packing Will Appear?

An Apollonian circle packing is created by starting with three pairwise tangent circles, adding the two circles—or circle and line—tangent to the first three, then repeating the process forever by successively adding new circles and lines tangent to every new tangent threesome of circles and/or lines. The resulting packing is one of four types: bounded (enclosed by one of the circles), half-plane (with one line), strip (with two lines), or full-plane. Given three starting circles, what type of Apollonian circle packing will appear? This article gives an answer in the form of a picture, i.e., a plot in the parameter space of relative sizes of the starting circles, indicating the types of packings. The result is a fractal, which is then further explored.

Multiple effects health economic evaluation of the Ahead of The Game Study for mental health promotion in sporting club communities

BackgroundThis study evaluates the Ahead Of The Game (AOTG) mental health promotion strategy for adolescent males relative to usual practice in team based sporting club community settings, allowing for joint incremental effects across 13 dimensions and 5 domains alongside intervention implementation costs.MethodsAnalysis is undertaken between matched communities with difference in differences analysis of joint multiple pre-post effect changes alongside implementation costs employing radar plots in cost-disutility space. A robust bootstrapping method allowed including all observed change in effect data from 343 AOTG and 273 control arm participants across 13 effect dimensions.ResultsTriangulation across joint evidence shows mean incremental effects favoured AOTG in all dimensions (10/13 significantly at 5% level) and in simple aggregation to each of five pre-specified 5 domains (each significant at < 1% level) and global measures (significant at 0.001% level), while mean AOTG implementation costs were conservatively estimated as $37.47 per participant.ConclusionThe AOTG strategy was found to represent an effective mental health promotion strategy across all domains and globally with associated significant potential for downstream health system cost savings to offset against modest implementation costs. Evaluation methods extend conventional cost-effectiveness analysis to enable robust joint presentation and triangulation under uncertainty of multiple effect dimensions alongside costs.Trial registrationANZCTR, ACTRN12617000709347. Registered 17th May 2017.

Chaos Theory Modelling for Temperature Time Series at Malaysian High Population Area during Dry Season

The aim of this study is to model the temperature time series at Malaysian high population area during dry season through chaos theory. The selected high population area is Shah Alam located in Selangor state of Malaysia. Chaos theory modelling is categorized into two parts namely analysis and prediction. Analysis by the phase space plot showed that the nature of the observed temperature time series is chaos. Hence, the time series is predicted via the chaotic model. Results from the chaotic model showed that the temperature time series is well predicted with Pearson correlation coefficient near to 1. The result is compared with the traditional method of autoregressive linear model. Based on the computed values of average absolute error, root mean squared error and Pearson correlation coefficient, the chaotic model is found better in predicting temperature time series at Shah Alam area during dry season. This indicates that the chaos theory is applicable for temperature time series at Malaysian high population area. This finding is expected to facilitate stakeholders such as Malaysian Meteorological Department and Department of Environment Malaysia in managing temperature and climate change problem.

Traffic Flow Prediction in Urban Area Using Inverse Approach of Chaos Theory

Traffic congestions problem could affect everyday life especially in urban area. In order to solve the issue, an excellent traffic flow prediction needs to be developed for a better traffic management. Hence, this study was conducted in order to predict traffic flow by using the data of total volume of vehicles per hour at two main roads located in urban areas namely Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia by using application of chaos theory. Phase space reconstruction was used to determine the chaotic behaviour of the total volume of vehicles per hour data. The reconstruction of phase space involves a single variable of the total volume of vehicles per hour data to m-dimensional phase space. Meanwhile, the inverse approach as well as local linear approximation method was used to develop prediction model of the traffic flow time series data. This study found that (i) the time series data were chaotic behaviour based on the phase space plot and (ii) inverse approach can provide prediction on the traffic flow time series data besides give excellent prediction with the value of correlation coefficient more than 0.7500. Hence, inverse approach of chaos theory can develop to prediction model towards the traffic flow in urban area; thus may help the local authorities to provide good traffic management.

Improving Urban Impervious Surfaces Mapping through Integrating Statistical Methods and Spectral Mixture Analysis

Impervious surfaces have been widely considered as the key indicator for evaluating urbanization and environmental quality. As one of the most widely applied methods, spectral mixture analysis (SMA) has been commonly used for mapping urban impervious surface fractions. When implementing SMA, the original multispectral remote-sensing reflectance images are served as the foundation and key to successful SMA. However, the limited spectral variances among different land covers from the original reflectance images make it challenging in information extraction and results in unsatisfactory mapping results. To address this issue, a new method has been proposed in this study to improve urban impervious surface mapping through integrating statistical methods and SMA. In particular, two traditional statistical methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and minimum noise fraction rotation (MNF) were applied to highlight the spectral variances among different land covers. Three endmember classes (impervious surface, soil, and vegetation) and corresponding spectra were identified and extracted from the vertices of the 2-D space plots generated by the first three components of each of the statistical analysis methods, PCA and MNF. A new dataset was generated by stacking the first three components of the PCA and MNF (in a total of six components), and a fully constrained linear SMA was implemented to map the fractional impervious surfaces. Results indicate that a promising performance has been achieved by the proposed new method with the systematic error (SE) of −3.45% and mean absolute error (MAE) of 11.52%. Comparative analysis results also show a much better performance achieved by the proposed statistical method-based SMA than the conventional SMA.

Supernonlinear wave and multistability in magneto-rotating plasma with (r, q) distributed electrons

Supernonlinear ion-acoustic waves (IAWs) and their multistability are studied under the Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) and modified ZK (mZK) equations in a rotating magnetized electron-ion plasma that consists of generalized (r, q)-distributed electrons. Bifurcation of IAW is presented through phase plane analysis and existence of IAW solutions is also shown through graphs of potential energy function. Supernonlinear wave exists for system corresponding to mZK equation with nonlinear periodic and solitary wave solutions. Effects of strength (q) and flatness (r) of the (r, q)-distribution on IAW solutions are shown along with other parameters, such as speed of the wave (V) and direction cosine (n). Furthermore, introducing an extraneous periodic perturbation, multistability property of the perturbed dynamical system is examined, and it is displayed using phase space and time series plots. Features of coexisting trajectories are examined for different values of spectral indices (r, q). Existence of two different types of chaos are supported through Lyapunov exponent graphs. Here, acceptable parametric values of spectral indices (r, q) are considered from data values of slow solar wind streams. Hence, supernonlinear periodic IAW and multistability property under the modified ZK equation are reported for the first time in rotating electron-ion magnetized plasma with (r, q)-distributed electrons. This study is applicable to understand supernonlinear wave features and multistability property of ion-acoustic wave motions featured in slow solar wind streams.

VASPKIT: A user-friendly interface facilitating high-throughput computing and analysis using VASP code

We present the VASPKIT, a command-line program that aims at providing a robust and user-friendly interface to perform high-throughput analysis of a variety of material properties from the raw data produced by the VASP code. It consists of mainly the pre- and post-processing modules. The former module is designed to prepare and manipulate input files such as the necessary input files generation, symmetry analysis, supercell transformation, k-path generation for a given crystal structure. The latter module is designed to extract and analyze the raw data about elastic mechanics, electronic structure, charge density, electrostatic potential, linear optical coefficients, wave function plots in real space, etc. This program can run conveniently in either interactive user interface or command line mode. The command-line options allow the user to perform high-throughput calculations together with bash scripts. This article gives an overview of the program structure and presents illustrative examples for some of its usages. The program can run on Linux, macOS, and Windows platforms. The executable versions of VASPKIT and the related examples and tutorials are available on its official website vaspkit.com. Program summaryProgram title: VASPKITCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/v3bvcypg9v.1Licensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language: Fortran, PythonNature of problem: This program has the purpose of providing a powerful and user-friendly interface to perform high-throughput calculations together with the widely-used VASP code.Solution method: VASPKIT can extract, calculate and even plot the mechanical, electronic, optical and magnetic properties from density functional calculations together with bash and python scripts. It can run in either interactive user interface or command line mode.

Optimization of Split-Plot Design in the Context of Mixture Process Variable Settings

In the presence of process variables, a mixture design has become well-known in statistical modeling due to its utility in modeling the blending surface, which empirically predicts any mixture's response and serves as the foundation for optimizing the expected response blends of different components. In the most common practical situation involving a mixture-process variable, restricted randomization occurs frequently. This problem is solved when the split-plot layout arrangement is used within the constraints. This study's primary goal was to find the best split-plot design (SPD) for the settings mixture-process variables. The SPD was made up of a simplex centroid design (SCD) of four mixture blends and a factorial design with a central composite design (CCD) of the process variable and compared six different context split-plot structure arrangement. We used JMP software version 15 to create D-optimal split-plot designs. The study compared the constructed designs' relative efficiency using A-, D-, I-, and G- optimality criteria. Furthermore, a graphical technique (fraction of design space plot) was used to display, explain, and evaluate experimental designs' performance in terms of precision of the six designs' variance prediction properties. We discovered that arranging subplots with more SCD points than pure mixture design points within SPD with two high process variables is more helpful and provides more precise parameter estimates. We recommend using SPDs in experiments involving mixture process settings developments to measure the mixture components' interaction effects and the processing conditions. Also, the investigation should be set up at each of the points of a factorial design.

Chaotic Identification of Hourly and Daily Water Level Time Series Data in Different Areas of Elevation at Pahang River

This study focused on chaotic analysis of water level data in different elevations located in the highland and lowland areas. This research was conducted considering the uncertain water level caused by the river flow from highland to lowland areas. The analysis was conducted using the data collected from the four area stations along Pahang River on different time scales which were hourly and daily time series data. The resulted findings were relevant to be used by the local authorities in water resource management in these areas. Two methods were used for the analysis process which included Cao method and phase space plot. Both methods are based on phase space reconstruction that is referring to reconstruction of one dimensional data (water level data) to d-dimensional phase space in order to determine the dynamics of the system. The combination of parameters and d is required in phase space reconstruction. Results showed that (i) the combination of phase space reconstruction’s parameters gave a higher value of parameters by using hourly time scale compared to daily time scale for different elevation; (ii) different elevation gave impact on the values of phase space reconstructions’ parameters; (iii) chaotic dynamics existed using Cao method and phase space plot for different elevation and time scale. Hence, water level data with different time scale from different elevation in Pahang River can be used in the development of prediction model based on chaos approach.

Tendon constrained inflatable architecture: rigid axial load bearing design case

Inflatables can provide advanced functionality such as structural support, controlled compliance, posability, self-actuation, etc when they are architecturally constrained. Unfortunately, some of the key benefits of inflatables, including their low architectural complexity and high deploy-and-stow capability, are typically adversely affected as functionalities become more sophisticated. A new architectural approach, a tendon constrained inflatable (TCI), is introduced to decouple functionality from deploy-and-stow capability. A TCI is a structure composed of a soft inflatable bladder with rigid end caps connected by inextensible internal constraint tendons. When a TCI is inflated, the tendons under pure tension impose constraints on the inflatable by pre-tensioning the TCI to be able to resist external loads, but when not pressurized, the soft bladder and flexible tendons collapse and provide a compact stow. This paper develops the fundamental case of TCI functionality, rigid axial load bearing, by providing predictive models, validation experiments, design space plots, and a design case study. A model predicting the rigid load-bearing capacity as a function of pressure for varying TCI architectural design parameters is derived through (a) an unconstrained inflation model, based on an axisymmetric nonlinear membrane deformation model and a hyperelastic material model, and (b) a constraint model that bounds specific inflation directions depending on the applied constraint. This axial rigid load-bearing TCI performance model is validated through experiments measuring TCI deformation due to pressure and external load. This model serves as the basis to develop versatile design space plots that provide various views of the design parameter dependencies. These plots are demonstrated in the context of a deployable modular support design case study. The insights gained enable the design of TCIs with rigid load-bearing functionality in a deployable and stowable package as well as setting the foundation to develop more sophisticated architecture with decoupled functionality and deploy-and-stow capability.

Factorwise variance dispersion graphs

In this paper, new plots, called factorwise variance dispersion graphs (FVDGs) with accompanying coordinate trace plots (CTPs), are introduced. FVDGs display prediction variances throughout the design space across the levels of each design factor, while CTPs plot the coordinates associated with minimum and maximum prediction variances, and hence G-efficiencies. FVDGs and CTPs can supplement the use of other graphical tools (e.g., variance dispersion graphs and fraction of design space plots) when assessing the prediction variance properties of a response surface design. They also can be used to assess the robustness of designs with respect to model reduction, design augmentation, and with an irregular design space as in a mixture experiment. Examples and the benefits of FVDGs and CTPs will be presented.

Peramalan Siri Masa Karbon Monoksida di antara Kawasan Berbeza Petempatan di Malaysia Melalui Pendekatan Kalut

This research is designed to analysing and predicting the time series of Carbon Monoxide (CO) at two stations located in Petaling Jaya and Jerantut through chaotic approach. Both stations were selected to represent CO time series in the urban and rural settlements. Chaotic approach has two steps, which are to (i) detect the presence of chaotic dynamics through phase space plot and Cao method and (ii) predict the time series which is done using local linear approximation method (LLAM). Through step (i), the result from phase space plot and parameter of Cao method shown that the presence of chaotic dynamics has been detected. Therefore, the chaotic approach is used to predict the time series. While in step (ii), the results shown that the correlation coefficient value of LLAM are 0.7536 for Petaling Jaya (τ=1, =4) and 0.6946 for Jerantut (τ=1, =5) which are close to one. This shows a positive sign that chaotic approach is applicable in both types of urban and rural settlements areas. These finding are expected to help stakeholders such as Ministry of Education and Department of Environment to having a better air pollution management.

Peramalan Bahan Pencemar Karbon Monoksida (CO) di Putrajaya Menggunakan Kaedah Penghampiran Purata Setempat

Air polution is a great concern to all parties because it is not only affects human health but also affects the environment and the development of the country. This study examines the forecast of carbon monoxide (CO) in metropolitan areas in Malaysia using the local mean approximation method. This study aims to predict the concentration of CO pollutant that has been observed hourly at the selected area which is Putrajaya. The delay time parameter was obtained from the determination method while embedding dimension was obtained from the Cao method. The presence of chaotic dynamics is successfully detected by using the Cao method and the phase space plot. The one-hour forward forecasting process of CO time series using and was carried out using the Local Mean Approximation Method. The result showed that correlation coefficient value is 0.7674 which is close to 1. This forecasting is expected to assist those stakeholders in managing CO pollution effectively especially in metropolitan areas in Malaysia.

Thermodynamic Discrimination between Energy Sources for Chemical Reactions

Summary Chemical transformations traverse large energy differences, yet the comparison of energy sources to drive a reaction is often done on a case-by-case basis; there is no fundamentally driven, universal framework with which to analyze and compare driving forces for chemical reactions. In this work, we present a reaction-independent expression for the equilibrium constant as a function of temperature, pressure, and voltage. With a specific set of axes, all reactions are represented by a single ( x , y ) point, and a quantitative divide between electrochemically and thermochemically driven reactions is visually evident. Additionally, we show that our expression has a strong physical basis in work and energy fluxes to the system, although specific data about operating conditions are necessary to provide a quantitative energy analysis. Overall, this universal equation and facile visualization of chemical reactions provides a consistent thermodynamic framework for comparing electrochemical versus thermochemical energy sources without knowledge of detailed process parameters.

Comparison of the chemical diversity ofVitis rotundifoliaandVitis viniferacv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’

Grapevine is one of the most important fruit plants in the world, mainly due to its grapes and related products, with a highly economic and cultural importance. Every year, vineyards are affected by several pathogen outbreaks and the only way to control them is through preventive applications of agrochemicals every 12 to 15 days. This approach is not sustainable and not always effective. TheVitisgenus comprise different species that exhibit varying levels of resistance to pathogens, thus the understanding of the innate resistance/susceptibility mechanisms of these differentVitisspecies is crucial to cope with these threats. In this work, an untargeted metabolomics approach was followed, using Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), to analyse the metabolic chemical diversity of twoVitisspecies:Vitis rotundifolia(resistant to pathogens) andV. viniferacv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (susceptible to pathogens). Chemical formulas from bothVitiswere used to build Van Krevelen diagrams and compositional space plots, which do not require full metabolite identification and provide an easy comparison method. Based only on these visualization tools, it was shown that theV. rotundifoliametabolome is more complex than the metabolome ofV. viniferacv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Moreover, the regions that present a higher density are associated to lipids, polyketides and carbohydrates. Also,V. rotundifoliametabolome presented a higher ratio O/C compounds.

Optimal Design Generation and Power Evaluation in R: The skpr Package

The R package skpr provides a suite of functions to generate and evaluate experimental designs. Package skpr generates D, I, Alias, A, E, T, and G-optimal designs, and supports custom user-defined optimality criteria, N-level split-plot designs, mixture designs, and design augmentation. Also included are a collection of analytic and Monte Carlo power evaluation functions for normal, non-normal, random effects, and survival models, as well as tools to plot fraction of design space plots and correlation maps. Additionally, skpr includes a flexible framework for the user to perform custom power analyses with external libraries and user-defined functions, as well as a graphical user interface that wraps most of the functionality of the package in a point-and-click web application.

Optimization and Feasibility of Alizarin Red S Retention on Iron- Loaded Cellulose Nanocomposite Bead

Iron(III) loaded cellulose nanocomposite bead, synthesized through sol-gel method, was characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, tunneling electron microscopy, and tested for adsorptive removal of alizarin red S from aqueous solution. The influence of variables such as pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose and temperature for dye retention were investigated in batch operation. The process was optimized by employing response surface methodology following full factorial and central composite design. The maximum adsorption of 97% was observed at an optimum condition of pH 3.0, dose of 2.0 gdm-3 and shaking time of 45 mins corresponding to the dye concentration of 100 mgdm-3 at 303 K. Correlation of cooperative influences of the significant variables and the extent of dye adsorption were represented by a second order polynomial equation. The mutual interactions of the significant variables were presented by 3D response surface and 2D contour plots in the design space. The adsorption was better described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetics. The process was spontaneous (-∆G°, 48.19 kJmol-1 ), feasible (∆S°, 0.284 Jmol -1 K-1 ) and endothermic (∆H°, 71.62 kJmol-1 ). The adsorbent can be regenerated with NaOH (10.0 × 10-2 M) and recycled for reuse, at least for five successive operations.

The Space Aesthetics of In-Yer-Face Theatre in Phyllis Nagy's The Strip

British theatre of the 1990s has witnessed the rise of a new angry young generation whose works have been labeled provocative, speculative, confrontational, sensational, shocking, taboo-breaking, brutal, bleak, gloomy and dark. These writers have a contemporary voice and pursue the aesthetics of 'In-yer-face' experiential theatre which launches rebellion against the classic well-made play, and against more recent literary traditions. Of those writers, contributing to (a)political drama in the 1990s, Phyllis Nagy emerged as one of the most influential figures, providing an experiential theatre with deeply shocking images. This paper is an attempt to explore the in-yer-face aesthetics in Nagy's The Strip by examining her manipulation of space and non-linear plot structures. Nagy creates isolated characters within oppressive worlds, and in the face of this seemingly undefeatable oppression, her characters share a bond that cannot be contained by traditional notions of space and time. Nagy bent the rules of physical space to give the audience a new and alienated perspective on traditional character relationships. In doing this, she makes it very difficult for an audience member to understand why the things on stage are happening. The Strip instead leaves audience members with a few clear impressions about life and society. Thus, this paper is an attempt to explore Phyllis Nagy's The Strip, and prove that she creates oppressive worlds onstage through unfamiliar, non-linear plot structures and that she connects the isolated characters through the distortion of onstage fictional space.

Biomass Yield Evaluation for Switchgrass Breeding: Seeded Swards vs. Transplanted Plots Yield Different Results

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is undergoing intensive development as a biomass crop to support the production of energy from perennial grasslands. Plant breeding and selection represent a significant component of this development effort, requiring breeders to evaluate large numbers of genotypes and families for performance under real-world field conditions. Experimental unit size, shape, and interplant spacing can vary widely both within and across breeding programs, and there is some evidence that experimental units established from seedling transplants are poorly predictive of biomass yield in seeded swards. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among five types of experimental units, three based on transplanted seedlings (spaced plants, row plots, and simulated sward plots) and two based on seeded rows (bordered and unbordered sward plots). Nine switchgrass populations were evaluated with or without nitrogen fertilizer under all five plot types. Simulated sward plots had the lowest predictive value for biomass yield of sward plots. Spaced plants and row plots had greater predictive ability than simulated swards, but they accounted for less than 50% of the variability, suggesting that biomass measurements on these types of plots should not be considered as the same trait measured on seeded sward plots, especially considering the fact that the conditions of interplant competition are drastically different between these groups of plot types. Whereas biomass yield on a per-hectare basis would be an appropriate trait name for seeded swards, plot-specific terms such as “plant biomass” or “row biomass” are more appropriate for biomass measured on spaced plant plots or row plots. These terms would clearly indicate that measurements on seeded plots where there is intensive interplant competition are not the same trait as those made on plants without competition.

PENERAPAN KESELARASAN RANGKAIAN ALUR (NARASI) DAN PENGALAMAN RUANG DALAM PSIKOLOGI ARSITEKTUR

In this increasingly advanced era, there are more and more developments in architectural spaces that provide a variety of experiences for the users. These architectural spaces are generally created from the elements in the form of the surface (floor), the wall (barrier), and the roof (ceiling) which are combined with accessibility for user movement. The purpose of these elements is to fulfill space requirements that can provide a specific experience for the user. These developments are further explored in the article, in term of psychological and its relation to architecture, that the alignment of a series of plot (narrative) and spatial experiences can evoke positive emotions and feelings. This article aims to analyze the processing of a series of plot (narrative) in space so that later alignment can provide a different experience individually by emphasizing the supporting elements.