Plastic Lenses Research Articles

A Study to Check the Awareness and Myths about the Contact Lens among the Educated Population of the Northern Uttar Pradesh, India

Purpose: The aim and purpose of this study are to determine the awareness among people about contact lenses and also about the facts and myths regarding contact lens. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey on 300 people of northern U. P. having the refractive error. It was done through a Questionnaire-based survey for which a structural, standardized, self-administered questionnaire in the English language was made, including three sections named Section A, B, and C. Section A is common for all the participants, Section B was for contact lens wearers and Section C was for those who were not Contact lens wearer but they were spectacle wearer. Result: Among the 300 subjects 32% (96 people), were regular users of contact lens whereas 68% (204 people) have never tried Contact lens because of the myth in their minds about contact lens. 38% (114 people) think about the contact lens is a thin, curved plastic lens that is used to correct refractive error. 12% (36 people) think that this is an eye protection device and 28% (84 people) think that it is used for cosmetic purposes. Conclusion: Everyone who participated in this survey was well educated and possesses many misconceptions about the contact lens. Due to which they avoid the use of Contact lenses and also suggest the same to others. So it can be concluded that there is an urgent need of enhancing the knowledge about contact lens among people. Keywords: Contact lens, Myths, Refractive error, Awareness, Vision-related problems.

Coaxiality Optimization Analysis of Plastic Injection Molded Barrel of Bilateral Telecentric Lens

Plastic optical components are light in weight, easy to manufacture, and amenable to mass production. However, plastic injection molded parts are liable to shrinkage and warpage as a result of the pressure and temperature variations induced during the molding process. Consequently, controlling the process parameters in such a way as to minimize the geometric deformation of the molded part and improve the performance of the optical component as a result remains an important concern. The present study considered the problem of optimizing the injection molding parameters for the plastic lens barrel of a bilateral telecentric lens (BTL) containing four lens assemblies. The study commenced by using CODE V optical software to design the lens assemblies and determine their optimal positions within the barrel. Taguchi experiments based on Moldex3D simulations were then performed to determine the processing conditions (i.e., maximum injection pressure, maximum packing pressure, melt temperature, mold temperature, and cooling time) which minimize the coaxiality of the plastic barrel. Finally, CODE V and grayscale analyses were performed to confirm the optical performance of the optimized BTL. The Taguchi results show that the coaxiality of the plastic lens barrel is determined mainly by the maximum packing pressure and melt temperature. In addition, the CODE V and grayscale analysis results confirm that the optimized BTL yields a better modulus transfer function, spot diagram performance, and image quality than a BTL produced using the general injection molding parameters.

Correction of temperature influences on plastic lenses for applications in laser material processing

Today, the use of plastic lenses in processing optics for laser material processing is fundamentally limited to laser powers lower than 1 W. This is due to thermo-optical effects in the plastic material which primarily lead to a shift in the focus position. To overcome this laser power limitation, a design routine was developed for injection molded lenses, which simulates the optical properties of the lens in thermal equilibrium state during laser irradiation and which iteratively adapts the lens design for the manufacturing process in this way that the lens is compensated for thermal effects and manufacturing errors like shrinkage. The approach is demonstrated for an injection molded focusing lens used at an average laser power of 15 W. The focusing properties of the compensated manufactured lens are compared with the underlying simulations as well as with an uncompensated lens geometry used at the same laser power.

Impact of the thickness of the wall of optical lenses on the production process stability

The article compares the stability of the production process of plastic optical lenses produced by the injection molding process. Moreover, it evaluates the effects caused by using very thick walls and very thin walls in plastic optical lenses. The injection process are divided into three fundamental stages. The first is the injection of plastic into the mold itself (filling). During this phase, 95–99% of the cavity volume is filled. The second phase is the so-called after-pressure, where the remaining cavity spaces are filled, and the part reaches dimensional stability. The last stage is called cooling. During the final phase, the element is solidified and becomes dimensionally stable in lower temperatures. In the current work, the authors compare the lenses that differ only in the maximum wall thickness. In the experiments, the conditions of changing pressure and injection speed were simulated. During injection, slight changes in the injection parameters may occur due to the random external influences. Those influences include the change in ambient air temperature, voltage fluctuations in the electrical system, machine vibrations, imperfect homogeneity of the material used, etc. The common process parameters that the organization uses by default were used as a basis. The after-pressure and injection pressure were changed to 102%, 105%, 98%, and 95% in the experiments. The results evaluate the proportion of non-conforming products (scrap) that appertain to each change in the parameters of production.
 The research proves the dependence between the thickness of the lens wall and the stability of the process. Although a higher total waste is expected for thick-walled lenses, the knowledge of the stability of the process in the production of lenses has not yet been recorded though it is a significant indicator for the production planning. It is known that a lower process stability is expected based on the design for these types of elements, and the researrchers were able to take measures to eliminate this risk and thus reduce the total waste and other negative impacts on production.
 Modifications to the mold can also achieve some improvement in this condition. The first step is to expand the cross-section of the inlet channel gate. The pressure is transmitted to the cavity through this cross-section. Its enlargement ensures a more even distribution of the pressure in the entire volume of the part. Another way to facilitate production is to guarantee optimal cooling of the cavity. It can be achieved by placing the cavity away from the hot runner system so that the cooling can be evenly distributed around each side of the part. The last way to solve the problem of collapse is to create a counter-deformation in the mold. That is to enlarge the cavity so that the lens sinks into the desired shape.
 These measures may include preventive debugging of the mold for multiple presses in case the press needs to be changed and preferably placing such elements on newer injection molding machines where parameters are less likely to fluctuate and avoiding moving such molds to presses for which they have not been debugged unless necessary. The work aims to prove the dependence between the thickness of the optical lens and the stability of the injection process. While waste percentage, cycle time, and other parameters are considered and quantified at the design stage of the optical lens, process stability has not yet been quantified. Proving the dependence between the above-mentioned phenomena will allow predicting the process stability of new lens designs more precisely.

Forensic comparison analysis of plastic vehicle headlamp lens by gel permeation chromatography and statistical methods.

Comparison analysis of vehicle headlamp lens fragments can help establish links between the relevant vehicle with crime scenes or provide useful information to search the related vehicles. Headlamp lenses are mainly made of polycarbonate with very few signature additives, which makes them difficult to be discriminated by commonplace examination methods of infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In this study, molecular weights (Mw) and the polydispersity index (PDI) value of 50 vehicle headlamp lens fragments from different vehicles were measured by gel permeation chromatography, and Hotelling's T2 statistical method was applied to facilitate interpretation of the data. Among the total pairs of comparisons between 50 samples, 62 pairs cannot be distinguished, resulting in a discrimination rate of 94.94%. It suggested that the method of gel permeation chromatography and Hotelling's T2 statistical analysis were powerful to make further discrimination between plastic vehicle headlamp lens fragments.

Low cost and long-focal-depth metallic axicon for terahertz frequencies based on parallel-plate-waveguides

In this work we demonstrate a triangular surface lens (axicon) operating at frequencies between 350 and 450 GHz using parallel-plate-waveguide technology. The proposed axicon offers longer focal depth characteristics compared to conventional plastic lenses, surpassing common TPX lenses by one order of magnitude. Additionally, due to the triangular surface of the axicon, this device is able to focus THz radiation onto smaller areas than TPX lenses, enhancing the resolution characteristics of THz imaging systems. The frequency range of operation of the proposed axicon can be easily tuned by changing the space between plates, making this approach a very attractive candidate for low-cost, robust and easy to assemble solutions for the next generation of active THz devices.

Curcuma longa rhizome extract and Curcumin reduce the adhesion of Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoites and cysts in polystyrene plastic surface and contact lens

Curcuma longa and Curcumin have been documented to have a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including anti-Acanthamoeba activity. Hence, this study sought to explore the anti-adhesion activity of C. longa extract and Curcumin against Acanthamoeba triangularis trophozoites and cysts in plastic and contact lenses. Our results showed that C. longa extract and Curcumin significantly inhibited the adhesion of A. triangularis trophozoites and cysts to the plastic surface, as investigated by the crystal violet assay (P < 0.05). Also, an 80–90% decrease in adhesion of trophozoites and cysts to the plastic surface was detected following the treatment with C. longa extract and Curcumin at 1/2 × MIC, compared to the control. In the contact lens model, approximately 1 log cells/mL of the trophozoites and cysts was reduced when the cells were treated with Curcumin, when compared to the control. Pre-treatment of the plastic surface with Curcumin at 1/2-MIC reduced 60% and 90% of the adhesion of trophozoites and cysts, respectively. The reduction in 1 Log cells/mL of the adhesion of A. triangularis trophozoites was observed when lenses were pre-treated with both the extract and Curcumin. Base on the results obtained from this study, A. triangularis trophozoites treated with C. longa extract and Curcumin have lost strong acanthopodia, thorn-like projection pseudopodia observed by scanning electron microscope. This study also revealed the therapeutic potentials of C. longa extract and Curcumin, as such, have promising anti-adhesive potential that can be used in the management/prevention of A. triangularis adhesion to contact lenses.

Block Copolymers Composed of Main-Chain Cyclic Polymers: Morphology Transition and Covalent Stabilization of Self-Assembled Nanostructures via Intra- and Interchain Cyclization of Styrene-co-isoprene Blocks

Amorphous saturated hydrocarbon polymers containing main-chain cyclic units have potential as novel optoelectronic materials for plastic lenses and optical storage media owing to their high glass transition temperature, nonhygroscopic nature, transparency, and low birefringence. Here, we report the synthesis of block copolymers (BCPs) incorporating a branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrophilic block and randomly copolymerized styrene and isoprene units (p(St-co-Ip)) of different molecular weights as the hydrophobic component. Amorphous polymers bearing cyclic structures along with hydrophobic chains were prepared via the cationic cyclization of the unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers under acidic conditions. We suggest that the morphological transitions of self-assembled BCP structures are dependent on changes in the chain length of the hydrophobic block, which is determined by the regiospecificity of the isoprene units. The self-assembled structures could be covalently stabilized via intermolecular cyclization between the hydrophobic blocks. Notably, the cross-linked structures displayed a reversible swelling/deswelling ability in response to the type of solvent medium.

Effects of the injection compression process parameters on residual stress of plastic lenses.

Residual stress affects significantly the quality of plastic lenses. In this paper, the influence of process parameters on the residual stress of injection compression molded plastic lenses was investigated by orthogonal simulation. The results show that the effect of compression delay time on residual stress was the most significant, followed by compression distance and compression speed, which are both related to the compression process. Then, the relationship between the residual stress obtained by simulations and the optical path difference measured by the experiment was compared by single factor experiments of four key injection compression molding process parameters. The change trends were similar, which proves that the numerical simulation has the potential to predict the residual stress of plastic lenses and optimize the process parameters, so as to improve their optical quality.

Experimental investigations on ultra-precision machining of polycarbonate and related issues

Optical plastic lenses are progressively substituting glass optics due to their lightweight and low costs. Polycarbonate (PC) is considered as one of the leading optical materials due to its good mechanical and optical properties. Ultra-precision machining is the most suited process to develop PC optical components. Nevertheless, ultra-precision machining is considered as one of the deterministic processes to ensure the surface quality required for optical components. However, it is important to understand the behavior of the material during each stage of manufacturing. PC offers many challenges during its processing to achieve the nanometric finish and sub-micron form accuracies. In this article, the various issues of PC machining are discussed through experimental investigations. The effect of machining variables, that is, machining parameters, cutting temperature, and vacuum clamping on surface quality is studied. The results show the importance of the selection of optimum conditions for machining PC with good surface quality. The PC optical component is developed with surface finish ( Ra) 18.1 nm and profile accuracies ( Pv) of 0.116 µm. The study is helpful to understand the various issues involved in PC machining and hence to minimize their effects on surface quality.

An imaging performance analysis method correlated with geometrical deviation for the injection molded high-precision aspheric negative plastic lens

High-precision aspheric negative plastic lenses are widely used in optical systems owing to their excellent performance and ease of high-efficiency manufacturing. The imaging performance of the lens is difficult to control, because it is unable to perform optical measurements directly and is sensitive to manufacturing processing meanwhile. Generally, the imaging performance is guaranteed by a strict control of geometrical deviation, such as Peak-to-Valley (PV) and Root-Mean-Square (RMS). In this study, an optical ray-tracing algorithm with the measured geometrical deviation data is proposed to perform an imaging performance analysis correlated with geometrical deviation for the injection molded high-precision aspheric negative plastic lens. Taguchi experiments are applied to investigating the effect of processing parameters. The geometrical deviation of the convex surface is found to be an order of magnitude greater than that of the concave surface. The geometrical dimension of the concave surface is mainly determined by the machining precision of the mold cavity surface, whereas the convex surface dimension is mainly affected by the lens shrinkage. However, the imaging performance has a nonlinear correlation with the geometrical deviation. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and Spot Diagram are equivalently affected by the concave and convex geometrical deviations, and depend on the object field height. The effect of processing parameters on geometrical deviation and imaging performance is uncorrelated. Thus, the imaging performance should be simultaneously considered as a criterion as well as the geometrical deviation in the optimization of aspheric negative lens injection molding processing. The imaging performance prediction using an optical ray-tracing algorithm with the measured geometrical deviation data is instrumental to optimize the manufacturing processing.

Non-Imaging Digital CMOS-SOI-MEMS Uncooled Passive Infra-Red Sensing Systems

This paper presents a novel non-imaging digital passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensing system using a CMOS-SOI-MEMS transistor as the thermal sensor, which replaces the traditional pyroelectric sensors and outperforms thermopiles. The mosaic sensors, which are manufactured by nano-fabrication methods in standard FABs, exhibit enhanced performance and robust manufacturing on wafer level processing and vacuum packaging. Mirror optics instead of Fresnel plastic lenses provides enhanced performance at low-cost. The essential aspects of the design of the mirrors for curtain sensors and presence sensors are presented. The overall measured performance for detecting human targets at extended ranges and hot spots detection are reported. The overall performance of the sensing systems indicate why they are most suitable for consumer electronics, including smart homes, wearables, Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile applications.

Nationwide Mass Inventory and Degradation Assessment of Plastic Contact Lenses in US Wastewater.

Plastics pose ecological and human health risks, with disposable contact lenses constituting a potential high-volume pollution source. Using sales data and an online survey of lens users (n = 416) alongside laboratory and field experiments at a conventional sewage treatment plant, we determined the environmental fate and mass inventories of contact lenses in the United States. The survey results revealed that 21 ± 0.8% of lens users flush their used lenses down the drain, a loading equivalent to 44 000 ± 1700 kg y-1 of lens dry mass discharged into US wastewater. Biological treatment of wastewater did not result in a measurable loss of plastic mass (p = 0.001) and caused only very limited changes in the polymer structure, as determined by μ-Raman spectroscopy. During sewage treatment, the lenses were found to accumulate as fragments in sewage sludge, resulting in an estimated accumulation of 24 000 ± 940 kg y-1 of microplastics destined for application on US agricultural soils contained in sewage sludge. Recycling of the contact lenses and their packaging amounted to only 0.04% of the total waste volume associated with contact lens use. This is the first study to identify contact lenses and more specifically silicone hydrogels, as a previously overlooked source of plastic and microplastic pollution.

Nonfluorinated, transparent, and spontaneous self-healing superhydrophobic coatings enabled by supramolecular polymers

Transparent self-healing superhydrophobic coatings have important applications on lenses, solar cells, helmet visors, and windshields et al. However, their applications at the present stage are limited by hazardous fluorinated materials, low transmittance, and heating treatment for healing. In this study, nonfluorinated, transparent, and superhydrophobic coatings with spontaneous self-healing ability are successfully fabricated via spray coating an ethanol solution of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based supramolecular polymer cross-linked via N-coordinated boroxines (N-Boroxine-PDMS) and SiO2 nanoparticles. Benefiting from the use of spray-coating technique, the transparent self-healing superhydrophobic coatings can be readily applied to various substrates such as plastic spectacle lens, wood, metal, and paper, greatly expanding the scope of applications. The obtained coatings possess good transparency with a transmittance at 550 nm of 90.1% and excellent superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 160.9° and a sliding angle of 1°, which can be attributed to the use of N-Boroxine-PDMS that is inherently transparent and hydrophobic. The N-Boroxine-PDMS/SiO2 coatings can withstand water impact, UV irradiation, and heating at elevated temperatures due to the use of N-Boroxine-PDMS. More importantly, the coatings are capable of repetitively and spontaneously healing the chemical damage caused by exposure to hydrogen peroxide or O2 plasma at room temperature because the reversibility of N-coordinated boroxines allows the oligomers of N-Boroxine-PDMS readily migrate to the damaged surface. Our finds show evidence that the use of properly designed supramolecular polymers as coating materials provides a simple and effective way to simultaneously integrate good transparency, stability, and spontaneous room-temperature self-healing ability in superhydrophobic coatings.

Influence of corneal plastic lens on ocular surface and visual quality of intermittent exotropia with myopia

Influence of corneal plastic lens on ocular surface and visual quality of intermittent exotropia with myopia

Optimization of injection-molding processing conditions for plastic double-convex Fresnel lens using grey-based Taguchi method

Injection molding is an ideal technique for the low-cost mass production of plastic optical lenses. However, the optical quality of the lens is significantly dependent on the processing parameters employed in the molding process. In particular, the parameters should be set in such a way as to minimize both the shrinkage displacement-induced warpage (in order to reduce optical aberrations) and the residual stress (in order to reduce the birefringence). However, in practice, the two performance targets are mutually exclusive. That is, a smaller warpage results in a greater residual stress, and vice versa. Thus, in the present study, Taguchi experiments are first performed to determine the processing parameters which individually minimize the warpage and retardation of a symmetric plastic double-convex Fresnel lens, respectively. A grey relational analysis technique is then applied to the Taguchi results to establish the processing parameters which achieve the optimal tradeoff between the two performance objectives. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by means of mold-flow analysis simulations. The results show that in simultaneously optimizing both the warpage and the retardation, the injection molding control factors are ranked in order of decreasing influence as follows: packing pressure, packing time, melt temperature, filling time, cooling time and mold temperature. Given the optimal process parameter settings, the warpage and retardation are reduced by 16.42% and 74.74%, respectively, compared to the original design. In other words, the proposed grey-based Taguchi method provides a viable technique for optimizing both performance targets for the considered double-convex Fresnel lens.

A study of distortion correction algorithms based on aspheric fisheye lens design

A design method of aspheric fisheye lens has been proposed in this paper, based on the requirements of automobile surround view system. The study has designed a kind of ultra-wide-angle fisheye lens, which only consists of a spherical glass lens and three aspherical plastic lenses. The maximum diameter of imaging aperture is 15.3 mm; the working distance behind is 2.158 mm; the total length of system is 11.44 mm; the focal length is 0.97 mm; the viewing angle is 210°, and the modulation transfer function (MTF) curve is 0.35 at 60 lp/mm. Furthermore, a kind of a distortion correction algorithm for fisheye lens has been created, which calculates the position of the ideal image point with the actual image point and the obtained distortion curve and distortion model. The algorithm can correct the distorted image taken by a fisheye lens to an image without distortion, which is suitable for the human eye. The algorithm, which is simple and effective, has been applied to the automobile surround view system. It has been verified to be accurate and reasonable, after the comparison is made between the real image taken by a fisheye lens and the corrected image.

Interview

Oskar Björkqvist Oskar Björkqvist, from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, talks to us about his submission “Additive manufactured dielectric Gutman lens”, and the potential ubiquity of 3D-printed antennae, page 1318. I am a recently graduated electrical engineer with a specialisation in electromagnetics. At the time we authored this paper I was affiliated with the Division for Electromagnetic Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, which specialises in wave propagation and antennas. They have worked in close collaboration with industry recently to prepare for the launch of 5G, amongst other projects. Some of the topics we focus our research on are transformation optics, metasurfaces and lens antennas, such as the one in this publication. Some people in my research group had started using these new RF-compatible 3D printing filaments to make customised layers and bodies of dielectric. I came across a few papers where people had been looking at 3D printing dielectric lenses, but none of them seemed to have turned to the cheapest and most commercially available form of 3D printing, known as ‘fused filament fabrication’. This led us to the idea that we could probably make similar lenses with a normal desktop 3D printer. Some initial simulations showed promising results, and we were able to print and measure a first working prototype soon after. Since then we have developed a few different versions of these lenses, one of which we decided to publish here in Electronics Letters. We have in this work shown that it is fully feasible to make a gradient refractive index lens, which historically have been relatively complex to manufacture, by very simple means. The fact that the entire antenna can be made in a single piece, by a single machine, suggests that pretty much anyone with access to a 3D printer could make their own low cost, high gain antennas using this method – not to mention the fact that the source 3D models can very easily be redistributed. I'd like to imagine that the method could be well suited for applications where weight and form factor of an antenna plays a role, as this plastic lens is in general relatively light weight and could assume many different shapes with the use of transformation optics. We are further confident that the method also is applicable to even higher frequency bands than the one we have considered here, possibly stretching into the mm-wave regime. Not being an expert in 3D printing technology, it was at times not easy to know how well a 3D model might translate into a printed object. The small details in the models and the limited spatial resolution of a desktop 3D printer necessitated us iterating a few different methods for generating the models and different geometries of our unit cells, which are the ‘building blocks’ we use to create the lens. Still being relatively new to this field, I have not yet experienced any significant changes first-hand. It is however evident to me that working with antennas and electromagnetics in general clearly has changed the last couple of decades as an effect of the IT revolution – the simulation tools we have now are extremely powerful and the process of designing, manufacturing and evaluating a design is probably easier than ever. Our publication in this edition of Electronics Letters is perhaps a good example – the time from conceiving the idea to measuring the first prototype spanned over only a few weeks and could be done pretty much single-handedly, only with the help of a computer and a relatively simple 3D printer. I suspect that we will see more of this way of working in the future and that research groups will to a greater extent be able to manufacture their designs by themselves, which is likely to speed up the process of conducting research significantly.

Integrated Optimum Layout of Conformal Cooling Channels and Optimal Injection Molding Process Parameters for Optical Lenses

Plastic lenses are light and can be mass-produced. Large-diameter aspheric plastic lenses play a substantial role in the optical industry. Injection molding is a popular technology for plastic optical manufacturing because it can achieve a high production rate. Highly efficient cooling channels are required for obtaining a uniform temperature distribution in mold cavities. With the recent advent of laser additive manufacturing, highly efficient three-dimensional spiral channels can be realized for conformal cooling technique. However, the design of conformal cooling channels is very complex and requires optimization analyses. In this study, finite element analysis is combined with a gradient-based algorithm and robust genetic algorithm to determine the optimum layout of cooling channels. According to the simulation results, the use of conformal cooling channels can reduce the surface temperature difference of the melt, ejection time, and warpage. Moreover, the optimal process parameters (such as melt temperature, mold temperature, filling time, and packing time) obtained from the design of experiments improved the fringe pattern and eliminated the local variation of birefringence. Thus, this study indicates how the optical properties of plastic lenses can be improved. The major contribution of present proposed methods can be applied to a mold core containing the conformal cooling channels by metal additive manufacturing.

Decreased expression of gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) messenger RNA and connexin 36 protein in form-deprivation myopia of guinea pigs.

Background:More than ten genome-wide association studies have identified the significant association between the gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) gene and myopia. However, no functional studies have been performed to confirm that this gene is correlated with myopia. This study aimed to observe how this gene changed in mRNA and protein level in the form-deprivation myopia (FDM) animal model.Methods:Four-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups: control and FDM groups (n = 12 for each group). The right eyes of the FDM group were covered with opaque hemispherical plastic lenses for 3 weeks. For all the animals, refractive status, axial length (AL), and corneal radius of curvature were measured at baseline and 3 weeks later by streak retinoscope, A-scan ultrasonography, and keratometer, respectively. Retinal GJD2 mRNA expression and connexin 36 (Cx36) levels in FDM and control groups were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Those results were compared using independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test, or paired t test. A significance level of P < 0.05 was used.Results:Three weeks later, the FDM group (form-deprived eyes) showed about a myopic shift of approximately −6.75 (−7.94 to −6.31) D, while the control group remained hyperopic with only a shift of −0.50 (−0.75 to 0.25) D (Z = −3.38, P < 0.01). The AL increased by 0.74 (0.61–0.76) and 0.10 (0.05–0.21) mm in FDM and control groups, respectively (Z = −3.37, P < 0.01). The relative mRNA expression of GJD2 in the FDM group decreased 31.58% more than the control group (t = 11.44, P < 0.01). The relative protein expression of CX36 on the retina was lowered by 37.72% in form-deprivation eyes as compared to the controls (t = 17.74, P < 0.01).Conclusion:Both the mRNA expression of GJD2 and Cx36 protein amount were significantly decreased in the retina of FDM guinea pigs. This indicates that Cx36 is involved in FDM development, providing compensating evidence for the results obtained from genome-wide association studies.