Plastic Lubricants Research Articles

TECHNOLOGY OF COMPLEX SORPTION TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM SULPHIDE AND COPPER(II)–IONES

Complex processing of industrial waste of individual industries, including wastewater treatment, containing sulfur anions and cations of heavy metals, in order to obtain both purified water and finished industrial products is an urgent task for today. The possibility of efficient use of regenerated mixed sorbent (AC+K), containing activated carbon (AC) and diatomaceous earth (K), for wastewater treatment of certain technological processes of chemical (petrochemical) industry and galvanic industries has been shown. The sorbent with the removed contaminants was offered to be utilized as a part of plastic lubricants of special purpose. The technological process of complex sorption treatment of industrial wastewater from sulfide and copper (II) ions includes the following main stages: sorbent regeneration; purification of sulfide-alkaline solutions; purification of washing waters of galvanic productions; obtaining plastic oils. The basic technological scheme of the site of regeneration of the spent mixed sorbent (AC+K) and purification of water-sugar solutions from organic impurities was developed. The material balance of regeneration of the spent mixed sorbent was calculated. The basic technological scheme of the site of combined treatment of industrial wastewater from sulfide and copper (II) ions, regeneration of spent industrial oils with regenerated sorbent (AC+K) and production of plastic oils has been developed. It was shown that the technology of complex sorption wastewater treatment is based on the most common technological processes - heating, cooling, adsorption and filtration and does not require complex schemes of automatic process control, and chemical equipment is typical for chemical enterprises in Ukraine. The economic effect of production of special purpose plastic oils was calculated.

Influence of different types of carbon nanoflakes on tribological and rheological properties of plastic lubricants

The tribological and rheological characteristics of three industrially produced greases and a model lubricant (medical vaseline) doped with new carbon nanoflakes additives (few layer graphite nanofragments, LGF and their nitrogen-containing analog, N-LGF) have been studied. It is shown that the modification of carbon structure with heteroatoms can significantly reduce friction coefficient under certain loads. The results obtained in this work demonstrate the prospects for further study and the use of modified carbon nanomaterials.

Synthetic Lubricants Derived from Plastic Waste and their Tribological Performance.

The energy efficiency, mechanical durability, and environmental compatibility of all moving machine components rely heavily on advanced lubricants for smooth and safe operation. Herein an alternative family of high-quality liquid (HQL) lubricants was derived by the catalytic conversion of pre- and post-consumer polyolefin waste. The plastic-derived lubricants performed comparably to synthetic base oils such as polyalphaolefins (PAOs), both with a wear scar volume (WSV) of 7.5×10-5 mm-3 . HQLs also performed superior to petroleum-based lubricants such as Group III mineral oil with a WSV of 1.7×10-4 mm-3 , showcasing a 44 % reduction in wear. Furthermore, a synergistic reduction in friction and wear was observed when combining the upcycled plastic lubricant with synthetic oils. Life cycle and techno-economic analyses also showed this process to be energetically efficient and economically feasible. This novel technology offers a cost-effective opportunity to reduce the harmful environmental impact of plastic waste on our planet and to save energy through reduction of friction and wear-related degradations in transportation applications akin to synthetic oils.

Testing the Replacement of Total and Mobil Plastic Lubricants with MAPU-1 and MAKN-2 Lubricants

Solution of the replacement of plastic lubricants of the Mobil-NLGI 00 type (to the PSU-planetary directional device) and Total-NLGI 0 (to the KP-final gear) for the MAPU-1 (in PSU) and MAKN-2 (in KP) lubricants. The design of plastic lubricants was performed in cooperation with Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav Štefánik represented by Ing. Miroslav Marko, PhD. and CMaS ZZ II Žilina, represented by Ing. Stanislav Kolomazník within the Project VV-1/2018 to 2020. Testing of PM (plastic lubricants) was performed on a special vehicle type GM 578. After changing MAPU-1 and MAKN-2 lubricants for PM (NLGI 00 and 0) and running 197 km was carried out “1. Check collection”. Further inspections will follow in the next period. On behalf of Armed Forces Academy of General Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Major was also actively involved in tribodiagnostics Ing. Vladimír Kadlub and Capt. Ing. Pavol Lukášik.

Different aspects connected with the lubricants and harmful exhaust gases

In this paper many important aspects connected with the lubricants are described, namely: the first, the cheapest organic lubricant in the world which effectively saves lubricant between pairs of friction in any operation. The second position is connected with the rational shapes for the lubricants which have to work decreasing wear and tear using the new organic lubricant; moreover, this lubricant is the cheapest in the world. Made experiments confirm this effect in full; some curves are shown in computer program MathCad with calculations. The third part in this article is linked with the plastic lubricant and with the attempt to save it into the tight zone of the contact in pairs of friction. The fourth aspect: there is one physical model which helps to catch car exhausted gases. It’s very important to protect our environment against both the harmful gases and from the overheating for the air in atmosphere. In conclusion, some recommendations are given to realize them into the practice during the operation for the different mechanisms including ecology process.

Исследование адсорбции противоизносных присадок на поверхности бутосила в масляных дисперсиях

The method for evaluating the adsorption capacity of surfactants for plastic lubricants on inorganic thickener, such as silica gel, bentonite, carbon black, colloidal graphite, and others was proposed. The Gibbs adsorption values were calculated based on surface tension curves of samples in oil media, and the adsorption isotherms for each of the media were plotted based on the calculated data. According to the results of the study of the surface tension and refractive index of DF-11 additive solutions in heptane, it was found that 1% of the mass goes to fill the butosil surface, and the rest of its amount remains in the volume. But for the A-22 additive in the reference medium, the filling of the butosil surface occurs at a concentration of 2 % mass. It is shown that the additive A-22 should be used at higher concentrations than DF-11 to improve tribological parameters of silica gel lubricants. It was found that use of butasil based silica-gel grease the mixture of the industrial oil I-40A and PMS-400 as a dispersion medium, allows to reduce concentration of DF-11 and A-22 additives.

Synthesis of Environmentally Safe Antiwear Additives to Lubricating Materials: State of the Art and Prospects

The review deals with the development and production of synthetic additives to lubricating oils and plastic lubricants, influencing the friction and wear of metal surfaces. The state of the art of the synthesis and use of such additives based on organic, organoelement, and metal-containing compounds is considered. New synthetic routes to relatively safe and low-toxic compounds with minimal content of environmentally harmful elements (chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, metals) are described, and their use as antiwear additives to lubricating materials is analyzed. Despite large number of the suggested new antiwear additives, it is difficult to expect that an optimum combination of tribological properties will be reached in a molecule of a single additive as in the case of additives based on zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates.

Effect of rapeseed oil on the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of plastic lubricants

A strong difference in the physico-chemical properties of the plastic lubricants studied was found in this study through pressure drop, thermal analysis, vibration damping, texture hardness and rheological measurements. Oxidation aging of the lubricant sample containing rapeseed oil additive was proposed. Its higher thermal sensitivity was simultaneously confirmed by frequency dependent complex shear modulus of elasticity measurements as well as by rheological testing. Rapeseed oil modified lubricant showed a higher decrease in both storage and moduli losses due to a temperature increase from 16 to 26 ° C compared to the rapeseed oil free sample. Simultaneously, the flow curves were shifted to the higher shear stresses (for plastic lubricant without rapeseed oil additive) typical for rheopectic fluids. For the rapeseed oil modified lubricant, the flow curves were shifted to the lower shear stresses, indicating its thixotropic fluid behaviour. The synthetic lubricant without rapeseed oil additive exhibited higher dissipative rheological behaviour as reflected by decreasing first resonance frequency peak position compared to the rapeseed oil modified lubricant as obtained from vibration damping measurements. It was found that the synthetic lubricant exhibited better vibration damping properties and mechanical energy dissipation into heat due to its higher viscous friction than the rapeseed oil modified lubricant under experimental conditions.

The Tribo-Induced Effect of Shielding Action of Ethanolamines and Compounds of Cholesterol under the Dynamic Contact of Metals in Plastic Lubricants

The effect of the integrated shielding of plastic lubricants containing ethanolamines and liquid-crystalline cholesterol compounds induced during the frictional interaction of mating surfaces is found. It is shown that this effect of the protective antiwear properties of plastic lubricants significantly increases upon using intermediate refining fractions as a base—oil distillates, which form lubricant layers with low shear resistance due to the presence of natural surfactants and have high antiwear properties in the process of dynamic contact and interaction with ethanolamines and cholesterol compounds in contrast to refined mineral oils.

PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF OIL PRODUCTS RECEIVED OF WASTE

The protective properties of petroleum products obtained with the use of secondary raw materials, in particular plastic oils and polymer-containing bitumen, are investigated. The technology of obtaining plastic oils, was to conduct thermal degradation of polymeric wastes of polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene under laboratory conditions at atmospheric pressure in a batch reactor, with subsequent removal from the products of high-boiling fractions (onset of boiling > 320 °C), which match to plastic lubricant by their properties. Bitumen, in turn, was obtained by compounding high-boiling oil residues, in particular oil sludge with 10% by weight of polymeric additives of polypropylene and expanded polystyrene. For these products, resistance to atmospheric corrosion arising from the operation or storage of materials with metallic surfaces in open air, and environmental corrosion, which arises from the location of technological equipment and communications in the soil, especially in the presence of moisture, was investigated. In the process of researching it was found that both plastic oils and tested bitumen with all types of polymers have high protective properties. They prevent the formation of grade 3 metal sheets in aqueous solutions of 10 % NaCl and 3 % Na2SO3 corrosion cells, which mimic the effects of atmospheric corrosion. The study of the influence of electrochemical corrosion was carried out using polarization dependences obtained under laboratory conditions, using the potentiostat P-45X. To determine the protective properties we used working electrodes made of carbon steel grade St3 (Celsius = 0.14 cm2), reinforced in a frame of epoxy resin ED-5 with a hardener polyethylene polyamine with a deposited layer (layer thickness 0.1 mm) of the investigated of petroleum products that were placed in 0.5 M NaCl solution.It was determined that during the studies for 30 days, in the considered range of values, there was no change in the current density at a constant value of the potential (2.5 V), indicating the absence of electrochemical corrosion and the high protective properties of petroleum from secondary raw materials.

СМАЗОЧНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ РОТАПРИНТНОЙ СМАЗКИ СИСТЕМЫ “КОЛЕСО—РЕЛЬС”

A multicomponent lubricant for increasing wear resistance in the wheel–rail system has been developed and studied. The lubricant composition effect on the wear intensity level of the wheel–rail system, the lubricant consumption and the friction coefficient in the wheel–rail system has been assessed based on simplex-lattice composition-property experimental designs. A reasonable composition of a three-component plastic lubricant consisting of 11% foam glass, 32% stearic acid, and 57% bitumen has been obtained. The industrial tests for the developed lubricant efficiency under the conditions of the North Caucasian Railway have been carried out. According to test results, the wear intensity level of the wheel flanges has exhibited a 28.4% decrease, whereas the lubricant consumption has shown a 29.5% decrease.

Rheology of Plastic Lubricants with Additives of Carbon Nanostructures of Various Type

Abstract—Viscosity and the viscosity–temperature dependence are the main criteria for selecting plastic lubricant materials (PLM). The viscoelastic flow of three industrially produced PLM doped with four types of carbon nanostructure (CNS) was assessed. The effect of concentration, type of CNS, and frequency shift (shear and oscillation tests) on this indicator was analyzed. It was shown that the general trend for all the studied systems is a decrease in dynamic viscosity and viscoelastic properties upon the addition of CNS into the basic PLM in the range of shear velocities from 0 to 10 rps and the frequency range from 0.1 to 12 Hz. Shungite carbon nanoparticles have the least effect on the elastic properties of the systems. It was found that the magnitude of the decrease in viscosity of the PLM doped with CNS (additive concentration of 0.5 or 1.0 wt %) depends on the spatial structure of CNS and can be represented by the following sequence: 2D (multilayer oxidized graphene) > 1D (single-walled carbon nanotubes) > 1D (multiwalled carbon nanotubes).

Study of the prospect of k-Li lubricant for axle boxes of the railway rolling stock

The use of various types of plastic lubricants (such as LZ-TsNII, ZhRO, etc.) in the axle boxes of locomotives, cars and track machines in the Ukrainian railway network causes technological inconveniences at the stage of procurement, supply and regulation of this process, moreover, their operational capabilities do not quite satisfy modern operating conditions of axle boxes of the railway rolling stock. The paper proposes to solve this problem by using a single brand of modern multi-purpose lubricant on lithium complex basis (k-Li) – MZT – in axle boxes of all types of railway rolling stock. The presented results of the comparative analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the mentioned lubricants demonstrate that the MZT lubricant completely meets the operating conditions of the axle bearings and can provide their high-quality lubrication under any conditions of operation. The tribological studies of lubricants on frictional testing machines, with simulation of their operation with rolling friction and sliding friction, demonstrated that anti-wear, antifriction and anti-cuffing properties of the MZT lubricant are much better than those of LZ-TsNII and ZhRO lubricants. It has been found out that the properties of the MZT lubricant are most effectively used under high load in friction pairs. The paper presents the results of testing the MZT lubricant in the actual conditions of operation of locomotives, railway cars and multiple unit rolling stock, which demonstrated its high efficiency and operation capacity.

Tribological Properties of Plastic Lubricants in Compositions with Various Carbon Nanostructures

The effect of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) of various structures (multi-layered oxidized graphene, single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, schungite carbon nanoparticles) on the friction coefficient and scoring resistance of industrially manufactured imported and domestic plastic lubricant materials (PLMs) has been experimentally investigated. It is shown, that the addition of CNMs to domestic PLMs leads to an increase in durability, and the resulting effect on the friction coefficient depends on different factors, such as the type of base PLM, the structure of CNMs, the concentration of CNMs, and the load.

Improving the efficiency of the “wheel — rail” friction system

Relevance of the topic of increasing the efficiency of the “wheel — rail” friction system is considered. It is shown that the main condition for a significant optimization of the interaction processes in the “wheel — rail” system is the use of scientifically based technologies and technical means for lubrication of a dynamically loaded open friction pair. Basic requirements for the characteristics of lubricants is used in the open “wheel — rail” friction system. Authors named lubricants that meet the stated requirements. The main disadvantages of the remote method of supplying liquid and/or plastic lubricants in the “wheel — rail” system are presented as argument. Examples are given. The article describes technology of contact rota-print rod lubricating system “GRS — RAPS” and its advantages over analogues, as well as the experience of industrial implementation and operation of this technology. Based on the experience of using the “GRS — RAPS” technology in various climatic zones and operating modes, work was carried out on its adaptation and development, in particular, the tribological properties of rod lubricants were improved, the volumes of one-time refueling were increased, the drive of lubricating rods was optimized. All this allows increasing the effectiveness of this technology in 5 – 7 times. Equipment for freight locomotives is provided with metal-plating systems for working surfaces of wheelsets. Total traction capacity of freight locomotives, if all other things being equal, increases by 15 – 20 %, while protecting wheel flanges of locomotives from wear and improves the braking characteristics of the train. A new concept of building a system for the lubrication of the “wheel — rail”contact zone on the basis of a modernized and improved “GRS — RAPS” technology and technology for modifying (metal-plating) working surfaces has been proposed. Potential economic effect from the comprehensive implementation of the proposed technology is estimated taking into account the existing economic conditions.

Investigation of the tribological properties of ultrafine diamond-graphite powder as an additive to greases

The paper presents the results of studies on the use of plastic lubricants with ultrafine diamond-graphite powder in rolling bearings. Under operating conditions, even with a short-term toughening of the operation mode, it is possible to establish the boundary mode of friction due to the extrusion of lubricant from the zone of the rolling elements contact with the tracks of the rings. This leads to an increase in friction torque and an increase in temperature, which affects the performance of rolling bearings. Reducing slippage, lowering the working temperature, limiting the friction torque can be achieved due to the quality of the lubricants used with improved anti-wear and antifriction properties. Tribological studies have established that the introduction of ultrafine diamond-graphite powder into the composition of basic industrial lubricants significantly improves their performance. The introduction of ultrafine diamond-graphite powder into a lubricant reduces the amount of rolling bearings wear 1.6–1.8 times, the friction torque - to 23–25 %. The temperature of the bearing assembly decreases by 16–20 %. The presence of a lubricant that can significantly reduce friction forces. It reduces the amount of internal stresses and retards the development of fatigue cracks, which can increase the service life of rolling bearings 1.5–2 times.

Development of the lubricant for side-mounted rail flange lubricators for traction rolling stock

Specificity of operating conditions of the rolling stock defines a number of requirements for lubricants intended for the wheel-rail tribosystem. Lubricants are used for “wheel — rail” contact, the aggregate state of which varies from liquid to solid. When evaluating the lubrication properties of these materials, a significant number of factors must be taken into account, in particular, influence of the environment, method of application, condition of the rail surface. The paper discusses the main operational requirements for lubricants operating in a wheel-rail tribosystem. Temperature ranges of the lubricants used for the “wheel — rail” contact on the railway network of the Russian Federation are given. As a result of the research, it was determined that none of the materials used for lubrication of the wheel-rail system satisfies the operating temperature conditions of the traction rolling stock. To solve this problem a lubricant was developed and tested in an industrial environment at the Rostov State University of Railway Transport. Its lubricant composition allows to significantly expand the temperature range of the lubricant. Complex of experimental studies and method of orthogonal central composite plan of the 2nd order established the optimum values of the thickness of the working shell of the 0.846 mm lubricating rod and the 50.411 % percentage of plastic lubricant, allowing to extend the temperature range of lubricant rods and, in particular, completely eliminate the lubricant flow to achieve a temperature of 126.034 °C. Proposed composition of the lubricant was tested on a freight electric locomotive of the VL80T series, equipped with non-power lubricators, under the conditions of the Bataysk — Likhaya section of the North Caucasus Railway. Intensity of wear of the wheel flanges of the traction rolling stock lubricated by the proposed material, compared with the intensity of wear of the wheel flanges without the use of lubrication systems is reduced by 2 times.

The use of greases with ultrafine diamond-graphite powder to reduce a fatigue wear of rolling bearings

The present paper shows the results of studies on the use of the plastic lubricants with ultrafine diamond-graphite powder in rolling bearings. Even with a short-term tightening of the operating mode, it is possible to establish a friction boundary mode by squeezing the lubricant out of the rolling parts contact zone with the ring tracks, which leads to an increase in the friction torque and temperature. Reducing slippage, lowering the working temperature, limiting the friction torque can be achieved by improving the antiwear and anti-friction properties of the lubricants used. Tribological studies have established that the introduction of the ultrafine diamond-graphite powder into the composition of basic industrial lubricants significantly improves their performance. The introduction of ultrafine diamond-graphite powder into a lubricant reduces the amount of rolling bearings wear up to 1.6–1.8 times, reduces the amount of friction torque to 23–25%. The presence of a lubricant that can significantly reduce friction forces, reduces the amount of internal stresses and delays the fatigue cracks progress, which allows to increase the service life of rolling bearings by 1.5–2 times.

Magnetic Nanodispersed Lubricants Based on Organosilicon Liquids

For the first time, the generalized results of complex experimental studies aimed at the development functional nanodispersed liquid lubricants with anomalously high magnetic properties are reported. Appropriateness is substantiated for the use of a dispersion medium based on organosilicon liquids in the production of magnetic lubricating oils of a new generation. Information necessary for choosing the dispersed magnetic phase is presented. An original approach to the fitting of surface-active substances intended to stabilize the colloidal structure of magnetic oils, taking into account their dielectric properties and the features of the effect exerted on friction, has been demonstrated. Recommendations are given concerning a preliminary choice of prospective additives and fillers for magnetic oil, and the efficiency of the action of additives under different operating conditions of friction units with magnetic oil is established. Technological features are described for the synthesis of lubricants based on polyethylenesiloxane PES-5 and chlorophenylsiloxane KhS-2-1VV containing nanosized magnetite. The lubricating properties of magnetic oils based on oligodiethylsiloxane and oligomethyl(chlorophenyl)siloxane under various friction conditions have been investigated and their specific features have been demonstrated. The effect of various additives and fillers exerted on the tribotechnical characteristics of magnetic oils is analyzed in detail. A different mechanism of the effect exerted by additives on the properties friction contacts lubricated with magnetic oil is revealed and described. According to the testing results for the magnetic oils, lubricant compositions most promising for practical use in friction assemblies have been determined. It has been established that the service lifetime of the new magnetic oil is comparable with transmission gear oils, for example, TM-5-18, and two or three orders of magnitude greater than that inherent in plastic lubricants.

The Screening Effect of Ethanol Amines and Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Nanomaterials upon Friction Interaction with Metals in Plastic Lubricants

The embedding of ethanol amines and cholestetic liquid crystal nanomaterials is experimentally found to improve the screening effect of general-purpose calcium plastic lubricants. A particular enhancement of this effect is pronounced in plastic lubricants where conventional industrial oils as the dispersion medium are replaced by petroleum refining products, such as petroleum vacuum distillates, which have been exposed to no special purification. This is due to the fact that petroleum vacuum distillates are based on the active naphthenic acids that form the boundary lubricant layers with high screening properties upon interaction with ethanol amines and cholesteric liquid crystal nanomaterials, which ensure the lower friction and wear of conjugated surfaces.