Plate Construction Research Articles

익산 제석사의 축조 공정 검토

In this paper, the process of building and transforming the large-scale authoritative buildings of Jeseoksa Temple Site was reviewed by tracing the construction process according to the stages of planning and designing, construction and completion, and reconstruction after disposal. In the planning and design stage, the location of the temple was selected, and the lay-out and size of the temple was determined. Through topographic analysis and survey data review, it was found that the Jeseoksa Temple Site was located in the most optimal location, considering environmental conditions such as flooding and future spatial expandability. In addition, it was estimated that the temple had been built as part of a large-scale urban planning project in Iksan, based on the accessibility and spatial arrangement of the remains of the Wanggung-ri Site. It was understood that the temple layout reflected the aspect of maintaining the ‘one pagoda and one golden hall’ tradition and changes accompanying the expansion of scale. At the beginning of construction, areas of high ground were cut down and soil was piled up at areas of low ground in order to flatten the land; this was likely done in order to secure a wide and solid land plot. Subsequently, in order to build solid foundations for the individual buildings, plate construction was carried out above ground or underground. Finally, roof tiles and walls were utilized to form a temple landscape. In this way, the stage at which the landscape of the entire temple was finalized can be seen as the point of com-pletion. It is estimated that the temple layout featured in a wooden pagoda, golden hall, and auditorium surrounded by a middle gate, corridors, east-west buildings, and monastic buildings. Jeseoksa Temple Site was destroyed by fire in 639, and the temple was subsequently abandoned. After the waste was removed to the Jeseoksa Temple Site waste site, the re-construction stage began. It is estimated that the landscape of the rebuilt temple was trans-formed, with the use of new styles such as convex roof-end tiles with lotus design, con-cave roof-end tiles with arabesque design, and dtamped roof-tiles.

Analysis of Floor Work Design in Ceramic Factory Building Expansion Project PT, Surya Multi Cemerlang

The development of science and technology must be followed by an increase in the quality of quality Human Resources (HR), who think and act practically and efficiently. It is expected that quality Human Resources (HR) can be born from Universities in Indonesia. Surabaya State University is one of the institutions for the study and development of science, which plays a role in preparing professional workers. Not only equipping students with theoretical knowledge alone, but also equipped with practicums and internship activities as a means of training and skills for various fields according to the majors of each student. Internship Work Practice aims for students to be able to distinguish between the theory obtained in the lecture hall and field work practice, and to be able to think critically, logically, conceptually and applicatively as well as professionally in their fields. In this case, in the Building Engineering Education Study Program, Internship Work Practice is one of the requirements to complete the semester VI courses which are carried out for approximately 4 months in the field, namely the implementation starting from February 14, 2024 to June 14, 2024. To meet these requirements, the author and several fellow students conducted an Internship Work Practice . This Internship Work Practice activity was carried out at the PT Surya Multi Cemerlang ceramic factory, precisely at Jl. Raya Semambung No.296, Semambung-Wonoayu, Sidoarjo with PT Bangun Karya Perkasa Jaya Tbk as the Implementing Contractor. In connection with the many types of work on the Ceramic Factory Building Expansion Project (PT. Surya Multi Cemerlang) in Wonoayu, Sidoarjo, the types of work reviewed are limited to reviewing only the main activities, namely Floor Plate Work. One of the important structural elements in this project is the Floor Plate. As a structural element that functions as a place to support human and object loads, the Floor Plate is very influential in the planning and implementation of building construction. In its planning and implementation, the Floor Plate is designed as well and optimally as possible so as not to cause discomfort or danger. Improper planning and implementation of Floor Plate construction can cause cracks in one piece, which can affect the quality and durability of the floor plate. There are several students who review the implementation of other structural work from several areas being worked on by PT Bangun Karya Perkasa Jaya, such as reviewing the implementation of pile work, reviewing the implementation of Machine Foundation work, and reviewing the implementation of Wall work. Therefore, in the practical work that has been carried out, the author decided to analyze the method of "implementing Floor Plate work in the construction of a ceramic factory" in the field for writing the practical work report.

Development of Bamboo Composite: Application in UAV Structure

Due to the constant rise in the usage of non-renewable resources, composite materials made of natural fibres and plastic are now receiving a lot of attention. To maximise their performance and viability, bamboo composites for use in UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) plate constructions confront several obstacles that must be overcome. This study was conducted to fabricate the UAV plate structure by using bamboo composite. Bamboo fibre, epoxy resin, epoxy hardener, and fibre mesh are the materials requiredto produce the sample. The tensile strength of the bamboo fibre evaluated by using Universal Testing Machine followed by ASTM standard D638. The density test of the bamboo fibre measured by using Mettler Toledo mode XS64. As the result of the study, the bamboo composite that weighted gram per area 15 g/150cm2has the highest tensile strength, which is 20.075 MPa and for the density test, bamboo composite that weighted per area 5 g/150cm2is denser than other conditions which is 1.115 g/cm3.

Stiffness, Vibration, and Strength of Flat Slab and Flat Plate Lightweight Concrete Slabs

Flat slabs made of two-way reinforced concrete are a common, effective, and affordable structural method. Thin layer slabs and lightweight are of great importance in modern building construction without the need to increase the cross-section of columns, walls, and foundations. Consequently, it becomes more important to cover all aspects related to stiffness, vibration, and strength of lightweight concrete slabs. To achieve serviceable flat slabs from lightweight concrete (LWC), the comparison between LWC flat plate and flat slab is studied in this article for strength and stiffness. The construction of the flat plate is much easier than other slabs even though the problem facing the flat plate is the punching shear. Hence, the addition of the drop panel as a solution. However, the two LWC slabs are exposed to a uniform pressure of dead load and human live load. The vibration of the slab is related to the stiffness in the form of the natural frequency. These floor systems should satisfy walking excitation criteria of acceleration limit , which is equal to 0.50% of g for office occupancies. This study aims to analyze a flat plate and flat slab with a drop panel for strength and stiffness. The analysis is carried out in ABAQUS software. The results of the analysis show that the flat slab has an effective increase in strength of about 60% compared to the stiffness which was lower by about 2.2 %. However, the stiffness of both slabs is within the limits of walking excitation criteria.

Effect of marginal beams on the punching shear capacity of concrete slabs at exterior columns

It is common in concrete flat plate construction to connect the exterior columns with marginal, or edge, beams. In addition to the benefit gained from marginal beams in stiffening the slab edges and supporting the concentrated loads on the slab edge, they aid in resisting punching shear at the exterior columns. However, in most cases the marginal beam dimensions are limited by architectural constraints rendering it very small relative to the adjoining columns. In such cases, especially ones when the column protrudes beyond the beam width, the effect of the beam in resisting punching shear is doubtful. Most design codes do not provide a direct method for checking punching shear taking into account the effect of the beam, which might encourage designers to neglect punching shear design due to beam effect. This paper investigates the effect of marginal beams on the punching shear capacity of slabs at edge and corner columns. To the authors’ knowledge, only the Australian Standards (AS3600) accounts for that case, however; the AS3600 provisions are based on studies conducted on beams with width equal to the adjoining column width, a case which is out of the scope of this paper. The results of eight experimentally tested slabs were used to verify the modeling approach used to generate the parametric study models. The test specimens chosen for verification of the numerical model represented two possible modes of failure, punching shear at the column slab interface and torsion shear failure of the marginal beam. Numerical models of 80 slabs were developed using ABAQUS software package. The study results were compared to three international code provisions, the ACI318, EC2 and ECP-203. The study concluded that the presence of a beam with width less than 80% of the column width does not eliminate the punching shear mode of failure, however; the beam increases the overall capacity of the connection by transferring part of the load directly to the column and reducing demand on two-way shear. Design guidelines are presented to check shear capacity of such connections.

Buckling load optimization of sandwich plates with trapezoidal corrugated core and elliptical cutout using vibration correlation techniques and artificial neural network; experimental and numerical analysis

The present research was carried out in order to estimate the buckling load of a sandwich plate with a trapezoidal corrugated core with cut-out using three vibration correlation techniques (VCT). The structure investigated in this research is a sandwich plate with a trapezoidal core and an oval cut-out, which is made of thermoplastic polymer using a 3D printer. By using artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA), the specific critical buckling load (p¯cr) which is defined as the ratio of critical buckling load (Pcr) to plate weight (gr) has been minimized and the optimal dimensions for cut-out parameters including the ratio of the large diameter of the ellipse (z=20mm) to the small diameter of the ellipse (b) and oval angles with the horizontal axis (a∘) are obtained. Using the method of equivalent properties, the trapezoidal core is transformed into an equivalent orthotropic core and finally the desired structure is transformed into a three-layer sandwich plate including homogeneous upper and lower layers and an orthotropic middle layer. By using the meshless method based on radial and polynomial functions and with the help of the finite element method, the numerical simulation of buckling and free vibration of the sandwich plate has been done. The results showed that the estimation of the buckling load with the vibration correlation technique (VCT) corresponds to the actual condition of the structure, so that due to the high quality of sandwich plate construction and its integrity, the results obtained from the first, second, and third methods of the VCT show the effectiveness of this method for predicting of the buckling load of the structure.

Computational studies on hyper velocity impact of spherical projectiles on whipple shield with hybrid Newtonian fluid-filled core

Satellites orbiting in low Earth orbits face potential threats from space debris. To mitigate this risk, a Whipple shield is employed to shield satellites from potential hyper-velocity impacts caused by debris of varying sizes and speeds. Typically, these protective systems use spaced aluminum plates affixed to the satellite’s exterior. Ongoing advancements in this field include exploring alternative materials such as foam, cellular cores, and ceramics to replace aluminum in plate construction. This study introduces a hybrid configuration featuring a Newtonian fluid-filled, high-performance fiber-reinforced polymer core positioned between the aluminum alloy plates, aiming to enhance the Whipple shield’s overall shielding effectiveness. The analysis of hyper-velocity impacts was performed numerically using ANSYS Autodyn® computational software. Spherical projectiles made of stainless steel, ranging in diameter from 2 mm to 4 mm, were selected for direct collision simulations with the Whipple shield at velocities of 5 km/s, 7 km/s, and 9 km/s. The front and rear plates, each 1 mm thick, were constructed using AA6061-T6. The core, measuring 10 mm in thickness, incorporated multiple plies of Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymer (KFRP), with interplay spacing between successive KFRP plies filled with a Newtonian fluid (water). It was observed that spherical projectiles made of stainless steel with diameter ≥ 3 mm penetrated the rear plate of the whipple shield at the lower velocity of 5 km/s, with enhanced damage as the initial velocity of the projectile was increased from 5 km/s to 9 km/s. The debris cloud was found to scatter the fluid droplets, rupture the successive KFRP layers, with the initial kinetic energy playing a significant role in the severity of the damage.

Simulation of elastic guided waves in concrete structures: A parametric study for construction materials

Concrete buildings constructed globally are susceptible to diverse circumstances of use and exposure to environmental elements. Diverse varieties of construction materials are used in the building sector to fabricate edifices and constructions. Architects and construction project managers use these classifications of materials and products to precisely determine the materials and techniques employed in building projects. This study presents a simulation of elastic guided waves in concrete structures, which is motivated by the vast variety of uses of such structures. The elastic-guided wave technique is a technology used for nondestructive assessment. This approach utilizes acoustic waves that travel along an extended structure, directed by its limits. This enables the propagation of waves over a significant distance while minimizing energy dissipation. Currently, the Elastic guided wave method is extensively used for the examination and evaluation of various engineering structures, namely for inspecting metallic pipelines globally. From a single place, it is possible to investigate distances of several hundred meters in some instances. Additionally, there are apps available for the examination of rail tracks, rods, and metal plate constructions. In this research, a novel mathematical model is introduced for accurately replicating elastic guided waves in concrete structures in practical applications. To reinforce the current concrete structure using mathematics, graphene oxide powders with improved mechanical properties are obtained using the role of the mixture, and the Halpin-Tsai micromechanical model is used. After obtaining the mathematical modeling of the current concrete structure using the theory of shear deformation with four unknown high-order terms and Hamilton’s principle, the equations are solved using free and forced wave propagation approaches. Finally, some applicable suggestions for improving the efficiency and dynamic stability of the presented concrete structure reinforced by graphene oxide powders are presented in detail in the results section.

Research on intelligent perception and decision system for special welding mechanical arm of float plate in crude oil storage tank

Abstract In the rapid development of the petrochemical industry in the context of the increasing number of large tanks, large tanks in the production and installation process encountered the first problem the pontoon plate welding deformation and weld seam is too large and other defects, through the construction of the ship plate welding special robotic arm of the intelligent perception and decision-making system to solve such defects. Summarize the Structure of crude oil storage tanks and welding process characteristics based on the ultrasonic distance measurement in the distance sensor to obtain the characteristic data set, combined with the distinct data and computer programming language to build the intelligent perception and decision-making system of the unique robotic arm for ship plate welding. They set the relevant parameter values based on simulation experiments on the welding of a particular robot arm perception and decision-making system for the application of example analysis. Compared to the traditional LSTM algorithm, the YOLO-v5 network-driven weld target detection algorithm has a 5.5% higher accuracy and a 9.1% higher success rate in time robustness evaluation. In addition, the welding decision model based on the DDPG algorithm possesses excellent computational accuracy, and the average error of each parameter in the welding decision of the ship plate is controlled within 5%. This study greatly improves the welding quality of the pontoon plate of crude oil storage tanks and provides solid technical support for the successful completion of the project.

Static and dynamic study of fiber-reinforced hemispherical stacked sandwich structure

Sandwich structures have garnered considerable attention due to their ability to meet the requirements of the aerospace and defense industry for impact resistance and lightweight performance. Unlike the plate or block construction investigated in previous studies, this present study proposes a new type of configuration known as the fiber-reinforced hemispherical stacked sandwich (FRHSS) structure. The fabrication of this FRHSS is achieved through the utilization of the Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) process and its response under quasi-static compression load is analyzed through both simulation and experiment. It is found that the internal configuration design effectively determines the direction of contraction in the hemispherical construction when it is subjected to quasi-static compression load. Furthermore, the impact resistance of the FRHSS against projectile penetration is also assessed. Through a comparison of simulation and experimental results, it becomes evident that the Chang-Chang failure criterion can successfully model the penetration process. Finally, the influence of internal configuration on the penetration resistance of the structure is studied by finite element method. The results show that the internal configuration plays an important role in the ballistic limiting velocity and ballistic performance of the construction. This study provides a valuable reference for the design of hemispherical sandwich structures.

Influence of the diffuser plate construction design on the filtration hydraulic behaviour in a pressurized sand filter

Influence of the diffuser plate construction design on the filtration hydraulic behaviour in a pressurized sand filter

Improved measuring plate solution method of density for rockfill dam based on the additional -mass model

Density control is the key index of quality control during the rockfill-construction period. Normally, traditional pits method used in rockfill-construction has several disadvantages, such as long test time, high manpower consumption, etc. Therefore, it will bring great interference to the construction progress. The new additional mass method has been widely used with advantages, such as fast test speed, no damage to dam body, etc. However, there are some shortcomings in the solution of added-mass method at present, such as limited test range, unclear theoretical basis and so on. In this paper, a new method of digital measurement plate construction is proposed. Firstly, the process of solving the density of prototype rockfill materials(PRFM) was described based on the equation-equivalence method. Then, two kinds of measurement plates were made by constructing parameter-equivalence diagrams. The validity of the method is verified by comparing test results and pit-test results in several different parts of the Shuangjiangkou dam. The new method is easy to calculate and the parameters could be equaled flexibly. Moreover, comparing with the previous digital measurement plate method, the new one has advantages, such as easier to be expanded and having a wider test range.

Electrospun aligned self-standing SnO2/Sb carbon nanofibrous anodic membrane for sulfamethoxazole electrocatalytic degradation

Recently, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) has become an emerging refractory antibiotic pollutant due to abuse and excessive use. In this study, self-standing PAN-based SnO2/Sb/CFs anodic membrane was fabricated by innovatively incorporating SnO2/Sb nanoparticles into carbon nanofibrous (CFs) membrane to treat the typical antibiotic, SMX. The significant sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation capacity by the SnO2/Sb/CFs nanofibrous anodic membrane was benefit from the excellent adsorption ability of CFs and the enhanced electrooxidation capacity by SnO2/Sb. In addition, the SnO2/Sb nanoparticles can further increase the oxygen evolution side reaction potential and improve conductivity. The flow-through nano-porous construction of SnO2/Sb/CFs membrane reactor can greatly improve the mass transfer rate and further enhance the degradation rate than the plate construction of conventional electrode. The anodic electrocatalysis on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) testing proven that, the optimal electrocatalytic conditions is at the 2.5 V applied potential, pH at 6, the degradation rate reached 67 % in 1 h at the initial SMX concentration of 10 mg/L. And non-toxic smaller intermediates of SMX were identified by LC-MS/MS, suggesting the refractory and highly toxic SMX was electrochemically degraded into small non-toxic molecules. The outstanding SMX electrochemical degradation performance and anodic carbon nanofibrous membrane stability indicated the SnO2/Sb/CFs anodic membrane has enormous potential to treat the refractory antibiotics from the wastewater.

Anterolateral Thigh Phalloplasty With Staged Skin Graft Urethroplasty: Technique and Outcomes

1) To describe the authors' technique of ALT phalloplasty with staged skin graft urethroplasty and 2) to report the surgical outcomes and complications of this technique in a preliminary patient cohort. Following IRB approval, retrospective chart review identified all patients undergoing primary three stage ALT phalloplasty by the senior authors. Stage I involves single tube, pedicled ALT transfer. Stage II involves vaginectomy, pars fixa urethroplasty, scrotoplasty, and opening the ALT ventrally and construction of a urethral plate with split thickness skin graft. Stage III involves tubularization of the urethral plate to create the penile urethra. Data collected included patient demographics, intraoperative details, postoperative courses, and complications. Twenty-four patients were identified. Twenty-two patients (91.7%) underwent ALT phalloplasty prior to vaginectomy. All patients underwent staged split thickness skin grafting for the penile urethra reconstruction. Twenty-one patients (87.5%) achieved standing micturition at the time of data collection. Eleven patients (44.0%) experienced at least one urologic complication requiring additional operative intervention, most commonly urethrocutaneous fistulae (8 patients, 33.3%), and urethral strictures (5 patients, 20.8%). ALT phalloplasty with split thickness skin grafting for urethral lengthening is an alternative technique to achieve standing micturition with an acceptable complication rate in gender affirming phalloplasty.

Technical justification of the sectional construction of the pressure plate in the die-cutting press

It was stated that the die-cutting equipment belongs to the category of heavily loaded equipment because the drive overcomes significant technological resistances resulting from die-cutting of sweeps. Presses of the equipment are equipped with both wedge-lever mechanisms and eccentric ones to ensure cyclic vertical movement of the pressure plate. It is emphasized that automatic platens create a force loading in the die-cutting of sweeps of more than two hundred tons. A sectional construction of a pressure plate with an eccentric drive was suggested. Such a design of the pressure plate is designed to ensure consistent interaction of the tools of the die-cutting stamp with the sections of the cardboard cutting, to minimize the force loading of the drive. There were obtained values of the displacement invariant of all three sections of the pressure plate, the eccentrics of which are shifted in the angular direction. It was established that an increase in the cardboard thickness requires a similar change in the angular displacement of the eccentrics on the drive shafts in the adjacent sections. Further research on a test stand is planned.

The effect of thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers on deformability and stress distribution in three-layer panels made of cross-laminated timber

Introduction. The key feature of timber and materials, made from it, is anisotropy, or a pronounced difference between mechanical properties manifested in different directions. The construction of a cross-laminated timber plate, or a CLT panel, ensures its high strength and rigidity due to the perpendicular arrangement of fibers in mutually perpendicular layers. The article examines the effect of thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers on deformability and stress distribution in three-layer CLT panels. The relevance of the work lies in the need to obtain computational data for analyzing changes in strength characteristics of panels to select the most effective panel configuration.
 
 Materials and methods. Due to the lack of a standardized testing methodology, SCAD+ software package was applied to conduct the studies using numerical methods. The design scheme is identified as a general system whose deformations and principal unknowns are represented by linear displacements of nodal points along the X, Y, Z axes and rotations around these axes. A three–layer plate was selected as the element to be analyzed, the outer layers of which are longitudinal, and the inner one is transverse. Its simplified design scheme is a hinged beam.
 
 Results. The results of the study and calculations made using SCAD+ were applied to make tables and graphs showing dependence of deflection, distribution of normal and shear stresses on thickness of transverse and longitudinal layers of timber.
 
 Conclusions. The data, obtained by the authors, allow evaluating the effect of thickness on deformability and stress distribution in three-layer CLT panels to select the effective design. A change in thickness does not always bring a large difference between mechanical properties, which allows optimizing the panel parameters. The significance of the research lies, among other things, in expanding the scientific and engineering knowledge of timber structures.

Phononic crystal-induced standing Lamb wave for the translation of subwavelength microparticles

Phononic crystals (PCs) can modulate an incident acoustic wave to provide subwavelength microparticles with stable and flexible manipulation. However, fixed artificial structures of the PCs usually result in a steady acoustic field profile, thus limiting the dynamic manipulation of microparticles. This study proposes the construction of a phononic crystal plate (PCP) using a pair of periodic oppositely arranged gratings on a plate. Under the PCP's resonance frequency, a pair of nonleaky A0 mode traveling Lamb waves that intrinsically exist in a thin plate were excited and propagated. The pair of waves formed a highly localized standing Lamb wave field between the pair of periodic gratings. By adjusting the phase of the incident acoustic wave, the positions of pressure nodes of the PCP-induced standing Lamb wave were changed in a quantitatively tunable manner. Thus, polystyrene microparticles trapped and aligned at the pressure nodes via the acoustic radiation force could be moved to achieve the translation motion with a resolution of 2.2 μm, approximately 1/160 wavelength in water. The proposed methodology will lead to the fabrication of a disposable and easily operated tool for dynamically manipulating microparticles in subwavelength regions by engineering acoustic fields using acoustic metamaterials in microfluidic devices for cell sorting and drug delivery.

Structural and Modal Analysis Of Adapter Plates For Hydraulic Hammers And Skid Steers Under Real Work Condition

In Perú the necessity of facility projects such as gas line installation for residents has increased the demand for use of Hydraulic Hammers (HH) with Skid Steers due to the lower amount of investment needed in comparison to other packs of machinery and the versatility. The ability to interchange hydraulic hammers and buckets to complete the demolition and cleaning stages offers higher productivity than manual operations for contractors. For that reason, the virtual design software Inventor Professional was used to design a suitable adapter plate with adequate resistance and durability which has a direct impact on the structure of the hydraulic hammer and the hydraulic arm of the skid steers. Simultaneously, a basic animation was developed to explain the effect of the operation style over the hydraulic hammer and the adapter plate. Finally, for this development, the construction of an adapter plate as a fuse in the system was considered in case operators exceed the resistance capacity of the hydraulic hammer structure.

Physical and Numerical Simulations on Mechanical Properties of a Prefabricated Underground Utility Tunnel

The “U-shaped ferrule joint bars connections” have a stable mechanical property, requiring a low level of construction accuracy and a relatively simple connection process, which significantly increase the construction speed. Based on the “U-shaped ferrule joint bars connections” technology, a new type of prefabricated concrete underground utility tunnel was proposed. This prefabricated technology realizes a formwork-free construction and vertical support-free assembly of the top plate on site. Through the full-scale model static test and numerical analyses, the mechanical properties, i.e., the crack development law and bearing capacity, were systematically investigated to validate the effectiveness of the “U-shaped ferrule joint bars connections”. The test results indicated that the performance of the “U-shaped ferrule joint bars connections” is reliable. During the loading process, the prefabricated utility tunnel experienced three stages, i.e., cracking, stiffness degradation, and ultimate failure. The numerical analysis results correlated with the test results well. The simulation results showed that the bearing capacities of the prefabricated underground utility tunnel and the cast-in-place utility tunnel were similar. The longitudinal joint connections of the prefabricated utility tunnel allow the structure as an integration to maintain favourable mechanical properties.

Analyses of Protein Turnover at the Cell Plate by Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching During Cytokinesis.

Membrane trafficking is central to cell plate construction during plant cytokinesis. Studies on cell plate formation can provide answers to basic biology questions including molecular mechanisms of membrane trafficking, tissue patterning, and cytoskeletal dynamics. Consequently, a detailed understanding of cytokinesis depends on the characterization of molecules that function in the formation, transport, targeting, and fusion of membrane vesicles and delivery of proteins to the developing and maturing plate. This chapter describes a pipeline based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to measure and analyze turnover of peripheral or transmembrane proteins on the cell plate. The approach described here can also be applied in other biological contexts.