Plating Media Research Articles

Isolation and Molecular Confirmation of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis in Various Locations of Tamil Nadu, India

This present investigation was done for the Isolation and Molecular confirmation of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine mastitis-infected cows in various Tamil Nadu, India locations. Two hundred milk samples, ranging from 15 to 20 ml, were collected aseptically from cows in farms in and around Tamil Nadu and surrounding areas after discarding the first few streaks of milk from 2021 to 2023. We used the CMT test to check the milk samples. Following a thorough mixing of the milk samples delivered to the laboratory, one loop containing the infected milk sample was plated on Nutrient agar and incubated at 37 ˚C for 18 to 24 hours. To identify the Staphylococcus aureus, the isolated bacterial colonies were preliminarily identified by Microscopic examination (Gram staining and Motility test), Plating in Selective medium (Mannitol Salt Agar) and Biochemical tests. The DNA of the bacteria was extracted and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was done to detect the presence of the nuc gene. Of the 200 milk samples obtained from nursing cows, 37.5 % were from Mastitis-positive animals; of these, 61.3 % were in the sub-clinical stage, while 38.7 % were in the clinical stage. Only 33 (16.5 %) of the 200 milk samples tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 26 out of 75 animals (34.7 %) with Mastitis, and 7 out of 125 animals (5.6 %) without Mastitis. Fifteen (57.7 %) of the twenty-six Staphylococcus aureus isolates found in cows with mastitis were from clinical cases, whereas eleven (42.3%) were from sub-clinical cases. All of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates examined contained the 279 bp nuc gene, according to the conventional PCR findings. In conclusion, the research has shown that sub-clinical mastitis is more common than clinical mastitis and that Staphylococcus aureus was substantially more often isolated from mastitis milk, particularly in clinical instances.

Electromechanical coupling characteristics of multilayered piezoelectric quasicrystal plates in an elastic medium

AbstractQuasicrystals (QCs) have attracted tremendous attention of researchers for their unusual properties. In this paper, an exact electric‐elastic solution of the simply supported and multilayered three‐dimensional (3D) cubic piezoelectric quasicrystal (PQC) nanoplate with the nonlocal effect is derived. Based on the basic elasticity equation of 3D QCs, we construct the linear eigenvalue system in terms of the pseudo‐Stroh formalism, from which the general solutions of the extended displacements and stresses in any homogeneous layer can be obtained. The two‐parameter foundation model is utilized to simulate the interaction between the nanoplate and elastic medium. The propagator matrices are employed to connect the field variables at the upper interface to those at the lower interface of each layer. Based on the boundary conditions of the upper and lower surfaces of the laminate and foundation model, the solutions are employed to derive from the global propagator matrix. Compared with the conventional propagator matrix method, a new propagator method is reestablished to deal with numerical instabilities of the case of large aspect ratio and high‐order frequencies for QC laminates. Finally, typical numerical examples are presented to illustrate the influence of nonlocal parameters and elastic medium coefficients on phonon, phason, and electric variables of 3D PQC nanoplates.

Limiting behaviours of unsteady mixed convection flow past a vertical flat plate in a porous medium

The study of the limiting behaviours of a mathematical model is crucial for understanding the stability of the model, gaining insight into asymptotic properties, predicting the long-term behaviour of system as well as validating the model. However, most of the research studies focus on numerical solutions but overlook the asymptotic solutions. In this paper, the limiting behaviours of unsteady mixed convection over a vertical flat plate in a porous medium is studied. The transformed similarity ordinary differential equations are solved both numerically and asymptotically for an unsteadiness parameter and a mixed convection parameter. It is found that the existence of critical value of mixed convection parameter for decelerating flow results in the two branches of possible solutions. For large values of the mixed convection parameter, the results for asymptotic solution agreed well with the numerical solutions especially for accelerating flow.

Comparative study on effect of pomegranate peel powder as natural preservative and chemical preservatives on quality and shelf life of muffins

This research aims to investigate the potential of utilizing pomegranate peel powder (PPP) as a natural preservative in muffin preparation. Pomegranate peel is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins, which possess high antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The In-Vitro antifungal activity of pomegranate peel powder (8% PPP), potassium sorbate (0.1% PS) and calcium propionate (0.5% CP) was assessed against Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. using poison food technique. The PPP showed the anti-fungal activity by delaying the growth of microorganism on media plate similar to the PS and CP. The effect of utilization of PPP on quality characteristics of muffins were compared with the muffins with chemical preservatives (0.1% PS and 0.5% CP). The viscosity and specific gravity of batter significantly increased from 7.98 to 11.87 Pa s and 1.089–1.398 respectively on addition of 8% PPP. The optical microscopic structure of PPP added batter revealed the decrease in the number of air cells from 24 to 12 with radius range of 6.42–72.72 μm and area range of 511.03–15,383.17 µm2. The functional properties of flour with PPP had higher water absorption capacity, foaming stability, emulsification activity and emulsion stability than others. The addition of PPP significantly increase the weight (32.83 g), and decrease the height (31.3 mm), volume (61.43 cm3), specific volume (1.67 cm3/g) and baking loss (10.19%). The 418.36% increase in fibre content, 14.46% and 18.46% decrease in carbohydrates and energy value was observed in muffin with 8% PPP as compared to control respectively. The total phenols was increased from 0.92 to 12.5 mg GAE/100 g, total tannin from 0.2 to 8.27 mg GAE/100 g, In-vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH from 6.97 to 29.34% and In-vitro antioxidant activity by FRAP from 0.497 to 2.934 mg AAE/100 g in muffins added with 8% PPP. The muffin with PPP was softer than control and muffin with 0.1% PS. The addition of PPP resulted to improve in muffin texture but taste slightly bitter. During the storage of muffins at room temperature (27–30 °C), the moisture content of muffin with PPP was reduced from 17.04 to 13.23% which was higher than the rest of the treatments. Similarly, the hardness of sample with PPP was higher than the sample with 0.5% CP, but lowers than control and sample with 0.1% PS throughout the storage period. The results suggest that pomegranate peel powder can be successfully used as a natural preservative in place of chemical preservatives in muffins, to extend the shelf life. This study provides the opportunity to use PPP as functional ingredient and natural preservative in different bakery products.

Comparison of methods for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles stabilized in a solid polymethacrylate matrix

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized inside the small plates of transparent polymer medium by reduction of silver cations. The difference in morphology and sizes of nanoparticles synthesized by chemical, photochemical and thermal reduction was revealed, which depends both on the component ratio of the mixture and on the reduction time for the specific component ratio The polymethacrylate matrix itself acts as the stabilizing agent. A colorimetric sensor based on polymethacrylate matrix and silver nanoparticles was developed for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. The optical properties of the sensor were characterized by spectrophotometer using the surface plasmon resonance. A colorimetric sensor with nanoparticles undergoing to thermal reduction showed a quick result for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in the range 0.2–4.4 mM with a detection limit 0.1 mM.

Enhancing Qotcho fermentation process utilizing lactic acid bacteria inoculum: microbial kinetics and metabolism

ABSTRACT Various studies revealed that quality of Qotcho relies on fermentation time, microbial activities, and varieties of Enset. Qotcho fermentation time is the most dominant factor. Several months to years of fermentation time is a challenging task for food security in Ethiopia. Shortening this long fermentation process was the primary aim of the study. Qotcho samples that have been previously fermented over various months were collected for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) analysis. While collecting the samples, temperature and pH of each sample were measured and recorded as 38 ± 2.3°C, 29 ± 1.5°C, and 25 ± 1.3°C, and 5.88 ± 0.8, 5.43 ± 0.6, and 4.69 ± 0.4, respectively. Using a serial dilution, selective media plates were innoculated and incubated at different temperatures for 5 days. On the second day of incubation, microbial growth was observed on each plate. A colony forming units (CFU) of 30–35 colonies of LAB were utilized to check fermenting performance of the microbes on different fresh Enset varieties at various temperatures for 36 days. Over 20 days of incubation, the pH of the media declined for all Enset varieties. From the 24th to the 28th fermentation time, the pH value for all varieties became constant (4.50) and sharply increased to 5.30 after the 28th. The quality of the Qotcho was determined to have similar characteristics and texture to the Qotcho that had been fermented for six months. The overall results showed that using LAB colony as a starter culture, about 26 days were enough to make Qotcho with good texture, odor, and color for consumption.

Thermal and mass stratification effects on MHD nanofluid past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate through a porous medium with thermal radiation and heat source

The aim of this research is to investigate the combined effects of thermal and mass stratification on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid moving through an exponentially accelerated vertical plate in a porous medium. The governing equations of the problem are solved numerically by using the implicit Crank–Nicolson method. The results of the nanofluid with two different stratification are compared to those obtained without any stratification. The velocity of the nanofluid decreases with both types of stratification, whereas temperature and concentration decrease with thermal stratification and mass stratification, respectively. A variety of parameters, including the volume fraction of nanoparticles, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, and chemical reaction, can be studied using graphs. The important results demonstrate that nanofluids are more thermally conductive than normal fluids. This research holds significant implications in various fields, including power generation, electronic component cooling, and vehicle construction.

Impact of Some Hair Cream Compositions on the Flora Density of Human Scalp

The study assessed the effect of some brands of hair creams coded MBB and SDR on the flora density of the human scalp in parts of Port Harcourt. Twenty volunteered persons subjected their scalp aseptically; for swap collection before and after application of the coded hair creams. Standard microbiological procedure was adopted to culture the scalp samples on prepared sterile nutrient agar, mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar and Sabouraud destrose agar media. All the inoculated culture media plates were incubated in their respective temperature requirements and after which colonies that developed were counted. The result showed heterotrophic bacteria counts of 9.8 x 103 and 9.3 x 103CFU/ml for before and after application of SDR hair cream, while counts of 1.05 x 104 and 1.07 x 104CFU/ml were obtained from MBB hair volunteers before and after application respectively. Similarly, a Staphylococcal count of 4.5 x 103 and 3.7 x 103CFU/ml were obtained before and after application of SDR hair cream, while counts of 6.2 x 103 and 5 x 102 CFU/ml were obtained from MBB hair before and after application respectively. A total of 53 isolates were recovered from which two bacteria genera namely: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and a fungi genera named Candida krusei were identified. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were noted with a 12% and 56% occurrence respectively, in sample SDR volunteers. MBB cream volunteers, recovered 14.8 and 7.4 % frequency occurrence for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Thus, a negative effect of hair cream SDR on the human scalp was observed. The SDR hair cream significantly, reduced the Staphylococcal normal flora of the scalp, which can lead to the development of opportunistic infection. The study recommends that users of SDR cream to be mindful in application due to creams composition.

Abstract 2931: Utilizing an extracellular matrix-embedded 3D tumor model of NSCLC to identify novel cancer dependencies via genome-scale CRISPR screen

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent and deadly cancer type. Despite advances in targeted therapies in NSCLC, one-third of adenocarcinomas lack actionable oncogenes, limiting targeted therapy options. To address these challenges, CRISPR screening has emerged as a tool to unveil cancer dependencies. However, current genome-scale studies rely heavily on 2D monolayer cancer models that fail to replicate in vivo tumor biology due to altered gene/protein expressions, absence of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling, and rewired metabolic pathways. To overcome these limitations, we developed a high-throughput 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) based hydrogel culture platform suitable for conducting genome-scale CRISPR screening. Leveraging this platform, we performed genome-wide CRISPR loss of function screens in 3D tumor models in ECM (3D-ECM). These results were compared with the screening outcomes from 3D cultured cells lacking an extracellular matrix (3D-spheroids) and traditional 2D monolayer (2D-monolayer) cells to identify new genes that might be crucial in driving NSCLC tumor cells. METHODS: Three NSCLC cell lines (NCI-H358, PC-9, and EKVX) were utilized for CRISPR screens. A genome-wide CRISPR library containing 60,000 sgRNAs targeting 20,000 genes was prepared. To create genome-scale 3D tumor models in ECM, cells were encapsulated in sub-millimeter microcapsules made of alginate and an extracellular matrix protein-hydrogel mix. Encapsulated cells were cultured for up to 4 weeks. 3D-spheroids were cultured on ultra-low attachment plates in viscous growth media and split every 3-4 days over 4 weeks. RESULTS: Cancer cells' proliferation and metabolic activity notably increased in 3D-ECM compared to 3D-spheroids. The CRISPR screens in 3D-spheroids and 3D-ECM revealed numerous positive growth phenotypes in contrast to the conventional 2D monolayer culture model. Specifically, we found 79 additional genes exhibiting positive-growth phenotype in 3D-ECM. Moreover, prominent oncogenic drivers, such as KRAS and EGFR were ranked considerably higher in both 3D-ECM and 3D-Spheroids compared to the 2D-monolayer. Interestingly, the pathway-enrichment analysis revealed that Notch signaling (CREBBP, EP300, APH1A), FoxO signaling (STK11, TGFBR2, MAPK14), and Citrate cycle signaling (MDH2, SDHC, PDHA1) were enriched in 3D-ECM when compared to 3D-spheroids. CONCLUSION: Our results reveal significant distinctions between the 2D monolayer model, the 3D spheroid model lacking extracellular matrix, and the 3D tumor model incorporating ECM. These differences underscore the importance of conducting CRISPR screens with 3D tumor models within the extracellular matrix to unveil novel cancer dependencies. Citation Format: Pranay Agarwal, Soon Youn Choi, Xin Liu, Jina Song, Maya Tureez, Un Jae Baek, Aashka Mehta, Kyuho Han, Hong-Pyo Lee. Utilizing an extracellular matrix-embedded 3D tumor model of NSCLC to identify novel cancer dependencies via genome-scale CRISPR screen [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2931.

Abstract 4223: The dual immunestimulatory and immunesuppressive role of MRC5 fibroblast cells in 3D coculture with T cells and tumor cells

Abstract Introduction: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) alter anti-tumor immune responses and modulate resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The mechanisms of crosstalk between tumor cells, CAFs, and T cells remain not fully understood, and studying these multicellular interactions requires adoption of novel tools in preclinical research. Here, we established a spheroid co-culture model comprising of tumor cell lines, a fibroblast cell line, and primary human T cells, for studying the immunomodulatory effects of fibroblasts on T cell responses in vitro, in the context of immunotherapies. Methods: For setting up the 3D co-culture, A375 or OV-90 tumor cells were seeded alone or with MRC-5 fibroblasts in 96-well ultra-low attachment round bottom plates in complete growth medium supplemented with 1% Geltrex matrix. The cells were centrifuged, and spheroids were allowed to form for 24 hours. After spheroid initiation, activated T cells and treatments with anti-PD1 antibody or an immune stimulatory drug were added. Spheroid co-cultures were live imaged by Incucyte SX5 for 72 hours taking images every 4 hours, after which treatment responses were evaluated by flow cytometry and measuring IFN-γ accumulation with ELISA. Results: To mimic fibroblast and T cell interactions in tumor microenvironment we built and optimized an in vitro 3D co-culture assay using various tumor cell lines. With this assay we found that depending on the tumor cell interaction, fibroblasts MRC-5 cell line have either immune-suppressive or immune-promoting properties. IFN-γ secretion of T cells in the assay indicated that MRC-5 cells suppressed T cells when co-cultured with A375 cells, while with OV-90 cells T cells activation was enhanced. In addition to the IFN- γ secretion, T cells in MRC-5 OV-90 interaction significantly upregulated 4-1BB expression on both CD4 & CD8 T cells. Interestingly we noticed that MRC-5 fibroblasts could modulate T cell responses to anti-PD-1 treatment in the co-culture depending on the tumor cell used. Conclusion: Here, we established a spheroid co-culture model, which will allow studies of the immunomodulatory crosstalk occurring in tumor microenvironment. Our model revealed a bifunctional role of MRC-5 fibroblasts in altering T cell phenotype. This finding is in line with literature highlighting the ability of fibroblasts to act as either tumor promoters or tumor suppressors depending on tumor microenvironment. We believe that this model, would aid in elucidating mechanisms of interaction between CAFs and T cells, potentially leading to discoveries of novel targets for immuno-oncology drug development. Additional studies, such as gene expression analysis using single cell RNA sequencing, are warranted to further validated the model and to better understand the kinetics of these interaction occurring in the co-culture with various tumor cell lines. Citation Format: Ilona Arnkil, Can Hekim, Elli Narvi, Emmi-Leena Ihantola, Endrit Elbasani, Anil Thotakura. The dual immunestimulatory and immunesuppressive role of MRC5 fibroblast cells in 3D coculture with T cells and tumor cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 4223.

Investigation of Uropathological Bacterial Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns Among Pregnant Women in Rawalpindi and Islamabad: A Comprehensive Analysis

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a significant health concern for pregnant women, potentially leading to adverse outcomes for both mother and child. The anatomical and physiological changes during pregnancy increase the risk of UTIs, making the study of their bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns especially pertinent. Objective: This study aimed to assess the bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of UTIs among pregnant women in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, to identify the most prevalent pathogens and their resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 165 early morning mid-stream urine samples collected from pregnant women attending the Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi, over four months. Samples were analyzed for UTI-causing organisms using Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) medium, MacConkey agar, and blood agar plates. Gram staining and biochemical tests were utilized for bacterial identification, while the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method determined antibiotic susceptibility. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results: The study population predominantly consisted of residents from Rawalpindi (94.5%). The highest incidence of UTIs was observed in the age group of 31-36 years (34.5%). Staphylococcus aureus (28%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (30%) were the most prevalent pathogens. High resistance rates were noted against ampicillin and azithromycin among gram-positive isolates, whereas gram-negative bacteria showed considerable resistance to ciprofloxacin. However, gentamicin displayed relative effectiveness across various pathogens. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant prevalence of antibiotic-resistant UTIs among pregnant women in the studied regions, with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the dominant pathogens. The findings call for an urgent need to implement effective antibiotic stewardship and screening programs during pregnancy to mitigate the risk of UTIs and their associated complications.

Complete genome sequence of Acidovorax temperans strain LMJ isolated from a contaminated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Tris-Acetate-Phosphate medium culture plate.

A heavy metal and xenobiotic-tolerant strain of Acidovorax temperans strain LMJ was isolated from a contaminated Tris-Acetate-Phosphate medium plate of a green micro-alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of this strain to provide insights into its survival strategies and nearest taxonomic neighbor.

Unveiling machine learning's impact on in vitro callogenesis optimization in Crocus sativus L

Saffron is a spice derived from its flower (Crocus sativus L.) and it is grown for its medicinal and culinary uses worldwide. Callus is an intermediate stage between explant and in vitro organogenesis. The fate of embryogenesis and organogenesis depends on the quality of the callus. Callogenesis is a complex biological process and is affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Machine learning (ML), can effectively cope with the time and cost constraints of experiments. In this study, we emphasized the effects of sucrose and phytohormones (auxin, and abscisic acid) on callogenesis with the aid of a machine-learning algorithm. Among the different tested hormone combinations, maximum callus proliferation was observed in the MS media plate containing 3 % sucrose, supplemented with 100 µM ABA, 2 and 4 mg/L NAA, and 2,4-D. A total of eight different ML tools were used to predict the efficacy of inputs on callogenesis. Out of all applied algorithms, Xtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) and Gradient Boosted Regression (GBR) provide better prediction performance than other models on callus induction and proliferation. SHAP analysis reveals the significance of sucrose, plant growth regulators (NAA, 2,4-D, and ABA), and time on callogenesis. Therefore, machine learning programs can effectively save cost and time by guiding experiments and facilitating optimization.

Study of histopathology on Arbacia lixula (Arbaciidae: Arbacioida) and Paracentrotus lividus (Parachinidae: Camarodonta) with bald sea urchin disease symptoms in Gran Canaria Island, Spain

Introduction: Sea urchin diseases have been documented in several locations worldwide, with reported occurrences of bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and algal infections.
 Objective: This study aimed to investigate pathogen agents in populations of Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus along the coast of Gran Canaria Island (Central-East Atlantic, Spain).
 Methods: Sampling was conducted at San Cristobal beach, on the Northeast side of the island, where sea urchins were manually collected from depths of 1-3 m during June, July, and October 2022. Swab samples were taken from the external and internal areas of the lesions and cultured on various media plates.
 Results: Eight different pathogen agents, including bacteria and fungi, were identified, with Vibrio alginolyticus being the most frequently observed bacteria in all diseased sea urchin samples. Additionally, ciliated protozoans were found within the tests, potentially acting as opportunistic parasites.
 Conclusions: This research provides a unique perspective on bald sea urchin disease by identifying a significant number of associated pathogens, including Candida, previously unreported in diseased organisms. Furthermore, the study highlights the presence of an inflammatory response in tissues with bacterial colonies, offering crucial insights into understanding this sea urchin disease.

Devi Temple, Pahari, Loharu Rulers and History: Understanding the People’s Mind

It is believed that Devi Temple, Pahari is 850 years old; however, neither the archival sources nor the inscriptions are available to authenticate the hearsay. But, a 1904 British document has reference to Pahari ki Mandhi. Hence, with reference to the examination of the 304 archival files about Loharu State in the National Archives of India, contemporary traditions, popular songs, interviews, newspaper reports, other digital media plate forms and so on, this article authenticates that Devi (Pahari Mata) is not only 120 years old, but its history goes far beyond. Nevertheless, it has also been observed that the people’s beliefs in Devi show that whether there is a written history or not, but it has marked deep imprints on their mind. Devi is in every sphere of people’s life. It can be authenticated from the popular songs sung during the Ratijaga. Further, the role of blue bloods in the renovation of Devi temple at different intervals of time, placing other deities in the temple complex, construction of 48 Dharamshala in the compound for the pilgrims, and so on have been studied. It also discusses the role of Loharu rulers in sociocultural and economic life of the people. The religious policies of the state have also been examined. Simultaneously, it has also discussed the fair during Durga Puja [every six months Chaitra (March) and Aasoj (October)] and its cultural activities and of course people’s enthusiasm.

Biodiversity of hydrolytic enzymes-producing soil bacteria from a Durian Park, Jombang, Indonesia: Beneficial prospect for sustainable agriculture

Abstract. Ni’matuzahroh, Affandi M, Supriyanto A, Rustantina B, Jaiyah LA, Rahmawati A, Nurhayati H, Sari SK, Khiftiyah AM, Huri D. 2024. Biodiversity of hydrolytic enzymes-producing soil bacteria from a Durian Park, Jombang, Indonesia: Beneficial prospect for sustainable agriculture. Biodiversitas 25: 392-403. Biofertilizer is an alternative to chemical fertilizer that can enhance plant growth but is specific to certain plants and soils. Various biofertilizers have been produced, but the specific biofertilizers to enhance durian growth have not been widely available. This study aims to determine the potential of hydrolytic enzyme-producing bacteria, one of the microbial components of biofertilizers, in the De Durian Park (DDP) area, Wonosalam, Jombang District, Indonesia. The bacteria were isolated using the selective medium plating technique. The obtained isolates were screened for their ability to produce cellulase, amylase, protease, and lipase. The clear zone around the colony indicated the ability of the isolates to produce hydrolytic enzymes, and then the clear zone index was obtained. The best three isolates for each enzyme production were characterized macroscopically, microscopically, and biochemically, then identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Fifty-two isolates were successfully obtained from the soil of DDP. The best three cellulolytic bacteria had indices ranging from 1.83 to 2.14, categorized as moderate-strong, identified as Bacillus anthracis, B. pacificus, and B. cereus. The amylolytic bacteria ranged from 1.25 to 1.35, categorized as moderate, and identified as Bacillus anthracis, B. paranthracis, and B. paramycoides. The proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.33 to 1.50, categorized as moderate, identified as B. pumilus, B. paramycoides, and B. cereus. The lipolytic bacteria ranged from 1.94 to 3.87, categorized as moderate-strong, and were identified as Enterobacter sichuanensis, B. pacificus, and E. asburiae. These cellulolytic, amylolytic, proteolytic, and lipolytic bacteria have the potency as candidates for a biofertilizer formula.

Investigation of thermal radiation and viscous heating effects on the hydromagnetic reacting micropolar fluid species flowing past a stretchy plate in permeable media

The theory of thermal radiation and viscous heating are crucial in space engineering and high temperature activities. This inquiry analyzes the consequence of energy source/sink on steady Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) flow of stretchable surface via porous channel taken into account the introduction of thermal radiation and viscous heating. The transformed nondimensionalized nonlinear governing model is numerically classified and resolved to derive solutions for the physical terms using shooting techniques along with 4th order Runge Kutta method. The flow behavior represented through the physical parameters are discussed via tables and graphs. Examined are the effects of skin friction as well as Sherwood and Nusselt numbers. It is revealed from the research that increase in micropolar term leads to higher velocity and temperature while microrotation falls. Also, increase in temperature is observed for every increase in porosity, Eckert, radiative and heat source terms. It is deduced from the investigation that the temperature can be enhanced as both radiative and viscous heating terms improves.

Effect of asymmetry on microstructure and mechanical behavior of as-rolled AZ31 magnesium alloy medium plates during coiling at warm temperatures

This study investigates the mechanical behavior, microstructural characteristics, and neutral layer shift of as-rolled AZ31 Mg alloys during coiling deformation at various warm temperatures. The medium plates were subjected to V-bending tests and numerical simulations. The results indicated that as the temperature increases, the non-basal slip systems are heavily activated, resulting in a decrease in fracture stress and an increase in flexural deflection. The analysis of geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) and Schmid factor (SF) indicates that tension-compression asymmetry results in higher stress concentration and a greater likelihood of cracking in the tensile zone (TZ) compared to the compressive zone (CZ). This condition is not conducive to coiling. Moreover, as the temperature increases, the density of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) in the TZ gradually increases. This leads to an enhanced activation of non-basal slip systems, improving the deformability of the medium plate during coiling. The stress triaxiality fluctuated the most when the temperature reached 200 °C. This can be attributed to the involvement of non-basal slip systems in the deformation of the plate. With the increase in coiling temperature and coiling rate, the neutral layer shifts towards the TZ and subsequently transitions to the CZ, leading to a reduction in the coiling inner diameter. Moreover, the shift of the neutral layer is significantly influenced by the radius of the indenter.

Effect of Heat Source on MHD Convective Flow of Non- Newtonian Fluid past an Oscillating Porous Plate in Porous Medium

Introduction: An investigation was conducted to analyse the impact of unsteady flow caused by non-Newtonian fluid with magneto hydrodynamic properties on an oscillating plate made of porous material in a porous medium. The analysis of convective heat transfer included additional parameters such as electrically conducting unsteady flow-facing applied magnetic force. The Perturbation method was used to transform the governing equations into non-linear differential equations with utmost precision. Moreover, MATLAB was used to precisely evolve temperature and velocity profiles for different parameters such as Grashof number, Prandtl number, skin friction, magnetic parameter, and source/sink. The heat transfer rate was thoroughly evaluated and compiled using graphs and tables, guaranteeing the accuracy of the results.

Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media

Using on-farm microbiological culture (OFC), based on chromogenic culture media, enables the identification of mastitis causing pathogens in about 24 h, allows rapid decision making on selective treatment and control management measures of cows with clinical mastitis (CM). However, accurate interpretation of OFC results requires trained and experienced operators, which could be a limitation for the use of OFC in dairy farms. Our hypothesis was that AI-based automated plate reading mobile application can analyze images of microorganisms’ colonies in chromogenic culture media with similar diagnostic performance as a trained specialist evaluator. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an AI-based application (Rumi; OnFarm, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil) for interpreting images of mastitis causing microorganism colonies grown in chromogenic culture media. For this study two trials were organized to compare the results obtained using an AI-based application Rumi with the interpretation of: (1) a trained specialist, using MALDI-TOF MS as the gold standard; (2) farm personnel users (FPU). In trial 1, a total of 476 CM milk samples, from 11 farms located in São Paulo (n = 7) and Minas Gerais (n = 4), southeast Brazil, were inoculated in chromogenic culture media plates (Smartcolor 2, OnFarm, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil) by specialists under lab conditions, and digital images were recorded 24 h after incubation at 37 °C. After that, all the 476 digital images were analyzed by the Rumi and by another specialist (who only had access to the digital images) and the diagnostic accuracy indicators sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) were calculated using MALDI-TOF MS microbiological identification of the isolates as the reference. In Trial 2, a total of 208 CM milk samples, from 150 farms from Brazil, were inoculated in chromogenic culture media plates by FPU, and the results of microbiological growth were visually interpreted by FPU under on-farm conditions. After visual interpretation, results were recorded using an OnFarmApp application (herd manage application for mastitis by OnFarm, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil), and the images of the chromogenic culture plates were captured by the OnFarmApp to be evaluated by Rumi and Bayesian Latent Class Models were performed to compare Rumi and the FPU. In Trial 1, Rumi presented high and intermediate accuracy results, with the only exception of the low Enterococcus spp.’s Se. In comparison with the specialist, Rumi performed similarly in Se and Sp for most groups of pathogens, with the only exception of non-aureus staphylococci where Se results were lower. Both Rumi and the specialist achieved Sp results > 0.96. In Trial 2, Rumi had similar results as the FPU in the Bayesian Latent Class Model analysis. In conclusion, the use of the AI-based automated plate reading mobile application can be an alternative for visual interpretation of OFC results, simplifying the procedures for selective treatment decisions for CM based on OFC.