Platon Research Articles

“It’s Called a Hustle, Sweetheart”: Zootopia, Moana, and Disney’s (Dis) empowered Postfeminist Heroines

Throughout its long history, the Walt Disney Company has repeatedly relied on a patriarchal idealization of femininity to craft its animated female protagonists. In Disney films, male interests, expectations, power, and leadership are consistently valued over those of female characters, who must submit unquestioningly to male direction. Internet reviewers and respected news sources alike claimed that Judy Hopps, Zootopia’s bunny cop protagonist, and Moana’s royal Polynesian title character, are independent, “feminist” heroines who counter this patriarchal narrative template. While critics argue that Judy and Moana defy Disney’s patriarchal template, these two films actually represent a postfeminist, rather than a feminist, reimagining of Disney’s template which resigns both protagonists to narratives that celebrate and center male power. Judy Hopps and Moana act independently, but each woman is relegated to a tenuous relationship with a domineering male character whom she must defer to and emotionally nurture. Intentionally or not, Disney empowers Judy and Moana only to the extent that both women manage and control themselves, rather than allowing them to exercise power to contest the relationships and societies which oppress them. Thus, these films offer a tepid acknowledgment of the problems with Disney’s traditional depiction of femininity, but they ultimately reveal that female empowerment exists in the Disney Co.’s narratives only when incubated in a toxic, platonic relationship with a male character.

“The Nature of My Love Had Never Been in Doubt…” Christopher St John (1871-1960): Platonic Love and Sapphic Desire

ABSTRACT In the early decades of the twentieth century, Christopher St John (1871-1960) wrote about passionate love and sexual desire between women, in private and published texts. She drew on several literary, philosophical and religious traditions, predominantly Hellenism and Christianity. This article explores the role of Hellenism in her writing, particularly Platonic friendship and Sapphic desire. It suggests we reconsider the idea of there being a clear disjuncture between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in terms of women’s understanding of same-sex love and desire, and the extent to which the emergence of lesbian identity overrode earlier modes of thought and expression.

Civil Marriage in The Light of Fiqh Al-Maqaasid, Nigeria as a Case Study

Islam has laid a lot of emphases on marriage with regards to its importance, it is not just a platonic relationship between husband and wife, nor is it solely for procreation, but it’s also an obligatory act and it’s so important that it is declared to be half of single Muslim’s faith. Islam has laid extensive ground rules and regulation for marriage and as well assigned different roles to both husband and wife in order to establish peace, happiness, love, tranquillity and security in the family.Despite all the above reasons of marriage in Islam, there are still many families in Nigeria who are been deprived of enjoying their marital life, due to the fact that the contract of marriage was done through what is called civil marriage. When marriage is been done in civil way, the husband has no right to marry another wife with the presence of his wife, it is regarded as one of the fundamental conditions of civil marriage, if he does, such husband would be liable for the offence of bigamy, a punishable offence with 5 years’ imprisonment. Based on this reason, this article wants to centre its study on the validation of this kind of condition in marriage under the Islamic jurisprudent and with regards to fiqh al-maqasid.

Between Thanatos and Eros: Erich Fromm and the psychoanalysis of social networking technology use

Social networking technologies have become a ubiquitous framework for social interaction, serving to organise much of the individual’s social life. Such technological structuring affects not merely the individual’s psyche (as a psycho- technics), it also affects broader aspects of society (as a socio-technics). While social networking technologies may serve to transform society in positive ways, such technologies also have the potential to significantly encroach upon and (re) construct individual and cultural meaning in ways that must be investigated. Erich Fromm, who psychoanalytically describes humans as a product of their society and the economic systems within that society, may provide insight into the influence of social networking technologies in contemporary society. He sees the relationship between the individual and society as being in a constant state of dynamic change. Utilising Fromm’s psycho-societal insight, social networking technologies are shown to conflate and confuse the relation between Thanatos and Eros – the Thanatos of a lifeless and consumerist agenda-filled mechanisation, and the Eros associated with social engagement. Thanatos and Eros are tied together via social networking technologies. This results in, firstly, social networking technologies functioning predominantly to further capitalist agendas through the monetisation of these technologies – particularly in terms of linking commodity fetishism and the foundational social drive of the individual. Secondly, social networking technologies mechanise human action according to predictable behavioural paths through the use of these technologies, especially in terms of how socialisation is possible via these technologies (shaping how platonic and romantic relationships may take place in the contemporary world). Such a mechanisation of interpersonal engagement contrasts with Erich Fromm’s assertion that interpersonal relations (vis-à-vis love) are not “mere emotion”, but rather represent an interpersonal creative capacity and interplay. Fromm’s psycho-societal insights will show how contemporary individuals may take independent and responsible rational action to establish accountable and psychologically beneficial ways of engaging with others through social networking technologies.

오자키 코요 문학의 정신적 사랑에 관한 고찰 : 작품 모티브 〈愛〉를 중심으로

오자키 코요 문학의 정신적 사랑에 관한 고찰 : 작품 모티브 〈愛〉를 중심으로

Rayleigh–Bloch, topological edge and interface waves for structured elastic plates

Galvanised by the emergent fields of metamaterials and topological wave physics, there is currently much interest in controlling wave propagation along structured arrays, and interfacial waves between geometrically different crystal arrangements. We model array and interface waves for structured thin elastic plates, so-called platonic crystals, that share many analogies with their electromagnetic and acoustic counterparts, photonic and phononic crystals, and much of what we present carries across to those systems. These crystals support several forms of edge or array-guided modes, that decay perpendicular to their direction of propagation. To rapidly, and accurately, characterise these modes and their decay we develop a spectral Galerkin method, using a Fourier–Hermite basis, to provide highly accurate dispersion diagrams and mode-shapes, that are confirmed with full scattering simulations. We illustrate this approach using Rayleigh Bloch modes, and generalise high frequency homogenisation, along a line array, to extract the envelope wavelength along the array. Rayleigh–Bloch modes along graded arrays of rings of point masses are investigated and novel forms of the rainbow trapping effect and wave hybridisation are demonstrated. Finally, the method is used to investigate the dispersion curves and mode-shapes of interfacial waves created by geometrical differences in adjoining media.

“The poor knight lived in the world ...” A. Pushkin in the life-creation and philosophy of love of D. Merezhkovsky

The article is devoted to the consideration of the reception of the A. Pushkin's poem “The poor knight lived in the world ...” in the D. Merezhkovsky’s life-creation and religious-philosophical concept of love. The image of the “poor knight” has become an integral part of the literary life of the writers in the symbolist circle, as evidenced by the studies of A. Lavrov, O. Matich, L. Sproge, M. Tsimborskaya-Leboda and others. He owes his popularity by F. Dostoevsky’s novel “Idiot”, where he acts as a kind of projection of the image of Prince Myshkin, as indicated by Merezhkovsky. With the image of the “poor knight” he associates all “chaste” literary heroes (Hippolytus, Myshkin) and writers (Chaadaev, Lermontov (in a certain period)), who have a platonic feeling for a secret lover. Merezhkovsky does not differentiate the editions of Pushkin’s poem (“Legend” and “Franz's Song” from “Scenes from Knightly Times”), since he is a man of ideas, in the framework of which the “poor knight” becomes the basis of his idealistic concept of platonic love, the bearer of pure feelings, and symbol of the ideal sweetheart, he defines A.M.D. As a result of the study, we determined that the unconventional interpretation of the abbreviation as Alma Mater Dei dates back to Merezhkovsky to the early medieval Catholic name of Our Lady, which converted to Christianity from Roman paganism, where it denoted mother goddesses. This fact in many respects determined the appearance of his neo-Christian concept of the sanctified Mother-Spirit flesh in the “Kingdom of the Third Testament”. The writer's frequent appeal at different periods of his work to the “The poor knight lived in the world ...” Pushkin, its original interpretation and commentary, as well as life practice, allowed us to define the image of the “poor knight” as a psycho-typological model of Merezhkovsky’s “life scenario”. The subject of further research will be the reception of Pushkin’s poem in the work of Z. Gippius, who also at different times refers to the image of the “poor knight” and acts as a co-author of her husband’s idea, but implements them in her own individual way.

Single-phase metamaterial plates for broadband vibration suppression at low frequencies

By studying platonic crystals based on lattices of cavities containing N-beam resonators, we conclude that crystals made of 1-beam resonators easily produce low-frequency omnidirectional bandgaps. Based on this favorable property, hardly obtained for resonant cavities containing a higher number of beams N ≥ 2, we have designed single-phase metamaterial plates for the suppression of low frequency flexural waves in a broad range of frequencies. These metamaterials are obtained by using resonant cavities containing a multiple number M of identical 1-beam resonators uniformly distributed in the cavity. Square lattices of this type of resonators have been studied by using the impedance matrix approach and the multiple scattering method. This semi-analytical method has been employed to show the existence of complete bandgaps whose width can be optimized by increasing M. For the case M = 4, the largest number of resonators studied here, three complete bandgaps separated by two narrow passbands appear in the band structure. The formation of these complete bandgaps originates from the dynamic interaction between different local resonators as well as their interaction with the propagating waves in the host plate. By using composite structures consisting of platonic crystal slabs with complementary bandgaps, these separated bandgaps easily merge into a broadband wave attenuation region. The normalized width, defined as the percentage of the bandwidth to its central frequency, reaches 95.3%, representing an enhancement of about one order of magnitude compared with the absolute bandwidth obtained for the case of a single 1-beam resonator in the cavity. It is shown that the gaps can be easily tuned to lower frequencies by changing the geometrical parameters, such as the length of the beam, the radius and thickness of the smaller circular plate. Since the metamaterial is made of a single-phase material without attaching heavy masses, the work reported here provides a simple approach to construct low-cost structures with potential applications in aeronautic and astronautic industries for broadband vibration suppression at low frequencies.

Geometrically navigating topological plate modes around gentle and sharp bends

Predictive theory to geometrically engineer devices and materials in continuum systems to have desired topological-like effects is developed here by bridging the gap between quantum and continuum mechanical descriptions. A platonic crystal, a bosonic-like system in the language of quantum mechanics, is shown to exhibit topological valley modes despite the system having no direct physical connection to quantum effects. We emphasise a predictive, first-principle, approach, the strength of which is demonstrated by the ability to design well-defined broadband edge states, resistant to backscatter, using geometric differences; the mechanism underlying energy transfer around gentle and sharp corners is described. Using perturbation methods and group theory, several distinct cases of symmetry-induced Dirac cones which when gapped yield non-trivial band-gaps are identified and classified. The propagative behavior of the edge states around gentle or sharp bends depends strongly upon the symmetry class of the bulk media and we illustrate this via numerical simulations.

Domain-specific Parenting Practices and Adolescent Self-esteem, Problem Behaviors, and Competence

In parent socialization research, it has been suggested that the specific practices parents apply to regulate different domains or areas of adolescents’ lives be examined to add greater specificity to domain-general studies of parenting styles or patterns and to better understand the link between parenting practices and adolescent adjustment. We examined from adolescents’ perspectives the parenting practices their mothers and fathers used when regulating different issues in different areas of adolescents’ lives. We examined 18 issues (e.g., grades, platonic friendship; smoking, fighting with siblings, choice of future career), classified into the moral, conventional, personal, and prudential domains, and multifaceted issues (issues that share features of more than one domain). We also examined whether domain variations in parenting practices are related to adolescents’ social and academic competence; self-esteem; internalizing, externalizing, attention, and total problems. Adolescents between 13 to 18 years of age (N = 182; M = 16.01 years of age; SD = 1.25) were interviewed (50 to 75 min) about the parenting practices their mothers and fathers employ for different issues. Adolescents also completed questionnaires on demographics and on their social and academic competence; self-esteem; internalizing, externalizing, attention, and total problems. Adolescent adjustment associated with some parenting practices (e.g., punishment) were domain-specific (e.g., positive in moral domain but negative in prudential domain). However, certain parenting practices (e.g., verbal hostility, coercion) were related to negative adjustment and others to positive adjustment (e.g., monitoring) irrespective of domains. The present study advances theoretical propositions regarding domain-specificity and domain generality of parenting practices.

Platonic crystal with low-frequency locally-resonant spiral structures: wave trapping, transmission amplification, shielding and edge waves

We propose a new type of platonic crystal, which includes spiral resonators with low-frequency resonant vibrations. The special dynamic effects of the resonators are highlighted by a comparative analysis of dispersion properties of homogeneous and perforated plates. Analytical and numerical estimates of classes of standing waves are given and the analysis of a macrocell shows the possibility to obtain localization, wave trapping and edge waves. Applications include transmission amplification within two plates separated by a small ligament and a novel design to suppress low-frequency flexural vibrations in an elongated plate implementing a bypass system that re-routes waves within the mechanical system. Finally, we show the possibility to obtain Konenkov-Bloch edge waves for general boundary conditions.

“As You Grow up the Divide Still Tends to Happen”: A Qualitative Investigation of Gender Segregation in Adulthood

Gender segregation, the tendency to form social relationships with those of the same gender, is believed to contribute to gender-typing (Mehta and Strough in Sex Roles 63:251–263, 2010), sexism (Keener et al. in Gend Educ 25:818–833, 2013; Leaper in Childhood gender segregation: causes and consequences, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1994) and beliefs that it is it is only appropriate to be friends with those of the same gender (Werking in We’re just good friends: women and men in nonromantic relationships, Guilford Press, New York, 1997). While gender segregation and its correlates have been widely studied in childhood, little research has investigated gender segregation in adulthood. In the present study, we qualitatively investigated gender segregation, potential contributors to gender segregation, and cross-gender friendships by interviewing a sample of eleven heterosexual adults (six female, five male) aged 30–39. Participants reported preferring and feeling closer to their same-gender friends than their cross-gender friends and having different interests and activity preferences than their cross-gender friends. Participants also reported that being in a heterosexual romantic relationship promoted both gender segregation and the formation of cross-gender friendships. Finally adults reported that they gained enjoyment and perspective from their cross-gender friendships. Taken together, this research suggests that while gender segregation continues to exist in adulthood, adults enjoy and recognize the benefits of having cross-gender friends.

Interpersonal Touch Buffers Pain Sensitivity in Romantic Relationships but Heightens Sensitivity between Strangers and Friends

A variety of evidence suggests that interpersonal behaviors such as touch can have pain-alleviating effects on recipients. Less well understood is how touch affects sensitivity to pain in the first place, and whether its effects depend on the nature of the relationship in which it occurs. In the present experiment, 55 adults who had not been diagnosed with a pain disorder were exposed to a cold pressor pain induction with an opposite-sex stranger, platonic friend, or romantic partner who either touched their shoulders, was present in the room without touching them, or was absent during the cold pressor. The outcome variable was the self-reported level of pain induced by the stimulus at the moment when the stimulus became painful (i.e., pain sensitivity). Compared to presence or absence, touch dampened pain sensitivity for romantic partners, allowing them to tolerate more intensity before the stimulus became painful. Touch had the opposite effect for friends and strangers, heightening their sensitivity to pain.

De/valorization of Platonic Love in Petronius' Satyricon: Desire, Declamation, and Dominion

De/valorization of Platonic Love in Petronius' Satyricon: Desire, Declamation, and Dominion

The Representation of Altruistic and Egoistic Motivations in Popular Music over 60 Years

Content analyses examining the values expressed in popular music have been predominantly ad hoc, limited to antisocial themes, and lacking a comprehensive theoretical coding scheme. We applied a content analytic scheme based in the model of intuitive morality and exemplars (MIME) to examine altruistic and egoistic values in popular music over 60 years. Findings show (a) more frequent representation of egoistic than altruistic motivations, and (b) the profusion of egoistic motivations focused mostly on romantic (in adult-targeted music) but also platonic (in child-targeted music) relationships.

Relationship maintenance across platonic and non-platonic cross-sex friendships in emerging adults

ABSTRACTPrior research examining maintenance in cross-sex friendships focuses heavily on platonic (i.e., nonsexually active) friendships with limited research examining sexually involved cross-sex friendships (i.e., “friends with benefits relationships”). In this study, we investigated differences in relational maintenance behaviors between sexually and nonsexually active cross-sex friendships types. In an online survey, 531 emerging adult participants from large southwestern and southeastern universities identified either a friends with benefits or platonic opposite sex friendship and then completed items asking them to report the frequency with which they enacted each of 36 relationship maintenance behaviors. Overall, participants involved in casual sex friendships engaged in the least, and those who transitioned from a friends-with-benefits relationship to a romantic relationship engaged in the most frequent relationship maintenance. Platonic friendships employed more frequent maintenance than casual-sex friendships but less than either true friends with benefits or participants who transitioned to a romantic relationship.

Bringing The Scarlet Letter into The Scarlet Professor: A Composer's Reflections

Bringing <i>The Scarlet Letter</i> into <i>The Scarlet Professor</i>: A Composer's Reflections

Two Gifts from Goethe: Charlotte von Stein's and Charlotte Schiller's Writing-Tables

Two Gifts from Goethe:Charlotte von Stein's and Charlotte Schiller's Writing-Tables Linda Dietrick It is well known that before and after his transformative journey to Italy (1786–88), Goethe enjoyed two intense, decade-long friendships: with Charlotte von Stein in the decade before Italy, and with Charlotte Schiller from 1794 until the latter's death in 1805. What is less known, even now, is that both Charlotte von Stein and Charlotte Schiller were writers in their own right. In 1779 and 1794, Goethe gave the gift of a desk or "writing-table" (Schreibtisch) to Charlotte von Stein and Charlotte Schiller, respectively. In what follows, I explore the histories of these two gifts and the associated acts of gift-giving as staged by Goethe in these two phases of his life. As pieces of furniture used for the purpose of writing, and as gifts from a male writer to women who also wrote, the two desks suggest a range of meanings for both the giver and the two Charlottes who were the recipients. Social theorists have long argued that gifts are never "free," but always figure in a complex system of social relationships founded upon mutual expectation and obligation. As we shall see, Goethe's gifts are good examples of that.1 Charlotte von Stein (1742–1827) was a lady of the court of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, serving chiefly as a companion to Duchess Luise, the wife of Goethe's patron Duke Karl August, and to his mother the Dowager Duchess Anna Amalia. She had been married since 1764 to Karl August's master of stables, Josias von Stein, and had borne seven children, of whom only three had survived infancy. Soon after Goethe's arrival in Weimar in 1776, she became the object of his intense desire. Of the thousands of letters and notes they exchanged, only Goethe's (about 1600) have survived.2 Those letters document an intimate though most likely platonic relationship, as well as a fully shared social and intellectual life. Stein introduced him to the intricacies of aristocratic court life, and Goethe introduced her to his many literary and scientific pursuits, for which her education and reading made her the ideal dialogue partner. Their relationship was interrupted when Goethe abruptly departed for Italy in 1786, and it eventually broke off when, after his return in 1788, he entered a common-law relationship with Christiane Vulpius, a young woman of lower social status. Charlotte Schiller (1766–1826), née von Lengefeld, was born into impoverished nobility in Rudolstadt, 40 km from Weimar. Charlotte von Stein, as a friend of the family, was present at her christening, and when the younger Charlotte reached adulthood, the two women became close [End Page 203] friends, a relationship that continued for the rest of their lives. Charlotte von Lengefeld was married to Friedrich Schiller in 1790, and they had four children together before Friedrich's death at the age of 45. Charlotte von Stein's side of the two women's correspondence is still extant and can be read at the Goethe and Schiller Archive (GSA) in Weimar and, in heavily abridged and amended form, in volume 2 of Ludwig Urlichs' Charlotte Schiller und ihre Freunde (1862).3 The GSA holdings comprise 165 letters.4 The first letter dates from 1783 and the last from 1825, but the vast majority are from the decade and a half leading up to 1799, when the Schillers moved from Jena to Weimar, close to Stein. The letters not only chronicle Charlotte von Stein's and implicitly Charlotte Schiller's relationships with the famous male writers, but also offer insider knowledge of the literary scene: who and what was being read and talked about during this significant period in German culture. This epistolary conversation links Jena and Weimar long before Goethe and Friedrich Schiller began their own friendship and collaboration in 1794. It also documents the fact that both Charlottes were active as writers. The literary works of Charlotte von Stein include, in addition to several poems and translations, four dramas that have survived and can be attributed to her: the short drama Rino (1776), the tragedy Dido (1794), the comedy...

Femmina masculo e masculo femmina: Androgynous Beauty and Ambiguous Sexualities in the Italian Renaissance

This article considers readings of Aristophanes' tale of the Androgyne from Plato's Symposium in Marsilio Ficino's De amore (Commentary on Plato's Symposium) (1484), Leone Ebreo's Dialoghi d'amore (Dialogues on Love) (1535), and Pico della Mirandola's Commento sopra una canzone d'amore (Comment on a Love Song) (1487). Against the backdrop of the so-called "heterosexualization" of Platonic love in Renaissance Italy, sections 1 and 2 will examine in turn the authors' precise textual handling of gender as they sought to dissolve Aristophanes' identification of superior masculinity with male homosexuality, defending the former yet rejecting the latter. Bringing to light a close and mutually destabilizing relationship between sexual anxieties and constructed gender identities in the period, the influence of their works will be considered in section 3 through sixteenth-century trattati d'amore (treatises of love) and a new interpretation of Raphael's Portrait of Bindo Altoviti. A cross-cultural axis of deliberately constructed gender ambiguity emerges, problematizing the gendering of the erotic object of desire and thus the stability of the "heterosexual" character of reformed sixteenth-century Platonic love.

A Review of Call Me by Your Name, Courtesy of Philology 101

A Review of Call Me by Your Name, Courtesy of Philology 101 JUSTIN HUDAK The title of Luca Guadagnino’s latest film derives from the first half of the climactic line whispered in bed by a 24-year-old Classics graduate student named Oliver (played by Armie Hammer) to his professor’s 17-year-old son, Elio Perlman (played by Timothée Chalamet). Conjoined to the titular phrase “Call me by your name” is a promise: “and I’ll call you by mine.” Reviewers have said next to nothing about these eleven monosyllables, about this pair of five-word phrases made up of 16 letters apiece, balanced upon the fulcrum of an unassuming conjunction, and uttered at the midpoint of a drama about that greatest and most mysterious conjunction that we call love. But these words both require and repay our close attention. The idea of reciprocity is perfectly easy to understand (“Call me . . . and I’ll call you”). Less readily apparent, however, is the aptness of the rhetorical figure in which this idea is couched: “me by your . . . you by mine” constitutes a chiasmus. It is not the film’s first such figure, for the two lovers are introduced by an interlocking of words which, though formulaic, is nevertheless wonderfully prophetic of the embrace that will come later: “Elio, Oliver; Oliver, Elio,” says Professor Perlman (played by Michael Stuhlbarg). Oliver is already, at this early stage, inside Elio; at the same time, E-L-I-O is already, anagrammatically, inside O-L-I-v-E-r. More complicated is the chiasmus contained within Oliver’s hendecasyllable: syntactically speaking, it casts each lover in the dual role of posLuca Guadagnino, director, Call Me By Your Name. P. Spears and H. Rosenman, producers (United States: Sony Pictures Classics, 2017). Based on the novel by André Aciman. arion 26.2 fall 2018 sessing subject (“your,” “mine”) and object possessed (“me,” “you”). Of course, for the characters themselves the pleasure of this much-delayed climax is more tactile than syntactic. Only when the film’s titular line is uttered do the interlocutors lock limbs and consummate their hitherto platonic relationship . If such complexities seem more appropriate to literature than to film, perhaps that is because they are in this case. Like its title, Guadagnino’s film is itself but part of a larger whole, the cinematic response to a literary call made a decade earlier by André Aciman’s novel of the same name. But the book and the movie are not the only things that share a name: so, too, do the characters whose love they chronicle. How so? To invoke another of Oliver’s lines, “I’m going to talk etymology, so just bear with me a second.” The name “Oliver” derives from the Latin oliva (olive tree), while the name “Elio” bears an uncanny resemblance to this Latin word’s ancient Greek counterpart elaia, which via itacism becomes the modern Greek elia. We would perhaps be justified in regarding this correspondence as a mere coincidence, were it not for Oliver’s own keen interest in etymology. In a scene from the movie based very closely upon an episode in Aciman’s novel, Oliver expounds thus upon the history of the word “apricot”: [M]ost Latin words do find their origins in Greek words. However, in the case of “apricot” it’s a little bit more of a complicated journey. . . . Here, the Greek actually takes over from the Latin, the Latin word being praecoquum or praecoquere, so “to precook” or “pre-ripen,” as you know, “to be precocious or premature.” And the Byzantines, to go on, then borrowed praecox, which became prekokkia, which then became berikokki, which is how the Arabs got al-birquq. This bravura performance elicits awed silence, which the young scholar breaks with the casual remark, “Courtesy of Philology 101.” Disregarding the fact that most Latin words do not find their origins in Greek words (a myth we can only hope was dispelled in Philology 102), we would do well to consider how this claim relates to the lovers: the precocious 152 a review of CALL ME BY YOUR NAME Elio (whose name is rooted in Greek) actually...