Plasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride Research Articles

Investigation of the effect of zinc borate on the physic mechanical properties of PVC plastic

Zinc borate crystalline hydrate of the composition 2ZnO·3B2O3·3,5H2O was obtained by the interaction of zinc oxide and boric acid in the presence of a seed. The composition of the obtained crystalhydrate of zinc borate was confirmed using IR spectroscopy and gravimetric analysis. It is shown at what temperatures the obtained zinc borate crystalline hydrate loses crystallization water and in what quantity. To evaluate the antipyretic properties, the obtained zinc borate crystalline hydrate was introduced into the polyvinylchloride plastic compound grade NGP30-32, replacing industrial zinc borate in the formulation. It was found that polyvinylchloride plastic containing the obtained zinc borate crystalline hydrate is not inferior in its thermal, fire-resistant and physic mechanical characteristics to a compound containing industrial zinc borate. At the same time, the main indicators of polyvinylchloride plastic containing laboratory zinc borate crystalline hydrate complies with the requirements for fireproof plastic compounds.

A New Green Method for the Production Polyvinylchloride Plasticizers from Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Vegetable Oils

AbstractThe current work has shown the potentials for the aerobic oxidation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of vegetable oils in the production of polyvinylchloride (PVC) plasticizers with the exclusion of other reagents. The reaction mixtures contain epoxidized derivatives of FAME, and esters, with the quantity of the ester groups being higher than in the initial raw material. It was established that the increase in the additional ester groups resulting from the “aerobic” Baeyer‐Villiger (BV) reaction has a significantly positive influence on the plasticizing ability of the oxidized FAME mixtures for PVC when compared to the formation of epoxide compounds. The development of the technology for the production of PVC plasticizers proposed in this investigation provides an opportunity for resolving some of the environmental issues normally associated with the use of phthalate‐based plasticizers.

Plasticized PVC Membrane Modified Electrodes: Voltammetry of Highly Hydrophobic Compounds.

In the last 50 years, plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes have gained unique importance in chemical sensor development. Originally, these membranes separated two solutions in conventional ion-selective electrodes. Later, the same membranes were applied over a variety of supporting electrodes and used in both potentiometric and voltammetric measurements of ions and electrically charged molecules. The focus of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of the plasticized PVC membrane modified working electrode for the voltammetric measurement of highly lipophilic molecules. The plasticized PVC membrane prevents electrode fouling, extends the detection limit of the voltammetric methods to sub-micromolar concentrations, and minimizes interference by electrochemically active hydrophilic analytes.

Enhanced photodegradability of PVC plastics film by codoping nano-graphite and TiO2

A novel photodegradable Nano-G/TiO2/PVC composite film was prepared by codoping nano-graphite (Nano-G) and TiO2 photocatalyst in Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic. The Characterization tests were performed by using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and physical and mechanical properties. Compared with TiO2/PVC, Nano-G/PVC and PVC film, the Nano-G/TiO2/PVC composite film showed higher photodegradability. The weight loss rates of Nano-G/PVC (Nano-G 1 wt%), TiO2/PVC (TiO2 1 wt%) and Nano-G/TiO2/PVC (Nano-G 1 wt%, TiO2 1 wt%) films after the UV irradiation for 30 h were 7.68%, 8.94% and 17.24%, respectively, while that of PVC was only 2.12%. For the Nano-G/TiO2/PVC composite film, the optimal doping amount of nano-graphite is 1 wt%. The decline rates of Mw and Mn of Nano-G/TiO2/PVC (Nano-G 1 wt%, TiO2 1 wt%) composite film were 12.93% and 61.97%, respectively, which were much higher than that of PVC. Nano-graphite can effectively improve the migration and separation of TiO2 photogenerated electrons, improving the photodegradation rate of PVC. The mechanism of the Nano-G/TiO2/PVC composite film photocatalytic degradation was proposed. The photocatalytic technology is a feasible and effective way to solve "white pollution".

Effects of Solvent Molecular Structure on Diffusion through Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride) Films

Diffusion of organic solvents in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films is industrially significant for inkjet-printed PVC graphic displays, but comprehensive research on the mechanism of sol...

Designing anti-migration furan-based plasticizers and their plasticization properties in poly (vinyl chloride) blends

The use of bio-based plasticizers with low toxicity and good compatibility with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has attracted more attention in the recent years. With bio-based 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and butyl oligo-glycol ethers as raw materials, three liquid furan-based plasticizers of di(butyl glycol) furan-2,5-dicarboxylate, di(butyldiglycol) furan-2,5-dicarboxylate and di(butyltriglycol) furan-2,5-dicarboxylate were synthesized by direct esterification. The chemical structure of three plasticizers was characterized with FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. From DMA measurement, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the plasticized PVC was decreased gradually when furan-based plasticizers were added to PVC formulation from 30 up to 50 phr. Due to lots of ether bonds in furan-based plasticizers, they expressed over two-fold lower migration in organic solvent compared with the traditional plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Through the characterization of elongation at break, hardness and thermal stability, furan-based plasticizers presented the same plasticization properties as DEHP, and had potential industrial application prospects.

Application of Zinc Oxide to Obtain and Modify Properties of Adipate Plasticizer of Polyvinyl Chloride.

Heterogeneous catalysts are widely used in basic research and in the petrochemical industry due to their effectiveness. In modern times, interest in this type of catalyst and, in particular, in mineral oxides is associated with the technological design of the process, namely: The absence of waste emissions, and the possibility of regeneration and reuse of the catalyst, which meets the criteria of green chemistry. For this reason, the preparation of non-toxic adipate plasticizers is expediently carried out under conditions of heterogeneous catalysis. Zinc oxide was chosen for this purpose, and as initial reagents: Adipic acid, butoxyethanol, and phenoxyethanol. For synthesized butoxyethylphenoxyethyl adipate by thermogravimetry on a TGA-DSC-combined thermal analysis instrument and differential scanning calorimetry on a DSC-1 instrument («Mettler Toledo»), the following properties were studied: Thermal stability, melting and crystallization temperatures, polymer compatibility. An analysis of the data in comparison with di-2-ethylhexylphthalate confirmed the possibility of using it as a plasticizing additive in PVC compositions. The zinc compound obtained in situ as part of the developed plasticizing composition contributes to increasing the color and thermal stability of the obtained PVC compositions.

Novel Validated Analytical Method Based on Potentiometric Transduction for the Determination of Citicoline Psychostimulant/Nootropic Agent.

Herein, a novel validated potentiometric method is presented for the first time for citicoline determination. The method is based on measuring the potential using new constructed citicoline electrodes. The electrodes are based on the use of citicolinium/phosphomolybdate [Cit]2[PM] (sensor I) and citicolinium/tetraphenylborate [Cit][TPB] (sensor II) ion association complexes. These sensory materials were dispersed in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymeric membranes. The sensors revealed a Nernstian response with the slopes 55.9 ± 1.8(r2 = 0.9994) and 51.8 ± 0.9 (r2 = 0.9991) mV/decade over a linearity range of 6.3 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−3 and 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−3 M and detection limits of 3.16 × 10−6 and 7.1 × 10−6 M for sensors I and II, respectively. To ensure the existence of monovalent citicoline, all measurements were performed in 50 mM acetate buffer at pH 3.5. All presented electrodes showed good performance characteristics such as rapid response, good selectivity, high potential-stability and long life-span. Method verification and validation in terms of response linearity, quantification limit, accuracy, bias, trueness, robustness, within-day variability and between-days variability were evaluated. The method was introduced for citicoline determination in different pharmaceutical formulations and compared with the standard high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.

Phthalates Implications in the Cardiovascular System.

Today’s sedentary lifestyle and eating habits have been implicated as some of the causes of the increased incidence of several diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. However, environmental pollutants have also been identified as another possible cause for this increase in recent decades. The constant human exposure to plastics has been raising attention regarding human health, particularly when it comes to phthalates. These are plasticizers used in the manufacture of industrial and consumer products, such as PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) plastics and personal care products, with endocrine-disrupting properties, as they can bind molecular targets in the body and interfere with hormonal function. Since these compounds are not covalently bound to the plastic, they are easily released into the environment during their manufacture, use, or disposal, leading to increased human exposure and enhancing health risks. In fact, some studies have related phthalate exposure with cardiovascular health, having already shown a positive association with the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis in adults and some cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Therefore, the main purpose of this review is to present and relate the most recent studies concerning the implications of phthalates effects on the cardiovascular system.

A New Validated Potentiometric Method for Sulfite Assay in Beverages Using Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine as a Sensory Recognition Element.

A simple potentiometric sensor is described for accurate, precise, and rapid determination of sulfite additives in beverages. The sensor is based on the use of cobalt phthalocyanine as a recognition material, dispersed in a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) matrix membrane. o-Nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) as a membrane solvent and tri-dodecylmethyl- ammonium chloride (TDMAC) as ion discriminators are used as membrane additives. Under the optimized conditions, sulfite ion is accurately and precisely measured under batch and flow injection modes of analysis. The sensor exhibits fast and linear response for 1.0 × 10−2–1.0 × 10−6 M (800–0.08 µg/mL) and 1.0 × 10−1–5.0 × 10−5 M (8000–4 µg/mL) sulfite with Nernstian slopes of −27.4 ± 0.3 and −23.7 ± 0.6 mV/concentration decade under static and hydrodynamic modes of operation, respectively. Results in good agreement with the standard iodometric method are obtained.Validation of the assay method is examined in details including precision, accuracy, bias, trueness, repeatability, reproducibility, and uncertainty and good performance characteristics of the method are obtained. The sensor response is stable over the pH range of 5 to 7 without any significant interference from most common anions. The advantages offered by the proposed sensor (i.e., wide range of assay, high accuracy and precision, low detection limit, reasonable selectivity, long term response stability, fast response, and long life span and absence of any sample pretreatment steps) suggest its use in the quality control/quality assurance routine tests in beverages industries, toxicological laboratories and by inspection authorities.

Long-term durability assessment of PVC-P waterproofing geomembranes through laboratory tests

Waterproofing heavily influences the operation and maintenance costs of underground structures. Currently, the most commonly used technology for tunnel waterproofing is plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-P) geomembranes. However, not much is known about the long-term durability of these geomembranes, especially in relation to the long expected lifespan of new tunnels (i.e. 100–150 years). Therefore, in this paper, the durability of two commercially available PVC-P geomembranes is studied with the help of a specifically designed accelerated ageing device in addition to mechanical and absorption tests. The degradation resulting from plasticizer loss is extrapolated to the long term, and a threshold value for the end-of-life of the PVC-P geomembrane is estimated from the mechanical tests.

Comparing plastic foils for dew collection: Preparatory laboratory-scale method and field experiment in Kenya

Passive dew collection could be a viable option as a source of irrigation water in arid areas. The plastic foil acting as a condensing surface plays a key role in the passive dew collection regime. A laboratory method for comparing various plastic foils for dew collection was prepared and tested. The focus was on creating a method for measuring the attributes affecting dew condensation and the flow of dew droplets on the measured surface. A low-density polyethylene foil designed for dew collection, white polyethylene plastic, black polyethylene plastic, and white polyvinyl chloride plastic were used as the test plastics. The laboratory dew yields were compared with model calculations. In addition, field trials were conducted in arid conditions in Maktau, Kenya, to compare with the laboratory measurement. Results from the hardware model tests were not reflected in the results obtained from the field conditions. The laboratory tests showed that the dew-harvesting quality of plastic foils is difficult to evaluate using the laboratory test rig. A more comprehensive evaluation regime requires tests performed in field conditions or further development of the test rig used here.

Bending behavior of glass fiber reinforced composite overwrapping pvc plastic pipes

The challenge associated with the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipelines is to improve their structural integrity without increasing their cost. Currently, PVC pipelines are the most cost-effective method of transporting water and sewage drainage. However, their low deterioration and mechanical properties cause significant losses and sacrifice the structural integrity of pipelines. Therefore, this study proposes the glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) overwrapped system to strengthen the external surface of PVC pipes, which will improve pipes’ flexural load-carrying capacities. Accordingly, an extensive experimental program is developed and performed to examine the flexural behavior of GFRP composite overwrapped onto PVC plastic pipes. These phases include the fabrication process and different types of tests for evaluating the structural integrity of the GFRP/PVC pipes. The results showed that the proposed overwrapped system significantly improved the flexural carrying capability. The initial flexural failure load increased significantly, with an improvement from 64 to 1140 N. Also, the ultimate flexural load found to be improved by a factor of nine. The flexural behavior was significantly affected by changes in the fiber orientation angle. The results also revealed that as the pipe diameter increased, the flexural carrying load capacity increased. It is also important to note that the matrix cracking, fiber debonding, and fiber breakage were dominating the failure modes of GFRP/PVC pipes.

PROVIDING TECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF RESISTIVE CABLES OF THE HEATING FLOOR SYSTEM WITH PRESERVATION OF THERMAL RESISTANCE OF INSULATION

Introduction. The main purpose of resistive cables is to convert the current flowing through the cable into heat. The maximum operating temperature of the conductive core should not exceed 100 °C. Power output per cable per unit length (nominal specific electrical power per 1 m of heating cable at rated line voltage per 1m cable) is the main technical parameter of these cables. The heat released by the conductivity of the core current, taking into account the change in the resistivity of the core material from temperature, is directly proportional to the square of the linear voltage drop across the core, and inversely proportional to the linear resistance of the core. Typical heat dissipation in such cables does not exceed 10 W/m, provided the cable is placed in the air. Purpose. Determination of the specific power of the cable system when varying the thickness of the insulation and the protective polymer shell, provided the thermal stability of the insulation on the basis of thermal balance between the power released in the core and the power released into the environment from the surface of the resistive heating. Methodology. The calculation of the linear heat flux is performed in two steps: when changing the radius of insulation (thickness of insulation) and the constant thickness of the protective polymer shell; at constant thickness of insulation and change of radius of the protective polymer jacket . The highest values of linear heat flux at (70-90) W/m are achieved for the optimum design of a single-conductor resistive cable from a conductive core in the range of 0,4 mm to 1,6 mm when varying the thickness of the cross-linked polyethylene insulation and protective sheath based on polyvinyl chloride plastic. The specific power of heating resistive cables, provided the thermal stability of the crosslinked polyethylene insulation is determined based on the thermal balance between the power generated in the core and the power dissipated from the surface of the cable into the air. Practical value. The thickness of the insulation and the linear voltage of the heating resistive cable, depending on the material of the core, providing thermal stability of the insulation are substantiated. The methodology of substantiation of specific power, which corresponds to thermal stability of heating resistive cables on the basis of thermal balance, can be applied to both the floor heating system and other areas of application of heating cables.

Reparability of aged PVC waterproofing membranes: Effect of joining method

Plasticized poly vinyl chloride (PVC) membranes are widely used for waterproofing in civil engineering works. Such membranes are susceptible to environmental degradation and accidental damage, and may thus require localized repairs throughout their service life. These operations typically involve covering the damaged areas with new PVC membranes, prompting the need to execute joints between new and aged membranes. This paper presents an experimental assessment of the performance of two methods used for such repairs, namely hot air welding and solvent-based adhesive bonding. Plasticized PVC membranes with glass-fibre reinforcement were aged by heat weathering for up to 24 weeks in a temperature controlled chamber at 70 °C. The aged membranes were then bonded to new (unaged) membranes and subjected to shear and peel tests, while individual membranes were also tested in tension. The tensile and shear results are in agreement with experimental observations found in other studies regarding the effects of heat ageing on the tensile and shear behaviour of PVC membranes and their seams; moreover, the shear tests suggest that damage is introduced in the membranes during heat welding, resulting in reduced deformation capacity after the execution of the welds. The results of peel tests show that the overall performance of solvent-based adhesive joints is significantly better than that of hot air welded joints. Furthermore, following the heat ageing programme, even though the PVC membranes exhibited reduced elongation at break, this did not significantly hinder the effectiveness of solvent-based adhesive joints; conversely, the hot air welded joints exhibited reductions in average peeling force of up to 60% after 24 weeks of heat ageing.

Biopolyurethane/Diethylhexyl Phthalate Hybrid Plasticizer for Flexible Polyvinyl Chloride

Worldwide concerns on the endocrine disruption of phthalate derivatives have sparked extensive research on its alternatives. One of the most prominent use of phthalate derivatives are on the plasticization of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Therefore, numerous carboxyl acids and their derivates have been studied as candidates for PVC plasticizer. Elastomeric polyurethanes have been extensively studied as solid-state plasticizer to induce flexibility to otherwise rigid PVC. In this research, bio-based polyurethane (BPU) elastomers and phthalate hybrid plasticizer was used for the fabrication of flexible PVC. Even though half the amount of phthalate plasticizer was replaced with BPU the PVC with the hybrid plasticizer showed strain at break of 320.5 %. The of BPU reduced phthalate use by increasing the flexibility of PVC and reduced the migration of phthalate plasticizer.

Study the Interesting from the plastic Waste to Improve the Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Construction Materials

Plastic products have been considered as the world most consumer, which have led to use the waste plastic in the Construction Materials. This research studies the investigation the mechanical properties of the modified cement mortar with different additive from the waste plastic to Production light concrete with high mechanical and structure properties. The plastic waste in environment is considered to be a big problem due to its very low biodegradability and presence in large quantities. This work an effort has been completed to study for the result of waste Polyvinyl Chloride on the properties of the mechanical of mortar materials. The Polyvinyl Chloride can be used as energy enhance to produce the light concrete strength and used to help waste of the plastic to enjoy with the mixture, waste Polyvinyl Chloride is additional to the materials of the mortar by percentage of adding (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 %) that can be mix with alone for every samples with the water. The compressive strength between the mortar with various quantity of Polyvinyl Chloride plastic waste additive at different curing age, that the. Polyvinyl Chloride plastic waste additive does not help in enhancing the. compressive strength of the mortar but can be produce light mortar. The compressive strength drop to 32.1MPa for mortar mixture/PVCL For 28 days. The flexural strength of cured Polyvinyl Chloride mortar was found to be decrease with increasing the percentage of the addition and increasing with increase of the period of the curing for each percent of the addition. The modified mortar show a significant decrease in flexural strengths, that no improvement in the flexural strength as compared to ordinary concrete or mortar. The flexural strength drop to 4.5MPa for mortar mixture/PVCL For 28 days. Density of mortar with PVCL has decreased significantly for all mortars with the content of partial replacement of cement by PVCL plastic waste. It is evident that water absorption reduces considerably with increase in PVCL ratio. As seen, a 0.9 wt% PVCL addition can reduce the water absorption to 80% after curing age 28 days of the value obtained for the unmodified paste. The hardness of the. mortar sample is reduced by increasing PVCL ratio at all age curing. The maximum hardness at 0.9% additional is about 92.8 for PVCL, respectively at 28 days. Ultrasonic wave propagation speed in a material depends on the porosity of that material; it depends on the density and elastic properties. The effects of PVCL addition on the porosity of composites were evaluated by ultrasound measurements carried out.

Влияние активации поверхности волластонита четвертичными аммониевыми солями на релаксационные свойства модифицированных им ПВХ-композиций

It is promising to use wollastonite as a modifier of plasticized polyvinyl chloride compositions. The main advantages of wollastonite are white colour and needle-shaped particles. To improve the compatibility of this filler with a polymer matrix, it is effective to activate the surface of this mineral by quaternary ammonium salts (QAS). Valuable information on molecular motion in modified compositions can be obtained by studying the relaxation processes using dynamic mechanical analysis. In the temperature dependences of the mechanical loss tangent of the PVC compositions in the region of transition from the glassy to highly elastic state, two maxima were observed. It has been established that for compositions modified with both natural and surface treated wollastonite, regardless of the chemical structure of QAS used to activate the polymer. This is probably due to the formation of a boundary layer in which molecular mobility is inhibited because of the interaction of the polymer with the filler. Thawing of segmental mobility in this boundary layer occurs at the higher temperatures than in the PVC matrix. The surface treatment of wollastonite by QAS somewhat shifts the described relaxation transitions to higher temperatures due to an increase in the efficiency of interaction of the components at the interface. The magnitude of the change in the temperature of the segmental mobility, both in the polymer matrix and in the boundary layer, increases with an increase in the degree of activity of the filler surface.

Plásticos que fizeram história - a contribuição das ciências da conservação para a história da Indústria Portuguesa dos Plásticos

The plastic objects from our cultural heritage are material testimonies of our history, technology and industry. Still, in Portugal, there is no museum of plastics, and the collections are spread through private collectors and industries. The research project, 'The Triumph of Bakelite - Contributions to a History of Plastics in Portugal', aims at creating this museum. To this end, the research work gave rise to the exhibition, 'Plasticity - A History of Plastics in Portugal', in Museu de Leiria in 2019. This study focuses on the contribution of conservation science for the writing of this history and preparation of ca. 150 historical plastic objects for display. Bakelite, melamine, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and plasticized polyvinyl chloride are just a few examples of the polymers identified by infrared spectroscopy. This identification was crucial to tell the history of the plastics industry in Portugal. Both the spectra and characteristic absorption bands of each polymer are presented.

Flotation separation of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride based on heterogeneous catalytic Fenton and green synthesis of nanoscale zero valent iron (GnZVI)

It arises sharp concern that waste plastics entrain hazardous substances and accumulate in living organisms, endangering the environment and human health. To achieve clean plastic management and obtain qualified recycled products, separation deserves intensive research in preference to other technologies in plastic recycling. In this research, we proposed a novel flotation separation of binary plastic mixtures, polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), based on heterogeneous advanced oxidation technology (AOT) and the green synthesis of nanoscale zero valent iron (GnZVI). The optimal conditions for separating PVC and PS (PS as a sinking plastic) are 1.5 mM H2O2, H2O2/Fe0 molar ratio 40:1, treatment time 300 s, room temperature, and pH 6. We revealed the oxidation mechanisms of PS after AOT treatment through extensive characterizations, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Surface-incorporated oxygenated functions, such as hydroxyl (C–OH) and carboxyl groups (OC–O), are introduced on PS through the scission of backbone chain and the addition of hydroxyl and hydroperoxy radicals, increasing the hydrophilicity of PS. Besides, we established a novel pretreatment kinetics based on flotation percentage and treatment time to research the flotation behavior of PS, providing a new research perspective for plastic flotation. With the characteristics of low reagents dosage, short treatment time, mild temperature, and slight pollution, the proposed flotation process is an applicable separation technology for plastic recycling.