Bar Plate Research Articles

Static tests on steel–concrete–steel sandwich beams

Bi-Steel is an innovative form of steel–concrete–steel sandwich construction invented by Bowerman [Bowerman H, Coyle N, Chapman JC. An innovative steel/concrete construction system. The Structural Engineer 2002;80(20):33–8], in which the two steel plates are inter-connected by a series of transverse bar connectors simultaneously friction welded at both ends. In use, the steel units are assembled, welded, and filled with concrete. The behaviour of the friction-welded bar–plate connections embedded in concrete subjected to bar tension and bar shear have been described in papers [Xie M, Chapman JC. Static and fatigue tensile strength of friction-welded bar–plate connections embedded in concrete. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2005;61:651–73; Xie M, Foundoukos N, Chapman JC. Experimental and numerical investigation on the shear behaviour of friction-welded bar–plate connections embedded in concrete. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2005;61:625–49]. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the static behaviour of Bi-Steel beams. Eighteen beams having a range of span, depth, plate thickness and bar spacing, have been tested under static loading, and four elementary modes of failure were observed: tension plate yielding, bar shear, bar tension and concrete shear. The tests confirm that for ductile failure, beams should be designed to fail by yielding of the tension plate. Comparisons are made with current design recommendations and some alternative methods are proposed.

다경간 전열관의 난류 가진에 의한 마모특성 연구

A modified energy method for the fretting wear of the steam generator tube is proposed to calculate the wear-out depth between the nuclear steam generator tube and its support. Estimation of fretting-wear damage typically requires a non-linear dynamic analysis with the information of the gap velocity and the flow density around the tube. This analysis is very complex and time consuming. The basic concept of the energy method is that the volume wear rate due to the fretting-wear phenomena Is related to work rate which is time rate of the product of normal contact force and sliding distance. The wearing motion is due to dynamic interaction between vibrating tube and its support structure, such as tube support plate and anti-vibration bar. It can be assumed that the absorbed work rate would come from turbulent flow energy around the vibrating tube. This study also numerically obtains the wear-out depth with various wear topologies. A new dissection method is applied to the multi-span tubes to represent the vibrational mode. It turns out that both the secondary side density and the normal gap velocity are important parameters for the fretting-wear phenomena of the steam generator tube.

Experimental and numerical investigation on the shear behaviour of friction-welded bar–plate connections embedded in concrete

Friction-welded bar–plate connections are a basic structural component of Bi-steel steel–concrete–steel sandwich construction. In Bi-steel members, the bar–plate connections, embedded in concrete, are subject to tension, shear and bending. The static and fatigue behaviour of the embedded connections subjected to bar tension is described in another paper [Xie M, Chapman JC. Static and fatigue tensile strength of friction-welded bar–plate connections embedded in concrete. Journal of Constructional Steel Research [in press]]. This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on the static behaviour of the friction-welded connections with the bar loaded in shear. Finite element analysis is carried out to examine the effects of variations in geometric and material parameters. The experimental results are used to derive an empirical equation for predicting the shear strength of embedded connections, and compared with existing test results and code specifications. Further papers will describe fatigue behaviour of the embedded connections subjected to bar shear, and static and fatigue tests on Bi-steel beams.

Static and fatigue tensile strength of friction-welded bar–plate connections embedded in concrete

Friction-welded bar–plate connections are a basic structural component of Bi-Steel steel–concrete–steel sandwich construction. In Bi-Steel members, the bar–plate connections, embedded in concrete, are subject to tension, shear and bending. This paper describes experimental and numerical studies on the static and fatigue strength of the friction-welded connections with the bar loaded in tension. Finite element analysis is carried out to examine the effects of plate thickness, the collar (“flash”) formed after friction welding, and possible initial defects or fatigue induced cracks. It is found that except for 6 mm plate specimens, the static tensile capacity of the embedded connections is governed by the tensile strength of the bar connectors. In the fatigue tests, single fracture and double fracture mechanisms were observed. Experimental stress vs. life (S–N) curves are derived from the fatigue test results, and they lie between the F-type and the S-type curves specified in BS5400 Part 10. Further papers will describe static and fatigue tests incorporating other force components, and on Bi-Steel beams.

Damage quantification and experimental simulation of momentum trapped flyer plate and tensile split Hopkinson bar incipient failure experiments

Dynamic and quasi-static failure and dynamic incipient failure experiments were performed on a half-hard 10100 Cu material using several different specimen geometries, including uniaxial stress and several notches. An additional series of uniaxial strain incipient failure experiments were performed using the annealed material. Damage quantification of the incipient failure specimens was performed and statistically reduced for comparison with continuum damage model predictions from explicit simulations of the experiments. Experimentally the test to test variability of the dynamic strain and flow stress measurements greatly exceeded that of the quasi-static measurements. Only the experiments with dynamic strain measurements close to post-test sample measurements were simulated. The ability of the simulations and the dynamic stress-strain measurements to detect the damage induced softening is low, at least until the damage coalesces into a crack. The damage model predictions of porosity evolution are within a factor of two for two experiments that differ in strain rate and stress triaxiality by over an order of magnitude.

Effect of Zr addition on hot workability of Cu-6Ni-2Mn-2Sn-2Al alloy

Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloy has been developed as a possible substitute for high-strength, precipitation-hardened Cu-Be Fig. 1—Macroscopic views of (a) 90 pct hot-swaged Cu-6Ni-2Mn-2Sn2Al alloy and (b) 10 pct hot-swaged Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloy. alloys in the various applications of electronic industry.[1–7] However, it is often impracticable to produce sheet products from Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloy due to the severe cracking during hot working. It has been previously reported that Sn-rich segregates formed during solidification are responsible for hot cracking.[8] There have been considerable research activities to solve the hot cracking problem, including the powder metallurgy (PM) technique and the lowering of Sn content.[9] Powder metallurgy processed high Sn-containing Cu-Ni-Sn alloys can be readily rolled down to 0.2mm-thick sheet, but they have an inherent problem of high production cost. The previous study conducted by the authors has suggested that Cu-6Ni-2Mn-2Sn-2Al alloy is hot workable with a reduced production cost and reasonable physical properties compared to Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloys. The Sn content of 2 pct in the Cu-6Ni-2Mn-2Sn-2Al alloy makes it possible to be hot rolled to produce the sheet products. The Mn is isomorphous to Cu and can partially replace expensive Ni that is beneficial to castability and tensile strength. The addition of Al, which is a strong solid solution strengthener in Cu, compensates the reduced tensile strength as a result of lower Sn content. In conducting research, it was found that the addition of a small amount of Zr further improved the hot workability of Cu-6Ni-2Mn2Sn-2Al alloy significantly. The objective of the present study therefore was to examine the effects of beneficial Zr addition on the hot workability of Cu-6Ni-2Mn-2Sn2Al alloy. Cu-6Ni-2Mn-2Sn-2Al alloys without and with Zr addition of 0.3 wt pct were prepared using permanent mold casting in the form of either 25 mm round bar or 25mm-thick plate, respectively. A round bar with a 25-mm diameter was hot swaged at 850 8C to 8-mm diameter rod and air cooled. A plate with a 25-mm-thick plate was also hot rolled to 1-mm-thick sheet at 850 8C. Some specimens were aged at either 400 8C or 450 8C, respectively, for 1 to 7 hours. Tensile tests and Vickers hardness tests were conducted for selected specimens. Either a flat or cylindrical specimen, respectively, with a gage length of 25.4 mm was prepared from the rolled sheet or the swaged bar products, respectively. Bending fatigue tests were performed according to ASTM B593, using a Krouse-type bending fatigue machine, at an R ratio of 21 and test frequency of 20 Hz. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical

A comparative study of microstructures and mechanical properties obtained by bar and plate rolling

Microstructures and mechanical properties of a low carbon steel were studied after plate rolling and bar rolling. Plate rolling is characterized as a monotonic compressive loading, while bar rolling is characterized as a cross-compressive loading. A four-pass plate rolling and bar rolling experiment was designed so that the material experiences the same amount of strain at each pass during rolling. The rolling experiment was performed at moderately high temperatures (450, 550 and 650 °C). The microstructures and mechanical properties of the low carbon steel acquired from the two types of rolling experiments were compared. The results revealed that differences of loading path attributed by monotonic loading (plate rolling) and cross loading (bar rolling) significantly influenced the microstructures and mechanical properties such as yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, strain hardening exponent and elongation of the low carbon steel.

In situ production of iron based surface composite

To make paper from wood raw materials, wood chips must be processed to turn them into individual fibers or fiber bundles. In mechanical pulping this is accomplished by introducing energy into the wood chip or fiber bundles as the wood chips are passed between a set of counter-rotating plates; these are up to 1.5 m in diameter and operate with a plate clearance on the order of 0.1 mm and plate peripheral velocity of 130 m s−1. The working life of refiner plates is sufficient for the paper industry; however, the deterioration of the fine surface detail of the plates reduces refining efficiency. This research was focused on the behavior of the plate materials in the refining environment, with the emphasis on understanding the deterioration behavior of the refiner plates. It combined wear analysis of normally used plates obtained from the paper mills, of plates used in designed trials in paper mills, and evaluation of plate materials in a broad range of laboratory tests. The laboratory tests were selected and suitably modified to reproduce phenomena observed on worn plates. The laboratory tests included cavitation erosion, dry-sand-rubber-wheel abrasion, and particulate erosion with high pressure water or steam as carrier fluids. Plate materials tested included 25Cr and 20Cr2Mo1Cu (both wt.%) high chromium white cast irons, Ni-hard white cast irons, and 440C and 17-4 PH stainless steels. Plate failure analysis revealed a variety of wear processes which varied with plate location and plate running time in the refiner. Cavitation erosion was clearly identified in the center of the plates where water was definitely present. Damage patterns with the same appearance as cavitation erosion were observed along plate bar edges near the periphery of the refiner plates where water is not thought to exist in a liquid form. Cavitation erosion tests in the laboratory duplicated the observed phenomena on the bar edges. Abrasion tests and erosion tests lacked such a close correlation to the observed phenomena. For all observed wear phenomena the role of the microstructure appears to be more important than the bulk hardness and for pitting-type damage such as that produced by cavitation erosion, the microstructure has a major influence on the wear process.

A study of the influence of strain path change on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low carbon steel using plate and bar rolling

This paper presents an experimental study of the effect of strain path changes with reference to rolling. The fundamental idea considered is to utilize the characteristics of plate rolling and bar rolling. Plate rolling is characterized as monotonic compressive loading while bar rolling is characterized as cross compressive loading. A four-pass plate rolling and bar rolling experiment was designed so that the material experiences the same amount of strain at each pass during rolling. The rolling experiment was carried out at moderately high temperatures (450, 550 and 650°C). The microstructures and mechanical properties of a low carbon steel acquired from two types of rolling experiments were compared. The results revealed that the differences in strain path attributed to monotonic loading (plate rolling) and cross loading (bar rolling) significantly influenced microstructures and mechanical properties.

Pioneers in Industrial Automation Solutions An In Depth Look at The Automation Partnership

Pioneers in Industrial Automation Solutions An In Depth Look at The Automation Partnership

The Free Lunch

Many miles down the Coomstock Road, far from any other habitation, two cyclists stopped in pouring rain at an unexpected & welcome apparition-a small inn whose neon sign tinted the falling drops with the heart-quickening words FREE LUNCH in yellow letters and, below, in Bacchic purple: FREE WINE. Minutes later, two India rubber capes hung dripping in the hall & two youths sat by a peat fire in a crudely furnished dining room, steam rising from their clothes. They were attended by a crookbacked corduroy-clad waiter, almost toothless, with vigorous tufts of snowy hair sprouting from his nose & ear holes. In a quavering brogue, he assured the sceptical lads that there were no strings attached, they were guests of the management & could eat & drink here, gratis. Not only that, but the repast they were invited to partake of would, he guaranteed, nourish & refresh them as never before. The chef was a magus, a miracle-worker, & possibly an angel of the principality class. The boys exchanged glances-how credulous the peasantry in these remote provinces could be! The waiter filled their glasses, bowed clumsily & withdrew. At eighteen, tall & blanched like an etiolated shoot, Unic is the younger of the two cyclists. His mother is dead, killed three years ago in the coup which ousted his father from his gangster fiefdom in the Balkans. Since then father & son have lived in penurious exile in Dublin. His father, once famous for his powers of oratory, now lies mute in bed in a room with the curtains drawn, his needs provided for by a small retinue of fellow exiles. The other, Edward, is short & dark. He's an unemployed hodcarrier from Humberside on what he reasons may be his last holiday. He's bald after a recent course of chemotherapy. Cynical even before his cancer had been diagnosed, his cynicism has metastasised, as it were, & his whole being is now riddled with black nihilism. Three days ago, he & Unic, strangers, had met at a Hike W Bike Youth Hostel. The next night, following their forcible ejection from a bar, they were mugged by yokels & left penniless. Returning before dawn to pitch a car battery through the bar's plate glass, they didn't rest before putting forty miles between themselves & what Edward, indulging his taste for spoonerisms, called the cream of the sign. These adventures had forged a bond that was further cemented when it emerged that both boys packed ragged copies of Les Fleurs du Mal in their haversacks. They were brothers, in word, in deed, & in steed: both favoured fixed wheels over gears & both rode lightweight track bikes-not the conventional choice for such rough ter-rain & inclement weather. -Credulous peasants! Edward sneered as they whizzed past a roadside shrine hung with votive offerings. -Seeing is believing! Unic had said. But was it? Silently, Edward had reversed the aphorism. If believing was seeing, he thought, they were both stone blind. Now Edward pushed his chair back from the table, caught a burp in his hand & inhaled its aroma through his nose, savouring the olfactory ghost of the meal he'd just enjoyed. The waiter had not been exaggerating. The most edifying experience of Edward's life, the free lunch had freed him. He felt new-born, lighter-than-air, too happy to speak. He tried to catch his friend's eye, but, on his third helping, there was still a chop on Unic's plate & he was in private communion with it, staring at it so intently that Edward gave up. Instead, he reviewed what he had just consumed. Six, no, seven chops, bones & all, a bill of mashed potatoes irrigated with golden rivulets of butter, three helpings of braised broccoli, candied carrots, parsnips, roasted onions & cobs of sweetcorn, all washed down with draught after draught of a rich dark wine like fluent rubies. …

Conductivity Relaxation Studies On La0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Ga0.2O3−δ

ABSTRACTThe surface exchange coefficient, ki, of the mixed ionic electronic conductor perovskite, La0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Ga0.2O3−δ, was determined in the temperature range 600-900°C by electrical conductivity relaxation on thin plate and long bar samples, using four probe dc conductivity measurements. The normalized conductivity could be fitted by the equation corresponding to surface limited relaxation, (σ(t) − σ1) / (σ2 − σ1) = 1 − exp(−t / Tr), where τ = l1l2 / [(l1 + l2)Γki], σ(t), σ1 and σ2 are the time dependent, initial and final conductivities, Γ is the thermodynamic factor and 21, and 212 are the lateral sides of the bar. Numerical simulation shows that the shape of the relaxation curve for the plate geometry changes only little in going from surface limited to diffusion limited transport, the change is significantly larger for the bar geometry.

A low‐cost chip size package – NuCSP

Presents a new wire bondable land grid array (LGA) chip scale package called NuCSP. NuCSP is a minimized body size wire bondable package with rigid substrate interposer. The design concept is to utilize the plating bars on the edges of the package substrate as the wire bond fingers. Bond fingers are redistributed inward to an array of plated through hole vias underneath the chip, then are connected to copper pads on the bottom of the package. NuCSP package size is about equal to die size + 3 mm. Using conventional PCB substrate manufacturing with 4/4 mils routing width/space and wire bonding process, NuCSP offers a very low cost package suitable for memory chips and low pin count application specific IC (ASIC) applications. The other advantages are that the use of wirebonding allow NuCSP be applicable for die size, pad count and pitch variations. Because it is wire bondable, NuCSP may be as generic as plastic quad flat pack (PQFP), yet providing smaller body size, lower cost and smaller package electrical parasitic parameters.

Deterioration behavior of thermomechanical refiner plates

To make paper from wood raw materials, wood chips must be processed to turn them into individual fibers or fiber bundles. In mechanical pulping this is accomplished by introducing energy into the wood chip or fiber bundles as the wood chips are passed between a set of counter-rotating plates; these are up to 1.5 m in diameter and operate with a plate clearance on the order of 0.1 mm and plate peripheral velocity of 130 m s −1. The working life of refiner plates is sufficient for the paper industry; however, the deterioration of the fine surface detail of the plates reduces refining efficiency. This research was focused on the behavior of the plate materials in the refining environment, with the emphasis on understanding the deterioration behavior of the refiner plates. It combined wear analysis of normally used plates obtained from the paper mills, of plates used in designed trials in paper mills, and evaluation of plate materials in a broad range of laboratory tests. The laboratory tests were selected and suitably modified to reproduce phenomena observed on worn plates. The laboratory tests included cavitation erosion, dry-sand-rubber-wheel abrasion, and particulate erosion with high pressure water or steam as carrier fluids. Plate materials tested included 25Cr and 20Cr2Mo1Cu (both wt.%) high chromium white cast irons, Ni-hard white cast irons, and 440C and 17-4 PH stainless steels. Plate failure analysis revealed a variety of wear processes which varied with plate location and plate running time in the refiner. Cavitation erosion was clearly identified in the center of the plates where water was definitely present. Damage patterns with the same appearance as cavitation erosion were observed along plate bar edges near the periphery of the refiner plates where water is not thought to exist in a liquid form. Cavitation erosion tests in the laboratory duplicated the observed phenomena on the bar edges. Abrasion tests and erosion tests lacked such a close correlation to the observed phenomena. For all observed wear phenomena the role of the microstructure appears to be more important than the bulk hardness and for pitting-type damage such as that produced by cavitation erosion, the microstructure has a major influence on the wear process.

Ecological wood anatomy ofAlnus nepalensis (Betulaceae) in East Nepal

Wood anatomical characters ofAlnus nepalensis growing in East Nepal are evaluated against three non-anatomical factors: tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and altitude. Samples were taken from the outermost part of the trunk of five canopy trees at 11 localities between 790 and 2,740 m above sea level. Tree height ranged from 10 to 28 m, and DBH ranged from 15 to 80 cm. Altitude and tree height are correlated with all the vessel characters studied. Among wood anatomical characters, vessel characters measured from cross sections are strongly correlated with one another, and are also correlated with vessel element and fiber-tracheid length. Multiple regression analysis using non-anatomical factors as independent variables resulted in significant correlation at 1% level in all pore characters, vessel element length, perforation plate bar number, and fibertracheid length. Regression coefficients of significant regressions are usually largest for altitude. For wood structure ofAlnus nepalensis in East Nepal, 23 to 42% of the variation is affected by non-anatomical factors. The large contribution of altitude is considered to be an indirect measure of the effect of temperature.

Design optimization using the boundary element method

Structural optimization is often confined to sizing simple design variables, such as plate thicknesses and bar cross-sectional areas, while the geometric shapes of components remain largely unchanged. Shape optimization is more complex, changing the shape of the boundary, subject to appropriate constraints. The boundary element method, being a boundary-oriented technique is very appropriate for this purpose. It can overcome a number of the difficulties associated with its main rival, the finite element method. Firstly, because of the continuously changing geometry. the accuracy of the finite element analysis using the initial mesh of elements may become inadequate during the optimization process. Secondly, if during this process, the finite element mesh has to be re-generated, the cost is relatively high. Finally, and most importantly, the sensitivity analysis in the calculation of the derivatives with respect to the design variables may be obtained directly in the boundary element approach rather than by approximate methods such as finite difference schemes. Methods for shape optimal design of two-dimensional elastic structures are formulated, when the objective can be minimum weight design with limiting values of maximum stresses, or the smoothing of stress peaks.

Determination of Young's modulus of materials on plate bar specimens taking into account their curvature and wedge shape

1. A calculation-experimental method of determining the modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) of materials on plate bars in relation to their curvature and wedge shape is proposed. 2. The frequency of the natural longitudinal oscillations of the bent bar both with a constant and wedge-shaped cross section in the corresponding range of the variation ofZb/Z is described by a single experimental dependence fw.b/f=2.45–1.45Zb/Z so that simple equations can be derived for determining Young's modulus of the materials on bent specimens with various wedge shapes.

Wood Anatomy of Staphyleaceae: Ecology, Statistical Correlations, and Systematics

Summary Wood of Staphyleaceae is characterized by vessels which are mostly solitary; vessel elements are long with scalariform perforation plates (mostly more than 20 bars per plate) and with scalariform, opposite, or alternate lateral wall pitting. Imperforate tracheary elements range from fiber-tracheids with fully bordered pits somewhat less dense than those of tracheide (Euscaphis, Staphylea, Turpinia) to fiber-tracheide with reduced borders on pits (Huertea) to libriform fibers (Τapiscia) . Axial parenchyma is mostly abaxial, with tendencies towards vasicentric scanty and ray-adjacent cells and only a few diffuse cells. Rays are both multiseriate and uniseriate. Heterogeneous Type IIA. The multiseriate portion of multiseriate rays is often not sheathed with upright cells and consists of procumbent cells which often have bordered pits on radial walls. Rhomboidal crystals, tyloses, and dark-staining amorphous deposits are found in some but not all species. Quantitative features show wood of Staphylea to be less markedly mesomorphic than that of the other genera, a fact perhaps related to winter cold. The Mesomorphy index is held to be more useful in analysis of dicotyledon woods and in predicting relationship with ecology than a conductivity formula, because it runs parallel to ecological gradients, takes into account vessel element length (apparently related to embolism localization), and represents degrees of relinquishment of safety as woods become more mesomorphic. Statistical correlation among wood features of Staphyleaceae show vessel element length related to imperforate tracheary element length and to ray height because all of these are linked to fusiform cambial initial length. Correlation between vessel diameter and vessel element length is slightly weaker, as is inverse correlation between vessel diameter and vessel density (where packing constraints tend to enforce a correlation). The genera of Staphyleaceae can be easily characterized by wood anatomy features such as growth ring presence or absence, perforation plate bar number, presence of helical sculpture within vessels, type of imperforate tracheary element, presence of septa in fibers (in which case axial parenchyma is absent), ray dimensions, tylosis occurrence, and crystal presence. Wood of Staphyleaceae most closely resembles that of some Cunoniales (Saxifragales), and resembles that of Sapindales somewhat less.

Wood Anatomy of the Styracaceae: Evolutionary and Ecological Considerations

Woods of over 40 species representing nine genera of Styracaceae were studied. Features present in most taxa include growth rings, diffuse porosity, combinations of both solitaries and pore multiples, exclusively scalariform perforation plates, opposite to alternate intervessel pitting, imperforate tracheary elements with indistinctly bordered pits, both uniseriate and multiseriate heterocellular rays, and axial parenchyma distributed as a combination of diffuse, diffuse-in-aggregates, and scanty. Prismatic crystals occur in species of the genera Bruinsmia, Halesia, and Styrax, and silica is present in a few Neotropical species of Styrax. The characteristic solitary pore distribution and high scalariform perforation plate bar number of Huodendron are of potential evolutionary significance. The xylem of Lissocarpa differs from the Styracaceae in possessing more highly evolved vessel elements with both simple and scalariform perforations and prominently banded axial parenchyma. The occurrence of simple perforation plates in the wider, earlywood vessel elements, along with an increased pore frequency and decreased vessel element length, in Styrax platanifolius and S. texanus is documented. Both species inhabit seasonally dry habitats of the southwestern United States, thus supporting similar specialisations observed in other plants growing in xerophytic conditions. The apparent variation in perforation plate condition within different geographic varieties of S. officinalis is discussed. Significant correlations of wood anatomical characters and latitude of provenance are present among species of Styracaceae. Increasing latitude is strongly correlated with increased pore and multiseriate ray frequency, and decreased vessel element length and wall thickness. Increasing latitude is less strongly correlated with an occurrence of decreased pore diameter, increased bar number per perforation plate, increased fibre-tracheid and intervessel pit diameter, and increased frequency of uniseriate rays. Weak correlations are also evident between increasing latitude and shorter ray height and narrower, shorter, and thinner-walled fibre-tracheids.

Acute Osteomyelitis of the Distal Femoral Epiphysis: a Case Report

The case of a seven-year-old boy with acute osteomyelitis of the distal femoral epiphysis is reported. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis begins commonly in the metaphysis and in children the epiphyseal plate bars the spread to the epiphysis and the adjacent joint. Epiphyseal osteomyelitis is very rare, frequently spreading into the adjacent joint and being more latent than metaphysial osteomyelitis.