Plate Panels Research Articles

Numerical study of perforated steel plate shear walls in staggered pattern

Steel plate shear walls (SPSW) consist of steel plates that are directly connected to columns and beams. The steel plate used as the filler is a thin and slender. One option to reduce the steel plate capacity is to provide perforations in the web plate. In this study, the parameters analysed were the influence of the perforation area on the arrangement of the staggered hole patterns on the steel plate panel. This study uses a numerical method. The result of the research is an analysis that explains the relationship between the percentage of perforation area on the load capacity and the stiffness degradation of the steel plate shear walls. The steel plate model is given a circular perforation with a diameter of 50 mm. The specimens were analysed at different number of perforations with a plate thickness of 1 and 2 mm. The results showed that every enhancement number of perforations, the load capacity and elastic stiffness will decrease. Changing the plate thickness from 2 mm to 1 mm, the load capacity also decreases. The initial stress distribution occurs on the diagonal side of the shear wall plate and then spreads to all parts of the shear wall plate.

Prediction on Welding Induced Buckling of Plate Panel Structure and Its Mitigation by Transient Thermal Tensioning

Prediction on Welding Induced Buckling of Plate Panel Structure and Its Mitigation by Transient Thermal Tensioning

A Novel Multifunctional Ring Shear Apparatus for Investigating the Interface Strength Characteristics of Liner Systems

Abstract A novel multifunctional ring shear apparatus is introduced in this paper, which is developed for investigating the interface strength characteristics of liner systems in various waste containment and other facilities. Annular specimens with a 300-mm inner diameter and a 500-mm outer diameter are tested by the apparatus. This apparatus consists of four components: (1) the vertical loading system, (2) the torsional shearing system, (3) the multifunctional shearing box, and (4) the process control and data acquisition system. The advantages of this apparatus are as follows: (1) The specimen can be tested both in displacement control and stress control, during which the normal stress is maintained or varied as needed. (2) The maximum normal stress and shear stress that can be loaded are 2.39 and 2.59 MPa, respectively. (3) The shear displacement is unlimited and the real-time shear displacement of each interface in the liner system can be obtained. (4) Special nail plate panels are developed for clamping different types of geosynthetics. A new adaptive telescopic pressure plate device is also developed for testing other materials, such as the clay layer and sand layer, and adapting to its compression deformation without lateral deformation. The performance of the apparatus is comprehensively evaluated by the conventional shear mode experiment and mode switching shear experiment of the textured geomembrane/geotextile interface and the conventional shear experiment of the composite liner system.

Design optimization for production semi-submersible pontoons based on genetic algorithms and finite element analysis

A production semisubmersible hull consists of continuous panels of structural steel reinforced by stiffeners and supporting members. The plate panels between stiffeners and frames are the most fundamental structural components of the hull, which are subjected to out-of-plane actions due to direct action of seawater head, waves, or cargo pressure, as well as in-plane actions caused by structural responses at the system level. The main objective of this research is to develop a methodology that automatically optimizes the structural design of critical stiffened panels accounting for the dimensions of both the panels and the stiffeners, as well as both the out-of-plane and the in-plane loads. The numerical simulations obtained from the analysis by the finite element method are compared with the proposed methodology and the results match.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN BIAYA DAN WAKTU PEKERJAAN PELAT BETON KONVENSIONAL DENGAN PANEL BETON

The New Classroom of Galuh University is a 2-storey building that uses concrete floor panel slab construction. The use of the concrete floor panel slabs is due to insufficient road access to the location to use ready mix cast concrete and to streamline project implementation time. The purpose of this study is to find out how much the cost and time comparison of the work of conventional concrete floor slabs and concrete floor panels is. This research was conducted in the new classroom building of Galuh University. The results of data analysis show that the budget required for conventional concrete floor slab work in Galuh University's New Classroom Building is Rp. 368,160,000.00,- with the price for 1 m3 is Rp. 4,613,524.65,-. And the budget needed for the floor panel slab work on the Galuh University New Classroom Building is Rp. 359,100,000.00,- with the price for 1 m3 is Rp. 4,500,000,000.00,-. Based on the price comparison, concrete floor slabs are about 2.46% more efficient than conventional concrete slabs. This is because there is a price difference of Rp. 9,060,000.00,-. The work time needed to complete the Conventional Floor Plate work is 27 days and the work time needed to complete the Floor Panel Plate work is 21 Days. Based on the comparison of work time, Floor panel plates are 22.22% more efficient for work time.

Study on the shear mechanism and resistance of single-side concrete-encased composite plate shear wall

Concrete-encased composite plate shear walls (C-PSW/CEs) are effective structural elements for the lateral load-resisting. With the restraints from concrete panels and headed studs, the shear yielding of infill steel plate can be realized. In service, concrete panel can also provide a significant shear resistance to C-PSWCEs. Especially for the single-side concrete-encased ones, the post-buckling strength for the local buckling of steel plate can be utilized in ductility. However, research on the in-plane behavior of concrete panel or the post-buckling behavior of steel plate in the single-side C-PSW/CE is limited. In this paper, the shear behavior of single-side C-PSW/CE under lateral loading was studied by experiment and finite element analysis. The damage process and shear resistance of C-PSW/CE with different concrete thicknesses were tested. The extended finite element method (XFEM) was employed in the finite element model (FEM) to simulate the cracking of concrete panel. The internal forces in the horizontal and inclined cross sections of steel plate and concrete panel and in the pure shear zones and diagonal tension fields of steel plate were investigated to reveal the shear mechanisms of C-PSW/CE. Based on the parametric analysis results, formulas for the shear stiffness and yield shear force and a mechanics-based model for the shear force-drift ratio response of single-side C-PSW/CE were proposed.

Stiffness Requirements for Longitudinal Stiffeners of Trapezoidal Box Girder Bottom Flanges

The reason for the widespread use of steel box girders is that they have high structural efficiency due to the high bending, high torsional stiffness and rapid erection. For bottom flange of the girders, the buckling behavior during production and erection due to compression strength can be a problem. The compression plate with longitudinal stiffeners typically renders an economic. The optimal design of longitudinal stiffeners is discussed. The results are based on 3-D FEA (ANSYS19.2) of many stiffened compression bottom flange models, the moment of inertia requirement of bottom flange longitudinal stiffener is investigated by studying the effect of many parameters as longitudinal stiffeners numbers, stiffener sections, plate aspect ratio and compression flange thickness. Also, the stiffeners effect on the compression panel plate stresses were studied by modeling girder with and without longitudinal stiffeners. The finite element method is useful as they can be used to study the plate with stiffeners in an economical way, and we don’t need experimental and laboratory tests.

Dynamic Behavior of Kinetic Projectile Impact on Honeycomb Sandwich Panels and Multi-Layer Plates

In order to study the dynamic response associated with the impact of a kinetic projectile on the internal structure of an artificial satellite, we propose a kinetic projectile configuration with non-metallic material wrapping and multiple damage elements. The artificial satellite is simplified as a honeycomb sandwich panel and multi-layer plates. We carried out a ground damage test and finite element dynamic simulation, and we determined the lateral effect and penetration performance of the projectile. Then, we studied the dynamic behavior of the projectile penetrating the honeycomb sandwich panel using a theoretical model. We found that its ballistic limit velocity was 150 m/s, and the deformation of the opening had little relationship with the projectile velocity. Finally, we studied the dynamic response of the kinetic projectile impacting the multi-layer plates under various launch parameters. We found that the launch velocity required to meet the damage requirements was within 325 ± 25 m/s. Projectiles with a higher initial velocity had a stronger ability to penetrate the plates, but initial velocities higher than 325 m/s led to a reduced damage area. The kinetic projectile could adapt to incident angles less than 5° when damaging the plates. With the increasing incident angle, the penetration ability was reduced, and the damage area increased.

Large displacement analysis of stiffened plates with parallel ribs under lateral pressure using FE modeling with shell elements

This study provides the load–displacement behavior of stiffened plates with parallel ribs when modeled using shell elements with and without considering the large-displacement effects in comparison with the conventional equivalent beam analysis (EBA) in which such stiffened plates are simplified into an imaginary beam with the geometrical properties of an equivalent built-up cross-section. This study highlights the advantages of FE modeling with shell elements and large-displacement analysis (LDA) over the existing EBA method and then provides a path for using this method in the ultimate limit state (ULS) design of stiffened plates. The stress distributions in the panel plate part of the stiffened plates are presented to demonstrate the significance of considering the large-displacement effects in the analysis. The numerical investigation indicated that the linear beam theory does not correctly presume the true behavior of the stiffened plates and that the corresponding load–displacement estimation does not align with its behavior predicted by the LDA. The results also demonstrate that when shell element modeling is utilized, the internal forces and stresses in the panel plate are calculated correctly, only if the large-displacement effects are considered in the analysis. Finally, a method for estimating the ultimate load capacity of stiffened plates with parallel ribs is provided, based on the large-displacement FE analysis with shell elements, which can be used to establish empirical design equations.

DAMAGE CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE STIFFENED PANELS UNDER IMPACT LOADING IN AIRCRAFT APPLICATION

Composite Materials have becomesa popular due to itshigh specificstrength and high stiffness to weight ratio. They found extensive applications in automobile, aerospace, defence equipment’s and other critical components. Composite plates are predominantly used as alternative materials to regular materials. In order to provide even better strength and resistance to deformation, stiffeners are attached to the composite plates thereby increasing the bending stiffness to a large extent. These stiffened panels have found principal application in aircraft wings, ship hulls and bridge decks. In this project, low velocity impact on composite plate and composite stiffened panel has been studied. Numerical models of composite plates and stiffened panels are impacted with different energies (4J, 9J, 16J) and are analysed by finite element software ABAQUS explicit and four different oblique impact angles 90◦, 60◦, 45◦and 30◦ are analysed. Different parameters such as displacement, contact force, energy absorbed were compared for both composite plates and stiffened panels. It was noted that stiffened panels offer more resistance to deformation and absorb more energy due to high stiffness. Keywords:Stiffened Panels, low-velocity impact, FE Model, ABAQUS Explicit.

Ultimate torsional strength assessment of large deck opening stiffened box girder subjected to pitting corrosion

The objective of current paper is to provide an approach for the residual ultimate strength assessment of a large deck opening stiffened box girder with pitting corrosion. Finite element method was used to analysis the bearing capacity of the pitted girder subjected to torsional moment. Nonlinearity of both material and geometry as well initial imperfection were taken into account in the research. A comparing investigation was firstly performed to examine the influences of pitting corrosion and uniform corrosion on the ultimate strength. It was found that the pitting is more detrimental for the same corrosion volume loss. Afterwards, effects of some studied variables including the depth, diameter, density, volume and position related to the pit located on both global and local areas of panel plate were discussed based on a series of numerical computations. According to the presented FE results, the corroded volume loss induced by the pit is an influential parameter leading to approximately linear decrease of the ultimate strength for different distributions. Another valuable finding is that the pit on the side shell which nears the 1/2 bay significantly influences the response characteristics of failure mode and strength. Considering regular/random and global/local distributions, four mathematical formulations were proposed for evaluating the residual strength of large deck opening stiffened pitted box girder.

The thermal analysis of fire test results obtained for loaded cast iron tubing used to line subway tunnels, their rational fire protection and pre-set fire resistance

Introduction. The article addresses the fireproofing limit of the cast-iron tubing that lines subway tunnels. These structures have been fire tested neither in our country, nor abroad, and therefore, no fire test results have been analyzed, although this analysis is necessary to guarantee structural performance.Purpose and objective. The purpose of the study is to analyze the results of two fire experiments, including the testing of the cast iron tubing without fire proofing, and the testing of the tubing protected by a fireproof plate. The objective of the study is to choose and use a rational thermal analysis methodology.Methods. A standardized methodology was applied to test the fire resistance of loaded full-scale tubing specimens in a fire furnace, where thermocouple measurements of tested specimens were taken. The thermal analysis of these measurement results was conducted, using the methods and software for the numerical calculation of non-stationary temperature fields inside fireproof structures in one- and two-dimensional settings.Results. It has been established that the fire resistance limit of the 5.6-25-NU cast-iron tubing tested under constant static loading (150 kN) without any fire protection is 54 minutes, which corresponds to classification R 45, while the fire resistance limit of the same tubing, fireproofed by PROSASK fire panel plates, that are 25 mm thick, is, at least, 121 min (R 120). Calculations allow to prognosticate a change in the fire resistance, if account is taken of the difference between the test environment and the one of the tubing when in operation. The authors present the results of calculations for various fire protection options and show that the fire protection and fire resistance limits of the cast-iron tubing are high, if PROSASK fire plates are used. The authors also demonstrate the projectability of the fire resistance values, if the modes of exposure differ from the standard temperature mode.Conclusions. The thermal analysis of the results of two fire experiments, conducted to evaluate the fire resistance of the cast-iron tubing as the tunnel lining allows to obtain the information that is essential for the fire protection and pre-set fire resistance of critical subway structures as well as the further development of this area of experimental and theoretical research. The authors demonstrate the efficiency of thermal calculations as an instrument for the evaluation of fire protection parameters/fire resistance of tubing and the reduction in the number of costly fire tests.

CFD Based Analysis of Resistance and Pitch Motion of Novel Flat Plate Panel Hull Vessel

This paper provides analysis regarding a phenomenal hull shape called flat panel concept, the flat panel hull is an axe bow vessel at the front part and semi trimaran at the stern part. This concept is for a small vessel such as fishing vessels, patrol vessels and prototypes have been built. Resistance and motion is important part of a vessel design, this paper compares a flat plate vessel with 282.56 ton displacement with a conventional vessel with the same displacement and same speed. The resistance comparison was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) on each ship with a speed range of 5-10 knots of operational speed. The resistance shows that the flat panel vessel generates higher resistance compared to the conventional vessel where the difference varies from 8.388% to 19.954% depending on the speed. It also found that the pitch motion (Ry) of flat panel vessel is positive that indicates the bow draft is lower during the simulation in calm water. The highest value of pitch is 1.13 degrees measured at the amidships or zero point or -0.3 m at the bow. Two While the relative velocity or flow analysis indicates that flow of the flat panel vessel has enormous turbulence flow around the stern hull and smoother flow pattern at the bow, this may cause the increase of resistance and bow diving in calm water phenomena. However since the most accurate test is based on model test in hydrodynamic laboratory, it is recommended to conduct the comparison experiment in hydrodynamic laboratory.

Nonlinear transient analysis of porous P-FGM and S-FGM sandwich plates and shell panels under blast loading and thermal environment

The present work is an attempt to develop a simple and accurate finite element formulation based on C0 continuity of transverse displacement for obtaining and comparing nonlinear transient response of porous functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates and shell panels. The volume fraction for the layers made of FGM is computed according to the power-law (P-FGM) or sigmoid (S-FGM) model. The FGM sandwich panel is subjected to blast loading and thermal environment considering the heat conduction in thickness direction and the material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent. An eight-noded isoparametric element along with first-order shear deformation theory is used to develop a finite element model. The strain–displacement relation is obtained using Sander’s approximation incorporating von Karman type nonlinear strains. Two configurations, first having the top and the bottom layers made of pure ceramic and pure metal and the core of same composed of FGM, second having the top and the bottom layers made of FGM and the core composed of pure metal are considered for the present investigation. The FGM layers for the two configurations are porous and two types of porosity, viz., evenly spaced and unevenly spaced are considered for the analysis. The results obtained from the present finite element formulation are first validated with several benchmark examples available in the literature. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effect of volume fraction index, porosity model, temperature gradient, core to facesheet thickness ratio and blast load on nonlinear transient analysis of porous P-FGM and S-FGM sandwich plate and shell panels. It is observed that by selecting optimum parameters, the amplitude of the nonlinear transient response due to different blast loading is controlled.

An exact solution for vibro-acoustic response of smart sandwich panels with MEE composite Layer

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first endeavor to provide an exact solution for a vibro-acoustic response of Magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) composite plate and sandwich panels with MEE facings. The governing equation of motion is developed using Hamilton’s principle considering the third-order shear deformation theory to account for transverse shear. Based on boundary conditions and the Maxwell equation, the variation of electric and magnetic potentials are adopted along the thickness of the MEE composite layer. Analysis of the vibro-acoustic response of sandwich panels which are extensively used in aerospace structures such as cellular, trapezoidal, triangular, and honeycomb are presented. Influences of electric and magnetic potential on the vibro-acoustic response are also presented for the different types of truss core and honeycomb core sandwich panels.

Analytical Model Formulation of Steel Plate Reinforced Concrete Walls against Hard Projectile Impact

Steel plate reinforced concrete (SC) walls can effectively resist projectile impact by preventing the rear concrete fragments flying away, thus attracting much attention in defence technology. This work numerically and analytically investigated the hard projectile perforation of steel plate reinforced concrete walls. Impact resistance theories, including cavity expansion analysis as well as the petaling theory of thin steel plates were used to describe the cratering, tunneling and plugging phases of SC walls perforation. Numerical modeling of SC walls perforation was performed to estimate projectile residual velocity and target destructive form, which were validated against the test results. An analytical model for SC wall perforation was established to describe the penetration resistance featuring five stages, i.e., cratering, tunneling and plugging, petaling with plugging and solely petaling. Analytical model predictions matched numerical results well with respect to projectile deceleration evolution as well as residual velocity. From a structural absorbed energy perspective, the effect of front concrete panel and rear steel plate thickness combinations was also studied and analyzed. Finally, equivalent concrete slab thickness was derived with respect to the ballistic limit of SC walls, which may be helpful in the design of a protective strategy.

Comparative Studies on the Behaviour of Flat Panels Made of GRP Under Static and Dynamic Loads

Glass reinforced plastic, so called GRP, is a composite material made of glass strands called fibbers woven together to create a flexible fabric. GRP is a lightweight material with many and diverse applications ranging from the manufacture of reservoirs for different liquids to the manufacture of boats, yachts, chairs and even children playground furniture. The behaviour of this material under static and dynamic loads is still raising interest from the scientific community and a large number of researchers. This continued interest is due to the material versatility for different applications depending on its manufacture process that has a significant weigh-in in the material mechanical properties. These resulting mechanical properties need to be carefully analysed and benchmarked prior to using the obtained material in commercial applications. The scope of this research study is to analyse the behaviour of glass reinforced plastic plate panel with reinforcements on one and two directions under static and dynamic loads employing both experimental and numerical methods for results validation. The methods used in this research study for the dynamic loads can also be applied successfully to other composite materials. Additionally, the stress plots have been analysed in iteration in order to ensure the most optimal reinforcement pattern.

SEA damped response analysis for L-shaped panel structure including bead with viscoelastic layer

This paper describes hybrid vibration analysis using Statistical Energy Analysis（SEA）and FEM for two panels connected in L-shape with beads having a damping layer. It focuses on the validation of the proposed SEA method and the effects of changing the bead width of the bead panel on the wave propagation characteristics between the two panels in the L-shaped panel structure. A coupled bead panel and flat plate model with three different bead sizes was created, and internal loss factors of the SEA parameters were identified using the MSE and FEM identification methods, while coupling loss factors were identified by applying power injection method. The internal loss factors decreased when the panel has higher stiffness due to wider bead width. Moreover, we also clarified effects of stiffness of the beads on the coupling loss factors and vibration velocity.

Optimization of mechanical wear resistance for recycled (Al-Mg-Si) reinforced SiC composite material using PM method

Abstract Recently, the increasing demand for advanced materials around the world led to search on require and optimal materials characteristics. An alloy (Al-Mg-Si) named hindalium was used in this study which made from aluminum recycling (aluminums sandwich panel plates). In addition, powder technology was applied to investigate the effect of adding silicon carbide (SiC) particles on the composite properties that enter in fabricate of disc brake rotors. The main reason to use this technology is a single material cannot meet the demands of an extreme engineering setting that encourage towards necessitating the use of composites. Metal matrix composites are a type of material that has a lot of potential for components and structural applications that require a lot of unique modulus, strength, and durability as well as in the same time being light in weight. The composites materials of metal base with good properties are becoming now widely used in several industrial sectors due to their high mechanical properties and resistant to wear. Al-Mg-Si alloys are a common material category because of their inherent hardness, and corrosion resistance. The properties of hardness, wear rate, and microstructure are the physical and mechanical tests were performing in this study. It is indicated that the modeling with using a Genetic Algorithm is the best solution to choose the samples that have been prepared. According to the results, it was observed that the hardness increased by 14% at 15%SiC content and the wear rate decreased by 17% as comparing with the base alloy used in this study.

Minimum-mass optimisation for high-rate manufacture of damage tolerant and unbuckled composite components

A significant increase in the rate of composite manufacture is needed to meet demand for short-range commercial aircraft. The enabling automated manufacturing processes can, however, induce undesirable process features such as wrinkles. Additionally, the potential for Barely Visible Impact Damage has resulted in widespread use of overly-conservative strain allowables which has led to overweight aircraft structures.Two new constraints are presented which enable formability and damage tolerance to be incorporated into a two-stage minimum-mass optimisation framework for performance and manufacturability. An efficient, approximate method is presented for determining a conservative lower bound on the strain required to propagate a single, circular delamination, given a general through-thickness position and an upper bound on delamination size. A Compatibility Index is used to predict the propensity for wrinkles to occur during a forming manufacturing process.Optimised stacking sequences for two benchmark design problems; a flat plate and blade-stiffened panel, are obtained subject to minimum formability, damage tolerance and buckling constraints alongside common industry design rules. The damage tolerance and formability constraints are met for a diverse set of design requirements, without increasing mass or reducing buckling load, thereby demonstrating that components may be optimised for manufacture using high-rate processes without detriment to performance.