Platinum Diffusion Research Articles

The Holby–Morgan Model of Platinum Catalyst Degradation in PEM Fuel Cells: Range of Feasible Parameters Achieved Using Voltage Cycling

Loss of electrochemical surface area in proton-exchange membrane is of large practical importance, since membrane degradation largely affects the durability and life of fuel cells. In this paper, the electrokinetic model developed by Holby and Morgan is considered. The paper describes degradation mechanisms in membrane catalyst presented by platinum dissolution, platinum diffusion, and platinum oxide formation. A one-dimensional model is governed by nonlinear reaction–diffusion equations given in a cathodic catalyst layer using Butler–Volmer relationships for reaction rates. The governing system is endowed with initial conditions, mixed no-flux boundary condition at the interface with gas diffusion layer, and a perfectly absorbing condition at the membrane boundary. In cyclic voltammetry tests, a non-symmetric square waveform is applied for the electric potential difference between 0.6 and 0.9 V held for 10 and 30 s, respectively, according to the protocol of European Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. Aimed at mitigation strategies, the impact of cycling operating conditions and model parameters on the loss rate of active area is investigated. The global behavior with respect to variation of parameters is performed using the method of sensitivity analysis. Finding feasible and unfeasible values helps to determine the range of test parameters employed in the model. Comprehensive results of numerical simulation tests are presented and discussed.

Investigating the Dynamics of Pt/CeO2 Catalysts at the Powder Agglomerate Scale by Combining In Situ Hyperspectral Raman Imaging and SEM‐EDX Analysis

AbstractThe dynamics of Pt/CeO2 catalysts is a hot topic since its knowledge can be used to (re)generate more active sites for redox reactions, even at low temperature (<500 °C). While numerous works focus on the atomic scale, the spatial extent of Pt surface diffusion is poorly known. In this work, it is evaluated at the powder agglomerate scale using an original methodology combining SEM‐EDX analysis and in situ optical/microRaman hyperspectral imaging performed on a Pt/CeO2+CeO2 mechanical mixture. No intergranular diffusion of platinum during redox cycles at 500 °C is revealed by these techniques, in particular by the Raman images of Ce3+ and peroxo species, which are highly sensitive to the presence of Pt atoms. It strongly suggests that Pt surface diffusion takes place only at the nanometer scale and could be limited by atom trapping on Pt/CeO2 agglomerates. Our method for investigating diffusion processes at the micrometer scale may be extended to other thermochemical conditions and other materials.

Low-Temperature Sealing of Titanium for Hermetic Implant Packages

Implantable medical electronics are almost exclusively packaged in titanium shells to ensure reliability and longevity. Additional silicone rubber encapsulation improves structural biocompatibility and limits the diffusion of ion from the body to package materials. These capsules must be hermetically sealed and provide electrical feedthroughs that are insulated against each other by connecting ceramic parts. In this study, a novel RoHS compliant low temperature soldering process is presented, allowing the required assembly. Tungsten/titanium as adhesion material and platinum as wetting layer were deposited by physical vapor deposition as thin-films and were structured by a rapid prototyping laser process. Different devices were soldered with a tin-silver alloy below 300 °C resulting in low thermal stress. The platinum acts as an excellent solder pad. A 50 nm tungsten/titanium adhesion promoter efficiently strengthens the bond to the titanium substrate. The results show that the platinum layer must be thicker than 300 nm to guarantee high bonding strength. Analyses of cross-sections of the joint show occurrence of diffusion of platinum and silver during the soldering process. At soldering times above 30 seconds, a large intermetallic layer forms at the soldering contact, which is prone to crack formation. Likewise, intermixing of tungsten and platinum were observed but without detrimental effects. Limitations in solder times are therefore advisable, for example by introduction of automatic processes. Soaking tests were performed with sealed capsules in water at 60 °C for one year without measurable increase of humidity inside the package. In the used accelerated aging model, this would correspond to a hermetic sealing of about 5 years at 37 °C.

A Review of Platinum Diffusion in Silicon and Its Application for Lifetime Engineering in Power Devices

In silicon power semiconductors, platinum is used to improve the switching characteristics of the devices by adjusting the lifetime of the minority charge carriers. Platinum diffusion in silicon has been a research topic for many scientists over the past decades. Herein, the current state of knowledge is presented together with the concepts developed for its use in silicon power devices. The relevant processes include diffusion from a platinum silicide, postimplantation annealing, and phosphorus‐diffusion gettering. The evaluation of corresponding experiments and the calibration of the models have not only resulted in more narrow limits for the equilibrium concentrations of vacancies and self‐interstitials in silicon and the transport capacity of interstitial platinum, but also in improved devices.

Investigations on the Diffusion of Platinum between CMSX-4 Superalloy and Platinum-Enriched Bond Coat

The depletion of Pt in Pt-enriched bond coats due to inter-diffusion with superalloys has been a critical concern for the long-term oxidation resistance of thermal barrier coatings. This study investigated the diffusion behaviour of Pt between CMSX-4 superalloys and two commercial Pt-enriched bond coats comprising intermetallic γ′/γ-phase or β-phase, with the aim to understand the mechanism that leads to the depletion of Pt at high temperatures. The results demonstrated that the diffusion of Pt in superalloy disrupts its phase equilibrium, causes a significant lattice parameter misfit between the γ-phase and γ′-phase, and results in the formation of large γ′-grains with irregular shapes and random orientations. In addition, by using the Thermo-Calc software, Pt was found to have negative chemical interactions with both Al and Ta that stabilise Pt by decreasing its chemical activity. The depletion of Al due to the growth of Al2O3 scale during oxidation increases the activity of Pt and therefore accelerates the inwards depletion of Pt towards superalloys.

Study of oxaliplatin penetration into ovaries of patients treated with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for peritoneal metastases of colorectal and appendiceal origin using mass spectrometry imaging.

ObjectivesPlatinum salts are commonly used in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for digestive tract cancer treatment. During HIPEC with oxaliplatin for peritoneal metastases (PMs) treatment, the ovaries are directly exposed to the drug, questioning about ovarian resection and the potential impact of the drug on ovarian functionality, especially in young women of childbearing age. The goal of this work is to understand unwanted damages to the ovaries during HIPEC therapy by the determination of the concentration and distribution of platinum in ovaries in order to address its potential toxicity.MethodsMass spectrometry imaging techniques, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP MS), were used to study the penetration of oxaliplatin in ovaries after HIPEC treatment.ResultsMALDI-MS allowed the localization of an oxaliplatin-derivative (m/z 456.2) at the periphery of the ovaries. The quantitative LA-ICP MS maps confirmed the localization of elemental platinum as well as in the central part of ovaries from patients who received a previous platinum salt-based chemotherapy.ConclusionsLA-ICP MS images showed that platinum diffusion was extended in cases of previous systemic treatment, questioning about platinum derivatives gonado-toxicity when combining the two treatments.

Mapping global fuel cell vehicle industry chain and assessing potential supply risks

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have the potential to contribute significantly to improving air quality and addressing climate concerns in the future. However, due to the highly dynamic technology and manufacturing developments, there is a lack of understanding of the state-of-the-art global FCV industry chain and associated supply risks. This study fills such a research gap by mapping global FCV industry chain during the period 2017–2019, and assessing the supply risks of relevant key commodities. The results show that significant supply risks existed in global FCV industry chain, especially in upstream commodities like platinum and gas diffusion layer (GDL). The combined indicator of Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and Worldwide Governance-Indicator (HHI-WGI) is used to quantify the supply risks, showing that HHI-WGI of platinum is on the highest level. On the national level, supply risks are identified primarily in platinum for Japan, in vehicles for the United States, and along the entire industry chain for China. Network analysis is conducted to visualize and analyze how countries, companies and commodities are connected, showing that the highest supply risks were identified in GDLs. It is recommended that country-specific measures should be taken to mitigate supply risks, including building up national stocks of critical materials, investing overseas, enhancing the guidance over industry policies, and stepping up infrastructure construction.

Simulation of spatial diffusion of platinum from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate beads by use of an agarose gelatin tissue phantom.

OBJECTIVE To characterize spatial release of platinum from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CI-CSH) beads by use of an agarose tissue phantom. SAMPLE 3-mm-diameter beads (n = 60) containing 4.6 mg of carboplatin (2.4 mg of platinum)/bead. PROCEDURES 18 L of 1% agarose was prepared and poured into 36 containers (10 × 10 × 10 cm), each of which was filled half full (0.5 L/container). After the agarose solidified, 1, 3, 6, or 10 CI-CSH beads were placed on the agar in defined patterns. An additional 36 blocks of agar (0.5 L/block) were placed atop the beads, positioning the beads in the center of 1 L of agar. The experiment was replicated 3 times for each bead pattern for 24, 48, and 72 hours. At these times, representative agarose blocks were sectioned in the x-, y-, and z-planes and labeled in accordance with their positions in shells radiating 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm from the center of the blocks. Agarose from each shell was homogenized, and a sample was submitted for platinum analysis by use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Platinum diffused from CI-CSH beads at predicted anticancer cytotoxic concentrations for 2 to 5 cm. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided information regarding the spatial distribution of platinum expected to occur in vivo. Agarose may be used as a diffusion model, mimicking the characteristics of subcutaneous tissues. Measured platinum concentrations might be used to guide patterns for implantation of CI-CSH beads in animals with susceptible neoplasms.

Platinum Adsorption and Diffusion on Two-Dimensional Gallium Nitride

In this study, we examined the adsorption and diffusion of platinum (Pt) adatom on two-dimensional hexagonal gallium nitride (h-GaN), by using first-principles plane-wave calculations. Two different levels of platinum coverage ratio (θ=1/8 and θ=1/32) were considered and the changes in the electronic structure for high-level platinum coverage ratio (θ=1/8) were examined. Low-level coverage ratio (θ=1/32) is used to calculate the diffusion barrier energy of Pt adatom on GaN monolayer. Our theoretical calculations have shown that Pt atom strongly binds on the top of nitrogen atoms in GaN monolayer and high energy is required for its diffusion. While GaN monolayer has 2.1 eV indirect band gap (Γ→K), this band gap reduces to 1.3 eV with Pt adsorption. These results may lead to further investigations on forming Pt nanoparticles or Pt coating on GaN sheet.

Silicon self‐interstitial properties deduced from platinum profiles after annealing with controlled cooling

AbstractExperiments of platinum diffusion in silicon were used to extract information about the equilibrium concentration of silicon self‐interstitials. In these experiments, the platinum was driven in from a silicide and the temperature was ramped down with different rates after the main annealing process at constant temperature. Simulations show that the concentration of substitutional platinum in the bulk region is sensitive to the value of the equilibrium concentration of self‐interstitials within a certain range. It was therefore possible to determine an upper limit for that parameter at 830°C based on our measurements.

Investigation of a combined platinum and electron lifetime control treatment for silicon

In silicon, the effect of Combined Lifetime Treatment (CLT) involving platinum diffusion and subsequent electron irradiation is different from the separate treatments of platinum diffusion and electron irradiation, even the treatment of electron irradiation followed by platinum diffusion. In this paper, we investigated the experimental behavior of different kinds of lifetime treated samples. We found that the reverse leakage current (Irr) increases with the increasing platinum diffusion temperature or electron irradiation dose in the separate treatments. Conversely, Irr of the CLT samples decreased with rising platinum diffusion temperature at the same dose of subsequent electron irradiation. By deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), a new energy level E7 (Ec −0.376eV) was found in our CLT samples. The new level E7 suppresses the dominance of the deeper level E8 (Ec −0.476eV), which is caused by electron irradiation directly and results in Irr’s increase. The formation of the level E7 comes from the complex defect-combined effect between platinum atoms and silicon vacancies, and it affects device’s characteristics finally. These research will be helpful to the development of platinum-diffused devices used in intense electron irradiation environments.

(Invited) New Design of Double MgO-Based p-Mtj Spin-Valves with Top Co2Fe6B2 Free Layer Performain Highly Increased TMR Ratio and Thermal Stability

Perpendicular spin-transfer-torque magnetic-random-access-memory (p-STT MRAM) has intensively been researched as a promising memory cell to overcome a physical scaling limit of less than 20 nm in current dynamic-random-access-memory (DRAM) because of its fast write time (~10 ns), non-volatile memory operation, and extremely low power consumption. For realizing terra-bit-level integration of p-STT-MRAM cells fabricated with a selective transistor and a perpendicular-magnetic-tunnel-junction (p-MTJ) spin-valve, the p-MTJ spin-valves with a bottom CoFeB free layer using a Ta bridging and capping layer have been generally and widely researched. They need to achieve a high tunneling-magneto-resistance (TMR) ratio (>150%), thermal stability (Δ) (>74), and switching current (Jc) (~1x102 MA/cm2) at the back end of line (BEOL) temperature of 400oC. It has been reported that a Ta bridging and capping layer would be a good absorption layer for Boron (B) to enhance i-PMA characteristic but Ta atoms easily diffuse into the MgO tunneling barrier during ex- situ annealing temperature (or a thermal budget at BEOL)1,2. Thus, the p-MTJ spin-valves with a bottom CoFeB free layer using a tantalum (Ta: body-centered-cubic structure) bridging and capping layer have extreme difficulty achieving the TMR ratio of > 100% at the BEOL of 400 oC since the TMR ratio decreases rapidly as ex- situ annealing temperature (or a BEOL temperature) increases. Recently, the p-MTJ spin-valves with a top CoFeB free layer using a Ta bridging and capping layer have been intensively studied to obtain a higher TMR ratio at a higher ex- situ annealing temperature (or a BEOL temperature) since it would minimize the diffusion of platinum (Pt) atoms into the MgO tunneling barrier3-5. However, they confront a significant diffusion of Ta atoms into the MgO tunneling barrier at ex- situ annealing (or BEOL) of 400oC, so the b.c.c crystallinity of the MgO tunneling barrier is abruptly degraded, thereby rapidly decreasing the TMR ratio of the p-MTJ spin-valves. An innovative solution proposed in this paper is a new design of a p-MTJ spin-valve with a top Co2Fe6B2 free layer using a W bridging with sub-nanoscale thickness (~0.24 nm) and a tungsten (W: body-centered-cubic structure) capping layer with nanoscale thickness (~4.0 nm). The proposed design demonstrated no diffusion of Ta atoms into the MgO tunneling barrier and minimized the diffusion of Fe atoms at both Co2Fe6B2 free and pinned layer at an ex-situ annealing of 400oC. Therefore, b.c.c crystallinity degradation of the MgO tunneling barrier could be prevented, and high PMA magnetic moments at both Co2Fe6B2 free and pinned layers could be achieved. Thus, the p-MTJ spin-valve with a Co2Fe6B2 free layer using a W bridging and capping layer with nanoscale thickness (~4.0 nm) achieved the TMR ratio of ~143% at ex- situ annealing of 400oC, as shown Fig. 1. Furthermore, as a way to achieve a TMR ratio of >150% at 400°C, in this paper, we present the design of a new double MgO-based p-MTJ spin-valve with a top Co2Fe6B2 free layer by inserting a nanoscale Fe diffusion barrier (~0.30 nm: only two Fe atomic layers thick) between the W capping layer (~ 4.0 nm in thickness) and MgO capping layer (~1.0 nm in thickness). This new p-MTJ spin-valve had a TMR ratio of ~154% and Δ of 90 in ex-situ magnetic annealing at 400°C, as shown Fig. 2. * This work was supported by a Basic Science Research Program grant from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (No. 2014R1A2A1A01006474) and the Brain Korea 21 PLUS Program in 2014. Reference [1] J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106, 023920 [2] Acta Materialia 2015, 87, 259 [3] IEDM 2015, pp. 26. 2 [4] IEDM 2015, pp. 26. 3 [5] IEDM 2015, pp. 26. 4 Fig. 1. (a) p-MTJ spin-valve structure using a Ta bridging and capping layer, (b) p-MTJ spin-valve structure using a W bridging and capping layer, and (c) dependency of the TMR ratio on bridging and capping layer thickness for both p-MTJ spin-valves using Ta and W bridging and capping layers. Fig. 2. Dependence of TMR ratio on nanoscale thickness of Fe diffusion barrier for double MgO-based p-MTJ spin-valves with a top Co2Fe6B2 free layer. Figure 1

An X-ray fluorescence microscopic analysis of the tissue surrounding the multi-channel cochlear implant electrode array

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyse the tissue surrounding the University of Melbourne's (UOMs) multi-channel cochlear implant electrode array and cochlear limited replacements, after long-term implantations. In particular, it aimed to identify the particulate material in the fibrous tissue capsule of the arrays implanted in 1978, 1983, and 1998, by using the Australian Synchrotron for X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to reveal the characteristic spectrum of metal, in particular platinum. This also helped to determine its format and chemical state. Tissue was retrieved following the recipient's death in 2007.Methods: Tissue was fixed and sections taken across the UOM and Cochlear Corporation (CI-22 and CI-24) electrode tracks. These were stained with Masson's trichrome. The Australian Synchrotron enabled XFM to accurately identify platinum from its characteristic fluorescence spectrum.Results: There was a fibrous tissue capsule (about 100-µm thick) and small regions of calcification around the UOM and CI-22 arrays, but a thinner capsule (40–60-µm thick) around CI-24, and a greater degree of calcification. Dark particulate matter was observed within macrophages and especially in fibrous tissue in proximity to the UOM and CI-22 arrays. This was identified as platinum using X-ray fluorescence. There was also diffusion of platinum into the tissue surrounding the UOM and CI-22 electrodes and fine particles had penetrated the spiral ligament.Discussion: The larger particulate matter in the tissue around the UOM and CI-22 arrays suggested that it had flaked off in the manufacturing of the UOM electrodes. The more diffuse spread of platinum in the tissue around the UOM and CI-22 electrodes was likely due to electrolysis, probably from charge imbalance with the bipolar pulses from the UOM implant. This did not occur with the Cochlear CI-24 device. Furthermore, the widespread fine particles of platinum could have also been due to corrosion, especially from the UOM electrodes.

The Impacts of Platinum Diffusion to the Reverse Recovery Lifetime of a High Power Diode Devices

The reverse recovery lifetime of a diode is one the key parameter in power electronics market. To make a diode with fast switching speed, diodes are often doped with impurities such as gold and platinum to improve its lifetime. In this works, we present the reverse recovery lifetime improvement of a power rectifier diode through platinum diffusion in the intrinsic region in between P-N junction using Design of Experiment (DOE) approach. A commercial available power rectifier is used in this study. We factored in the temperature and thermal diffusion time during the platinum diffusion process in our DOE. From results, DOE 2 (with shorter thermal duration and high temperature for diffusion) is selected based on meeting requirement for forward voltage and reverse recovery specifications i.e. forward voltage at 1.8V and reverse recovery time at 27ns.

Synthesis and Analysis of the Structure, Diffusion and Cytotoxicity of Heterocyclic Platinum(IV) Complexes.

We have developed six dihydroxidoplatinum(IV) compounds with cytotoxic potential. Each derived from active platinum(II) species, these complexes consist of a heterocyclic ligand (HL) and ancillary ligand (AL) in the form [Pt(HL)(AL)(OH)2](2+), where HL is a methyl-functionalised variant of 1,10-phenanthroline and AL is the S,S or R,R isomer of 1,2-diaminocyclohexane. NMR characterisation and X-ray diffraction studies clearly confirmed the coordination geometry of the octahedral platinum(IV) complexes. The self-stacking of these complexes was determined using pulsed gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance. The self-association behaviour of square planar platinum(II) complexes is largely dependent on concentration, whereas platinum(IV) complexes do not aggregate under the same conditions, possibly due to the presence of axial ligands. The cytotoxicity of the most active complex, exhibited in several cell lines, has been retained in the platinum(IV) form.

Hermetic Electrical Feedthroughs Based on the Diffusion of Platinum into Silicon

Within this paper a novel approach for the development of hermetic electrical feedthroughs is introduced. So far, every vertical feedthrough induces at the feedthroughs' interfaces possible paths for water to leak across the hermetic barrier into the hermetic package. The presented approach is based on the diffusion of platinum into silicon, locally changing the electrical behavior of the substrate due to the induced impurities. This method avoids destroying the bulk material, in this case silicon, preserving the hermetic barrier environment. Different n-type silicon substrates were investigated for their usability through various diffusion experiments under two gas atmospheres: Argon/hydrogen and pure nitrogen. A significant change in silicon behavior could be shown for one of the used substrates. The current flowing through the bulk could be decreased by a factor of around 12 for an argon/hydrogen atmosphere and by around 10 for pure nitrogen. The current directly correlates with a local increase of the substrates' resistance, demonstrating the possibility of adapting the electrical properties of a substrate to create insulating areas within a conductive substrate.

Influence of Surface Finish on the Cyclic Oxidation Lifetime of an EB-PVD TBC, Deposited on PtAl and Pt-diffused Bondcoats

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are well established as protective systems for gas turbine hot path components, due to their ability, with substrate cooling, to reduce the maximum surface temperature experienced by the metal component. However, when subject to high temperature oxidation, cyclic heating and cooling during service, TBCs degrade in both thermal protection capability and mechanical stability as a result of a combined thickening of the alumina-thermally grown oxide and sintering of the ceramic top coat. Eventually the ceramic top coat spalls from the metallic substrates. The detailed failure mechanisms for the TBC often are complicated, reflecting a balance between defects introduced into the TBC during manufacture and service and the stored energy generated in the TBC as a result of cyclic thermal exposure. It has been shown that the surface finish influences the residual stress in the thermally grown oxide and thus the stored energy. In this study, the influence of substrate surface finish, prior to bondcoat manufacture, on the cyclic oxidation lifetime is examined. Two EB-PVD TBC systems, a zirconia 8 wt% yttria topcoat on a platinum aluminide bondcoat and a zirconia 8 wt% yttria topcoat on a platinum diffused γ+γ′ bondcoat have been studied. For these two systems, various substrate surface finishes have been investigated, including ground, grit blasted and polished and grit blasted surfaces. The lifetime data for these cyclic oxidation tests of EB-PVD TBCs on these two diffusion bondcoats, platinum aluminide and platinum diffused, on CMSX4, have been analysed statistically for the various surface finishes. It is shown that the variability in measured lifetime can be modelled using Weibull statistics. The role of surface finish on the Weibull model parameters, characteristic life (η) and Weibull modulus (β), are discussed in this paper and hence the role surface finish plays on the likelihood of early, short life, TBC failure. Based on this analysis a more optimised surface finish is recommended to extend TBC lifetimes with diffusion based bondcoats. Further, the platinum diffusion bondcoat is shown to outperform the platinum aluminide system once the substrate surface finish has been optimised.

Platinum and gold diffusion monitor vacancy profiles induced into silicon wafers by aluminum alloying

AbstractIn this paper, we use the gold and platinum marker method, to confirm our preliminary finding that aluminum indiffusion into Si crystal during so‐called “aluminum gettering” (AlG) can result in the injection of vacancies into Si crystal. Depth profiles of Au in p‐type Si have been studied by the DLTS after diffusion at 850 °C for 2 h prior to and subsequent to AlG. The donor concentration attributed to Aus is about two orders of magnitude higher compared with that measured in samples without AlG. Similar results were also observed for Pt. The increase in Pts or Aus concentration in the silicon bulk provides the most direct evidence so far that AlG with 400 nm Al layer, for 50 min at 1100 °C injects vacancies with non‐equilibrium concentrations of about 1015 cm−3. The possible mechanism of vacancies generation is discussed.

Enhanced Silicon Bandgap by Platinum Diffusion for UV Detector

Enhanced Silicon Bandgap by Platinum Diffusion for UV Detector

Oxygen reduction electrode in advanced chlor‐alkali with ruthenium as electro‐catalyst

AbstractThe platinum (Pt) diffusion gas electrodes are frequently used in chlor‐alkali process industry. The platinum (Pt) diffusion gas electrodes used in advanced chlor‐alkali process has encountered many disadvantages such as flooding, which is the result of peroxide production phenomenon. The flooding reduces the process efficiency. In this article new electrodes are used to overcome some of the above‐mentioned disadvantages to increase efficiency. The effects of seven process parameters are also individually studied. The results show the brine concentration increase CCE by increasing, anolyte, oxygen temperatures, and flow rates. The brine concentration decreases as the current density increases. The Ru/C catalyst performance is higher than Pt/C catalyst. Besides, Ru effectively prevents the aggregation and growth of platinum nano‐particles in the thermal heating process. The higher activity, good stability, and the better caustic current efficiency of the Ru/C catalyst make it more suitable cathode in advanced chlor‐alkali process.