Plastic Syringes Research Articles

Beyond-use dating of lidocaine alone and in two "magic mouthwash" preparations.

Beyond-use dating (BUD) of lidocaine alone and in two "magic mouthwash" preparations stored in amber oral syringes at room temperature was determined. Two formulations of mouthwash containing oral topical lidocaine 2% (viscous), diphenhydramine 2.5 mg/mL, and aluminum hydroxide-magnesium hydroxide-simethicone were prepared in 1:1:1 and 1:2.5:2.5 ratios, divided into 3-mL samples, and stored in unit-dose oral amber syringes. Unit-dose single-product lidocaine samples were also prepared to serve as controls and stored in oral amber syringes. The lidocaine concentrations in these samples were measured periodically for 90 days. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for system suitability, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, specificity, linearity, and robustness. Based on the calculated percentages versus the initial concentration and the results from an analysis of variance comparing the two formulations, a BUD of 21 days is deemed appropriate for both magic mouthwash formulations. Based on the stability data, published safety concerns, and lack of efficacy in combination, packaging and dispensing lidocaine separately from other ingredients are recommended when administering magic mouthwash mixtures. Utilizing a 90-day BUD, lidocaine can be packaged separately from other magic mouthwash ingredients in individual dosage units and applied to the oral cavity using the swish-and-spit method. The delivery of the diphenhydramine and aluminum hydroxide-magnesium hydroxide-simethicone could be separated, allowing for a swish-and-swallow method of administration. A BUD of 21 days is recommended for lidocaine prepared with diphenhydramine and aluminum hydroxide-magnesium hydroxide-simethicone in ratios of 1:1:1 and 1:2.5:2.5 and stored at room temperature in amber oral plastic syringes.

Stability of gabapentin in extemporaneously compounded oral suspensions.

This study reports the stability of extemporaneously prepared gabapentin oral suspensions prepared at 100 mg/mL from bulk drug and capsules in either Oral Mix or Oral Mix SF suspending vehicles. Suspensions were packaged in amber plastic bottles and amber plastic syringes at 25°C / 60%RH for up to 90 days. Throughout the study period, the following tests were performed to evaluate the stability of the preparations: organoleptic inspection to detect homogeneity, color or odor changes; pH measurements; and gabapentin assay using a stability-indicating HPLC-UV method. As crystallization was observed at 5°C, storage at this temperature condition is not recommended. All preparations stored at 25°C / 60%RH remained stable for the whole study duration of 90 days.

Effects of Different Containers on Radioactivity Measurements using a Dose Calibrator with Special Reference to 111In and 123I.

Low-energy characteristic x-rays emitted by 111In and 123I sources are easily absorbed by the containers of the sources, affecting radioactivity measurements using a dose calibrator. We examined the effects of different containers on the estimated activities. The radioactivities of 111In, 123I, 201Tl, and 99mTc were measured in containers frequently employed in clinical practice in Japan. The 111In measurements were performed in the vials A and B of the 111In-pentetreotide preparation kit and in the plastic syringe. The activities of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine and 201Tl chloride were measured in the prefilled glass syringes and plastic syringes. The milking vial, vial A, vial B, and plastic syringe were used to assay 99mTc. For 111In and 123I, measurements were performed with and without a copper filter. The filter was inserted into the well of the dose calibrator to absorb low-energy x-rays. The relative estimate was defined as the ratio of the activity estimated with the dose calibrator to the standard activity. The estimated activities varied greatly depending on the container when 111In and 123I sources were assayed without the copper filter. The relative estimates of 111In were 0.908, 1.072, and 1.373 in the vial A, vial B, and plastic syringe, respectively. The relative estimates of 123I were 1.052 and 1.352 in the glass syringe and plastic syringe, respectively. Use of the copper filter eliminated the container-dependence in 111In and 123I measurements. Container-dependence was demonstrated in neither 201Tl nor 99mTc measurements. The activities of 111In and 123I estimated with a dose calibrator differ greatly among the containers. Accurate estimation may be attained using the container-specific correction factor or using the copper filter.

Venous lactate, pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide levels as prognostic indicators in 110 premature calves with respiratory distress syndrome

Hyperlactatemia, hypercapnia, low pH and low oxygen saturation (SatO2) are commonly observed in premature calves. These clinical indicators are associated with increased mortality in preterm human newborns with respiratory distress...

Stability of Extemporaneously Compounded Tacrolimus in Glass Bottles and Plastic Syringes.

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Rapid discrimination and determination of antibiotics drugs in plastic syringes using near infrared spectroscopy with chemometric analysis: Application to amoxicillin and penicillin

The aim of this study was to investigate near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined to chemometric analysis to discriminate and quantify three antibiotics by direct measurement in plastic syringes.Solutions of benzylpenicillin (PENI), amoxicillin (AMOX) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMOX/CLAV) were analyzed at therapeutic concentrations in glass vials and plastic syringes with NIR spectrometer by direct measurement. Chemometric analysis using partial least squares regression and discriminative analysis was conducted to develop qualitative and quantitative calibration models. Discrimination of the three antibiotics was optimal for concentrated solutions with 100% of accuracy. For quantitative analysis, the three antibiotics furnished a linear response (R²>0.9994) for concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 g/mL for AMOX, 0.1 to 1.0 MUI/mL for PENI and 0.005 to 0.05 g/mL for AMOX/CLAV with excellent repeatability (maximum 1.3%) and intermediate precision (maximum of 3.2%). Based on proposed models, 94.4% of analyzed AMOX syringes, 80.0% of AMOX/CLAV syringes and 85.7% of PENI syringes were compliant with a relative error including the limit of ± 15%.NIRS as rapid, non-invasive and non-destructive analytical method represents a potentially powerful tool to further develop for securing the drug administration circuit of healthcare institutions to ensure that patients receive the correct product at the right dose.

Chemical and microbiological stability, anticoagulant efficacy and toxicity of 35 and 90 mM trisodium citrate solutions stored in plastic syringes

BackgroundTrisodium citrate is an interesting alternative to heparin for the prevention of circuit clotting during extracorporeal procedures, but some protocols require non-commercially available citrate concentrations. Little published information is available...

Long-term in vitro functional stability of compounded ranibizumab and aflibercept

ObjectiveTo determine the long-term in vitro functional stability of compounded ranibizumab and aflibercept. DesignLaboratory study. MethodsRanibizumab and aflibercept were compounded into plastic syringes and stored under refrigerated conditions for up to 4 weeks. Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) from dose–response curves generated by using drugs and their respective targets in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were calculated. The functional activity of the drugs stored under these conditions was then compared with that of drug from a fresh glass vial obtained from the manufacturer. ResultsThere was no statistically significant change in IC50 between ranibizumab stored in plastic syringes for 4 weeks compared with drug obtained from a fresh glass vial (p = 0.4883). Similarly, there was no statistically significant change in IC50 between aflibercept stored in plastic syringes for 4 weeks compared with drug obtained from a fresh glass vial (p = 0.6202). ConclusionCompounding of ranibizumab and aflibercept in plastic syringes with storage for up to 4 weeks does not appear to have a detrimental effect on the in vitro functional activity of these medications. Because the cost of these medications can be prohibitive, compounding may be considered as a method of reducing cost.

Evaluation of apically extruded debris and irrigant using different file systems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris and irrigant during cleaning and shaping with different file systems. Seventy-five extracted mandibular premolar and canine teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n = 15). The root canals were instrumented by using Mtwo (VDW, Munich, Germany), Twisted File (TF; Sybron Endo, Orange, California, USA), Reciproc (VDW), Self-Adjusting File (SAF; Re Dent-Nova, Ra'anana, Israel) systems, and K-type stainless steel hand file (Mani Inc., Tochigi, Japan). Apically extruded debris was collected and dried in preweighed Eppendorf tubes. Extruded irrigant was collected from the cannula by using a plastic insulin syringe. After drying, the amount of apically extruded debris was established by subtracting the initial weight from the final weight of the tubes. After performing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, data were analyzed by Kruskall-Wallis test at a significance level of P value less than 0.05. There were no statistically significant differences between the file systems in terms of debris and irrigant extrusion. Mtwo group produced the highest mean debris extrusion value and the TF group produced the less compared with the other files. The least mean irrigant extrusion value was associated with the SAF group, whereas the highest mean irrigant extrusion value was associated with the Reciproc group. Under the conditions of the study, all file systems were associated with apical debris and irrigant extrusion.

Efficient adsorption of hemoglobin from aqueous solutions by hybrid monolithic cryogel column

In this study, a supermacroporous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)-based Cu2+-attached bentonite particles embedded hybrid monolithic cryogel (Cu2+-ABPs EHMC) was prepared by radical cryo-copolymerization of HEMA with N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBAAm) as a cross-linker directly in a plastic syringe in the presence of Cu2+-ABPs, and used for hemoglobin (Hb) separation from aqueous solution. Due to the naturally abundant hydroxyl groups on bentonite, Cu2-attached bentonite particles (Cu2+-ABPs) embedded hybrid monolithic cryogel (HMC) showed a good adsorption performance for Hb, covering an excellent adsorption capacity of 521.6mg/g bentonite in phosphate buffer at pH6.0 with a flow rate of 0.5mL/min, fast binding stability within 60min, well selectivity and reversibility. Compared with other adsorbent systems used for protein separation, this sorbent has many advantages such as excellent adsorption performance, ease of preparation, suitable, effective and environment-friendly to perform, which can serve as a more sustainable material in protein separation and purification.

Dabigatran Neutralizing Antobody, Idarucizumab, Exhibits Procoagulant and Platelet Activation Responses in Whole Blood. Potential Clinical Implications

Introduction: Idarucizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody fragment which is capable of neutralizing Dabigatran and is currently clinically available for the control of bleeding associated with Dabigatran. Although this antibody is capable of neutralizing the anticoagulant effects of Dabigatran, its effect on the blood coagulation and platelet activation profile are not completely understood. There is limited data on the effect of Idarucizumab on the blood coagulation and platelet activation profile. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of this antibody on blood coagulation and platelet activation profile.Materials: Idarucizumab was purchased from Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, MA) and was provided as a 50 mg/mL solution. Dabigatran was of synthetic origin and obtained from Sellec Chemical (Houston, TX). Whole blood from healthy volunteers was collected in plastic syringes using a sterile method for the TEG and ACT analysis. Citrated whole blood was used for the preparation of platelet rich plasma which was used in platelet aggregation studies. Such agonists as arachidonic acid, ADP, epinephrine, thrombin, and collagen were used.Methods: The TEG studies were carried on a Haemoscope 500 instrument. Native whole blood was supplemented with Idarucizumab in a concentration range of 0-10 mg/mL. Saline was used as a control. The TEG profile was measured for 15-30 minutes. Such parameters as R time, K time, angle, and max amplitude were recorded. The ACT studies were carried out in celite tubes in a concentration of 0-5 mg/mL. The agonist-induced platelet aggregation profile was studied by pre incubating platelet rich plasma with Idarucizumab at a fixed concentration of 1.0 mg/mL and studying its effect on the aggregation profile of such agonists as arachidonic acid, ADP, epinephrine, thrombin, and collagen. Both the slope and percent aggregation were measured. The effect of Idarucizumab on HIT antibodies mediated platelet aggregation was studied by pre incubating platelets with Idarucizumab and determining its effect on the HIT antibody mediated aggregation of platelets. Pooled plasma from symptomatic HIT patients was pre incubated with Idarucizumab at 1.0 mg/mL followed by the addition of HIT antibody pool in a 1:10 dilution. The aggregation profile was noted for up to an hour.Results: Idarucizumab produced a dose-dependent hypercoagulable effect in the TEG profile of native whole blood resulting in a reduction in R time and max amplitude at 35% and 45% respectively. At high concentrations, Idarucizumab produced a marked effect on the clot retraction. In the ACT studies, Idarucizumab produced a mild shortening of the ACT at a 5 mg/mL at 6%. Idarucizumab produced variable augmentation of different agonists mediated platelet aggregation. In the HIT mediated aggregation studies, Idarucizumab produced a strong augmentation of HIT antibody mediated platelet aggregation. At 1.0 ug/mL, Idarucizumab produced almost a 20% increase in platelet aggregation.Conclusions: These studies indicate that Idarucizumab produces mild procoagulant effects on whole blood coagulation process as studied by TEG and ACT. This agent also produces the augmentation of the platelet aggregation profile by various agonists including Anti-heparin platelet factor IV antibodies. These procoagulant effects of Idarucizumab may contribute to the potential hypercoagulable/prothrombotic events associated with its use. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Adherence of Tc-99m agents to plastic syringes

Adherence of Tc-99m agents to plastic syringes

Syringe test screening of microbial gas production activity: Cases denitrification and biogas formation

Mass produced plastic syringes may be applied as vessels for cheap, simple and large scale batch culture testing. As illustrated for the cases of denitrification and of biogas formation, metabolic activity was monitored by direct reading of the piston movement due to the gas volume formed. Pressure buildup due to friction was shown to be moderate. A piston pull and slide back routine can be applied before recording gas volume to minimize experimental errors due to friction. Inoculum handling and activity may be conveniently standardized as illustrated by applying biofilm carriers. A robust set of positive as well as negative controls (“blanks”) should be included to ensure quality of the actual testing.The denitrification test showed saturation response at increasing amounts of inoculum in the form of adapted moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) carriers, with well correlated nitrate consumption vs. gas volume formed. As shown, the denitrification test efficiently screened different inocula at standardized substrates. Also, different substrates were successfully screened and compared at standardized inocula.The biogas potential test showed efficient screening of different substrates with effects of relative amounts of carbohydrate, protein, fat. A second case with CO2 capture reclaimer waste as substrate demonstrated successful use of co-feeding to support waste treatment and how temperature effects on kinetics and stoichiometry can be observed.In total, syringe test screening of microbial gas production seems highly efficient at a low cost when properly applied.

Microgravimetric method for the determination of metformin in pharmaceutical preparations and in the bulk drug

This article reports a microgravimetric method for the quantitative determination of metformin in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. The analysis is simple and relatively rapid. A complete analysis can be performed in only an hour and thirty minutes due to the drying procedure of the precipitate. However a sample can be treated every each five minutes. The method is based on the reaction of nickel (II) with metformin that in basic medium forms an orange precipitate. The reaction is performed in a plastic syringe. The filtration was done in a glass tube containing a sintered glass disk or in Millipore® syringe filters, with posterior weighing after drying. The analytical results were statistically compared with that obtained with a HPLC and with the titrimetric method suggested by the United States and by the Japanese pharmacopoeias.

A Voltammetric Sensor Based on Stannic Hexacyanoferrate Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Simultaneous Determination of Some Anions

In this work a new sensor was established for the direct determination of the important anions sulphite and nitrite. The sensor consisting of carbon paste modified with stannic-hexacyanoferrate immobilized in a tube of Teflon or plastic syringe. Paraffin wax was used as a binder to increase the stability, handling, and enhancing the mechanical properties of the paste. The capability of sensor for determination of sulfites and nitrites was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, the later technique has provided the sensor with the sensitivity needed the reproducibility and the repeatability. The sensor was used in both oxidation and reduction directions and in a wide range of pH values according to the analyte of interest. A linear relationship between peak current and concentration of the studied anions in the range of 7.5 μM to 5 mM for nitrite and 27 M-5 μM for sulfite, with correlation coefficient of 0.993 and 0.999 for sulfite and nitrite respectively. The active surface area of the electrode can be renewed easily by slightly polishing on fine sand paper.

Plastic Blood Gas Syringes and Measurement Error in Central Venous Oxygen Saturations.

Measurement of central venous oxygen (SvO2) levels remains an important method for the detection of circulatory shock. Plastic blood gas syringes have supplanted glass. These syringes are, however, permeable to atmospheric oxygen. Common sampling practices, including a delay between blood aspiration and analysis and continuous mixing of the sample, may promote equilibration of the blood sample with atmospheric oxygen and could result in over estimation of SvO2 levels. Pulmonary artery or central venous catheter blood samples were taken from 21 critically ill patients. Two venous blood gas samples were collected simultaneously in plastic syringes. One sample was continuously mixed through a gentle rotation. The other sample was not mixed. Blood gas analyses were undertaken on both samples at baseline and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. Compared with baseline levels, the SvO2 increased significantly over time for both continuously mixed and nonmixed samples (P < 0.0001). The rate of the increase was 2-fold greater for continuously mixed samples (P < 0.0001). For continuously mixed samples, the SvO2 was 63% at baseline, 65% at 5 min, 70% at 10 min, 74% at 15 min, and 78% at 20 min. For the nonmixed samples, the levels were 63%, 64%, 66%, 68%, and 70%, respectively. This is the first report documenting that plastic blood gas syringes systematically overestimate SvO2 levels when there is a delay in analysis or continuous mixing of the sample. Overestimation of SvO2 levels may harm patients as circulatory shock may not be recognized and treated.

Evaluation of a standardized daptomycin dosing nomogram.

Implementation of a standardized daptomycin dosing protocol in a community teaching hospital to determine potential cost savings, effectiveness, and safety is presented. A retrospective review of randomly selected patients receiving daptomycin therapy from October 2013 to January 2014 was performed to establish a preimplementation patient control group. A specific time for preparing daptomycin in the i.v. room was used based on a standardized administration time of 4 p.m. Reconstituted doses were stored for up to 48 hours in the refrigerator in plastic syringes. All daptomycin doses were given by rapid i.v. administration. For all patients who received daptomycin, the protocol specified that a baseline creatine phosphokinase level be evaluated within 24 hours of the start date and on day 3, day 7, and weekly thereafter until daptomycin therapy was completed or discontinued. The most frequent indications for daptomycin use preimplementation and postimplementation were related to catheter use or persistent bacteremia and skin and soft tissue infections. Through the implementation of the standardized dosing nomogram and optimization of i.v. room workflow, the amount of waste decreased by 21,500 mg and generated a savings of $13,845 over the course of the four-month study period, which can be extrapolated to $41,535 annually. The infection cure rate at completion of therapy was 56.7% in the preimplementation population compared with 70.0% in the postimplementation population. Daptomycin was well tolerated at the standardized doses used in the study. Implementation of a standardized dosing nomogram reduced the amount of daptomycin wasted and resulted in cost savings. The standardized dosing nomogram did not impair the rate of clinical effectiveness or cause adverse events.

Adherence of Tc-99 Sestamibi to Plastic Syringes Could Complicate Efforts in Dose Reduction in MPI SPECT

BackgroundMultiple disposable syringe designs are available both with and without silicone lubricant. Tc99m sestamibi variably adheres to certain syringe designs. In practice, this increases pre-injection activity to ensure constant acceptable image quality in the setting of high adherence. MethodsThe residual activity following 35 Tc99m MDP injections was used as a proxy for the dead-space residual activity. This was compared to Tc99m sestamibi injections in the same syringe in 107 injections, a syringe without lubricant in 35 injections, and a syringe without lubricant or rubber gasket in 16 injections. The syringe with lubricated barrel was disassembled and each part separately assayed to see which part demonstrated the most adherence. ResultsThe standard design demonstrated a mean adherence of 26% (SD 7.0%). This was significantly more than the 6% (SD 3.7%) demonstrated with MDP. The two designs without silicone lubricant demonstrated mean adherence of 7.2% (SD 2.3%) and 6.4% (SD 2.3%). Disassembly of the three part syringe showed the greatest adherence to the rubber gasket. ConclusionsQC procedures determining adherence in the administration syringe are warranted for any change in syringe design or manufacturer. If adherence is present, conversion to non-lubricated plastic syringes with lower and more predictable retention of Tc99m sestamibi enables more precise titration of prescribed activities and reduction of overall patient absorbed doses.

Highly Porous Electrospun ZnCo2O4 Nanofibers for Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes

Lithium ion batteries have been widely used in a variety of fields such as electric vehicles, portable electronic devides, and large scale energy storage systems. In order to fullfill the stringent industrial requirements in these fields, novel electrode materials should be developed providing high electrochemical performances (high energy density and high power density). Transition metal oxides (TMO) are possible candidate materials to satisfy requirements of next generation anodes due to their high theoretical capacities. Among TMO materials, spinel Co3O4 which is a typical Li-conversion reaction material, represents the high specific capacity and reversibility. In addition, binary TMO such as NiCo2O4, CoMn2O4, MnCo2O4, and ZnCo2O4 have been suggested as novel high-capacity anode materials. Especially, ZnCo2O4 has the high theoretical capcity of 975 mAh/g based on both Li-alloying and –conversion reactions. The nanostructuring of electrode materials is a key enabling factor to improve their electrochemical properties. An electrospinning process is the simple and versatile way to fabricate one dimensional fibrous nanostrcutured electrodes. In this study, we fabricated highly porous ZnCo2O4 nanofibers (P-ZnCo2O4 NFs) using simple electrospinning of ZnCo2O4/ZnO nanofibers by controlling the ratio of Zn to Co and selevtive etching of ZnO. Firstly, ZnCo2O4/ZnO nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning and subsequent two-step heating processes. Zn and Co nitrate precursors with different Zn/Co ratios were completely dissolved in dimethyl formamide (DMF) containing Polyacrylronitrile. The mixed solution was loaded into a plastic syringe and metal-containing polymeric fibers were produced by appling a voltage of 15 kV to the nozzle. Then, the as-spun ZnCo2O4/ZnO nanofibers were stabilized in air to 280°C for 6 h and heated in Ar at 600°C for 2 h. For selective etching the excess ZnO, the ZnCo2O4/ZnO nanofibers were soaked in KOH solution. Finally, highly porous ZnCo2O4 nanofibers were obtained. The fabricated P-ZnCo2O4 NFs with the diameter of ~120 nm provided large surface area and porosity by the selective etching of ZnO phase. Furthermore, P-ZnCo2O4 NFs exhibited enhanced electrochemical properties due to porous nature offering large contact area with electrolyte, efficient electron pathway, and short Li ion diffusion length.

Evaluation of transport conditions for autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for therapeutic application in horses.

Background. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly used for clinical applications in equine patients. For MSC isolation and expansion, a laboratory step is mandatory, after which the cells are sent back to the attending veterinarian. Preserving the biological properties of MSCs during this transport is paramount. The goal of the study was to compare transport-related parameters (transport container, media, temperature, time, cell concentration) that potentially influence characteristics of culture expanded equine MSCs.Methods. The study was arranged in three parts comparing (I) five different transport containers (cryotube, two types of plastic syringes, glass syringe, CellSeal), (II) seven different transport media, four temperatures (4 °C vs. room temperature; −20 °C vs. −80 °C), four time frames (24 h vs. 48 h; 48 h vs. 72 h), and (III) three MSC concentrations (5 × 106, 10 × 106, 20 × 106 MSC/ml). Cell viability (Trypan Blue exclusion; percent and total number viable cell), proliferation and trilineage differentiation capacity were assessed for each test condition. Further, the recovered volume of the suspension was determined in part I. Each condition was evaluated using samples of six horses (n = 6) and differentiation protocols were performed in duplicates.Results. In part I of the study, no significant differences in any of the parameters were found when comparing transport containers at room temperature. The glass syringe was selected for all subsequent evaluations (highest recoverable volume of cell suspension and cell viability). In part II, media, temperatures, or time frames had also no significant influence on cell viability, likely due to the large number of comparisons and small sample size. Highest cell viability was observed using autologous bone marrow supernatant as transport medium, and “transport” at 4 °C for 24 h (70.6% vs. control group 75.3%); this was not significant. Contrary, viability was unacceptably low (<40%) for all freezing protocols at −20 °C or −80 °C, particularly with bone marrow supernatant or plasma and DMSO. In part III, various cell concentrations also had no significant influence on any of the evaluated parameters. Chondrogenic differentiation showed a trend towards being decreased for all transport conditions, compared to control cells.Discussion. In this study, transport conditions were not found to impact viability, proliferation or ability for trilineage differentiation of MSCs, most likely due to the small sample size and large number of comparisons. The unusual low viability after all freezing protocols is in contrast to previous equine studies. Potential causes are differences in the freezing, but also in thawing method. Also, the selected container (glass syringe) may have impacted viability. Future research may be warranted into the possibly negative effect of transport on chondrogenic differentiation.