Plastic House Research Articles

Impact of Nano NPK Fertilizer and Humic Acid Application on Vegetative Growth of Three Strawberry Cultivars

The experiments was carried out in an unheated Plastic house unit of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul for the years 2021-2022 with the aim of enhancement of vegetative growth of three cultivars of Strawberry, Festival, Ruby Gem and Liberation D, Orleans. Factorial experiment according to the split-plot system so that the cultivars were placed in the main-plot, while the nano-fertilization treatments NPK with three concentration 0, 1.5 and 3 g.l−1 and humic acid with three levels 0, 3 and 6 ml.l−1 put in the sup-plot using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, and means were compared by Duncan’s test at 5% level. Results of the experiment could be summarized as follow: The cultivars under this study were differed in some of the studied traits, especially the significant superiority of the strawberry cultivar Liberation D, Orleans over the two strawberry cultivars Festival and Ruby Gem in the number of leaves, the area of one leaf, the leaf area of a plant, and the dry weight of vegetative system. Cultivars Festival and Liberation D, Orleans were superiority on Ruby Gem in leaf chlorophyll content and root dry weight. Foliar fertilization with nano NPK fertilizer, especially at a concentration of 3 gm..l−1, led to a significant increase in the number of leaves and dry weight of vegetative system, while the concentration of 1.5 gm.l−1 was significantly increased in the area of one leaf and the leafy area of strawberry plant compared to the control treatment. Fertilization with humic acid at the level of 6 ml.l−1 was significantly increased in the number of leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll in the leaves, the dry weight of vegetative and roots system, the area of one leaf and the leaf area of plant compared to the control treatment.

Response Growth and Yield of Three Cucumber Hybrids (Cucumis sativus L.) to Nano Fertilizer N20P20K20 under Protected House

The experiment was run in the spring of 2021 in one of the unheated plastic houses in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape in the College of Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Mosul to examine the impact of two variables: Second: spraying three different concentrations of Nano fertilizer N20 P20 K20 on three different cucumber hybrids (Roni, Modhish, and Baher) alongside a control treatment that received no Nano fertilizer spraying. The hybrid factor was positioned in the main plots, and Nano-fertilizer spray concentrations were positioned in the split plots, all within the context of a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) for the experiment’s layout. The information was recorded, then analyzed statistically, yielding the following findings: Concentrations of 3 mg L-1 of Nano fertilizer sprayed on Roni hybrids significantly increased plant length and leaf area; concentrations of 3 mg L-1 on Modhish hybrids significantly increased yield per plant, fruit yield, and total fruit yield; and concentrations of 3 mg L-1 on Baher hybrids significantly increased the value of leaves per plant.

Morpho-physiological characterization of multi-canopy rice cultivation systems in various genotype combinations

The multi-canopy rice cultivation system modifies the cultivar mixture using two genotypes with different stem lengths to create different heights of the plant canopy that may optimize vertical growth and harvesting space. This study aims to investigate the effect of a multi-canopy rice cultivation system on the morpho-physiological characteristics of several genotype combinations. The research was conducted in the plastic house of the IPB University experimental station, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Two genotypes of the short plants and two tall plants as IPB University breeding lines were evaluated using a randomized complete block design. The combination of the short and the tall genotypes was transplanted on the same hill to create the multi-canopy system. The results of the multi-canopy rice cultivation system produced a number of tillers, panicle number, and percentage of productive tillers showed no difference with mono-genotype hills. Meanwhile, the genotype’s performance in the multi-canopy system for stem length, plant height, panicle length, panicle density, photosynthesis rate, and SPAD value is as good as the mono-genotype system. These results indicated no decrease in morpho-physiological characters’ performance in each genotype grown as a combination in multi-canopy. Each genotype can utilize resource inputs at different canopy positions to minimize competition.

The Effect of Nano-Fertilization and Tube Size on the Qualitative Characteristics of Two Types of Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch)

This experiment was conducted in the unheated plastic house of the Horticulture and Landscaping Department of the College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit in the agricultural season 2021-2022. To study the effect of nano-fertilization at a concentration of 0, 1.5, and 3 g, and planting with different sizes of plastic tubes with a diameter of 4, 6, and 8 inches on the qualitative characteristics of two varieties of seedlings of the Fragaria ananassa Duch plant. Anthocyanins reached 18.16 mg 100gm-1, tube 6 inch was superior in terms of total acidity and reached 1.26%, while tubes 6 and 8 inch were superior in percentage of soluble solids, total sugars and percentage of dry matter in fruits. The cultivar Albion was significantly superior to the cultivar Rubygem in terms of total acidity, reaching 1.25%, while the cultivar Rubygem was superior to Albion in the percentage of total sugars, amounting to 2.23%, and the percentage of anthocyanins in the fruits, amounting to 17.51 mg 100g-1. Significant in the percentage of total solids, which amounted to 12.00%, and the percentage of total sugars, which amounted to 2.24%.

Co-inoculation effect of Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus megaterium with phosphorus on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth in calcareous soil

Using microbial bio fertilizer has been widely used in recent years because it improves the plant growth and nutrients uptake A plastic pot experiment was carried out under plastic house at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Bakrajo, from November 2021 to May 2022 to study the effect of co-inoculation of bacteria A. brasilense and B. megaterium bio fertilizer and their interaction on growth responses of wheat (Triticum aestivumn L.) at various P levels (0, 40, 80,120, and 160 kg P ha-1). The experiment was performed in a factorial experiment with completed randomized design (CRD) in a silty clay soil with three replications. Before harvesting chlorophyll, intensity was measured, and after that plants were harvested. Results showed that co-inoculation was significantly effect on increasing chlorophyll intensity and plant dry biomass on wheat plant and nutrient uptake. The maximum value was 36.54 spad and 19.82 g pot-1 recorded at (160 kg P ha-1) respectively, while the maximum value of wheat shoot N, and Zn nutrients contend was 27.97 g kg-1 and 45.44 µg g-1 respectively recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), while the maximum value for P, K and Fe was 5.33 g kg-1, 26.43 g kg-1 and 301.74 µg g-1 recorded at (120 kg P ha-1 ). But when the soil inoculated with A. brasilense significantly increased chlorophyll intensity and plant dry biomass compared with control. The maximum value was 28.50 spad and 19.22 g pot-1 recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), while the highest value for wheat shoot N, P, K Fe and Zn nutrients contend were 21.10 g kg-1, 2.80 g kg-1, 15.77 g kg-1, 201.56 µg g-1 and 26.45 µg g-1 respectively recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), and when the soil inoculated with B. megaterium increased chlorophyll intensity and plant dry biomass compared with control. The highest value was 18.50 spad and 16.31 g pot-1 recorded at (160 kg P ha-1). while the maximum value for wheat shoot N, P, K and Fe nutrients were 20.26 g kg-1, 4.43 g kg-1, 17.83 g kg-1 and 276.74 µg g-1 respectively recorded at (160 kg P ha-1), while the maximum value for Zn was 32.85 µg g-1 recorded at (120 kg P ha-1).

تقييم فعالية الفطر. Hirsutella sp ومبيد النيماتودا Verox لمقاومة النيماتودا تعقد الجذر Meloidogyne spp على شتلات التين

This study was conducted in the plastic house of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad to evaluate the activity of Hirsutella sp. fungus and Nematode Verox against Meloidogyne spp. causative agent of root knots in Fig seedlings. Treatment of Meloidogyne spp. eggs with Hirsutella sp. at 20ml/L and with Verox at 2g/L caused significant inhibition in eggs hatching after 3,5 and 7 d. The number of non- hatching eggs were 96.70, 54.00and 29.30 eggs respectively in petri plates treated with Hirsutella sp., 106.70, 60.00and 46.00 eggs respectively in petri plates treated with Verox compared with 116.70, 111.00and96.00 eggs respectively in control. The treatment caused significant inhibition of juvenile-2 at the same periods. The number of juvenile-2 were 123.30, 114.00and 109.30 petri plates treated with Hirsutella sp at 20ml/L110.00, 63.00 and 26.70 in seedlings treated with Verox at 2g/L compared with 136.70, 132.00and120.00 in control after 3,5 and 7 d respectively. High significant reduction in root knots index and disease severity were observed in seedlings treated with Hirsutella sp. and Verox, 2.00 and 1.33% compared with 3.33 and 3.32% in control respectively. Significant increase in Phenylalanine Ammonia– Lyase and Chitinase activity induced in Fig seedling treated with Hirsutella sp. and Verox. PAL activity attained to 17.43and19.23 and 18.85 mg cinnamic acid/h/g fresh weight in seedlings treated with Hirsutella sp.16.76, 18.56and 18.05 mg cinnamic acid/ h /g fresh weight in seedlings treated with Verox compared with 15.30, 17.13and 15.74 mg cinnamic acid /h/g fresh weight in control after 3,5and 7 d respectively. The treatment induced significant increase in nitrogen and potassium in the leaves, Nitrogen and potassium percentage were attained to 7.619% and 2.120% in seedling treated with Hirsutella sp. 3.558%and 2.080% in seedlings treated with Verox compared with 2.858% and 1.820% in control respectively. Significant increase in leaf area and in seedlings height were observed in treated seedlings, 157.467 cm²and2.667 cm in seedling treated with Hirsutella sp, 134.687 cm2and 3.837 cm in seedlings treated with Verox compared with 105.883 cm2and 0.662 cm in control respectively. The treatment of Fig seedlings with Hirsutella sp and Verox induced significant increase in leaf chlorophyll content, foliage fresh weight, root fresh weight, foliage dry weight that attained to 37.17, 44.67, 60.63, 16.90 and 17.2ag respectively in Seedlings treated with Hirsutella sp, 35.83 , 44.33 , 52.50, 14.63 and 19.20g respectively in seedling treated with Verox, compared with 30.90, 28.57, 39.00 ,11.63 and 12.07g in control respectively.

Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Benih dalam Larutan CaCO3 terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) pada Media Tanaman yang Berbeda

The presence of pulp in cocoa seeds is known to inhibit seed germination and seedling growth. The conventional method of removing pulp from cocoa seeds is done mechanically by rubbing the seeds with rubbing ash. Conventional pulp removal has disadvantages, such as being less practical and potentially damaging the seed surface. Therefore, it is necessary to try chemically removing the pulp from cocoa seeds by soaking the seeds in a lime solution (CaCO3). This study aims to determine the effect of the duration of cocoa seed soaking in CaCO3 solution and different planting media compositions on seedling growth. The research was conducted from September to December 2021 at a plastic house in Labuhan Dalam Village, Tanjung Senang District, Bandar Lampung, and the Seed Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung, Gedong Meneng, Bandar Lampung. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) arranged in a factorial manner. The first factor was the duration of cocoa seed soaking in CaCO3 solution, consisting of no soaking, soaking for 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. The second factor was the planting media composition, consisting of a mixture of rice husk charcoal + manure, sand + manure, and sand + rice husk charcoal + manure. Each treatment combination was replicated three times, resulting in 45 experimental units. The observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and the mean differences were tested using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level. The results of the study showed that the duration of cocoa seed soaking in CaCO3 solution had no effect on cocoa seedling growth. The planting media composition of sand + rice husk charcoal + manure had a significant effect on the best cocoa seedling growth compared to the planting media compositions of rice husk charcoal + manure and sand + manure. Soaking cocoa seeds in CaCO3 solution had no effect on cocoa seedling growth in different planting media. Keywords : Cocoa seeds, pulp, CaCO3, soaking, planting media

The interaction effect of leaching requirements, salinity of irrigation water, levels of added sulfur and type of organic matter on soil salinity cultivated with maize plants (Zea mays L.)

An experiment was carried out using pots in the plastic house of the Agricultural Research Station / College of Agriculture / University of Basrah / Karma Ali site during the year 2022, to study the effect of adding mineral sulfur, organic matter, leaching requirements, and salinity of irrigation water on soil salinity planted with maize plants. By using two types of organic residuses (cow and alfalfa residuses) and with three levels of added mineral sulfur (0%, 0.8% and 1.6%) and three levels of leaching requirements (15, 25 and 35%) in excess of the field capacity and two levels of irrigation water salinity ( 4 and 8 dSm-1), where organic residues and mineral sulfur were added mixed with the surface layer of the study soil and incubated for 60 days before planting yellow corn (Zea mays L.) while maintaining soil moisture at field capacity. After the process of incubating the soil with mineral sulfur and organic matter in pots, yellow corn seeds were sown with crop service operations such as fertilization and irrigation operations carried out according to the above treatments. After 60 days of planting, the plants were mowed to estimate soil salinity. And the end of the experiment. The results of the study showed that the addition of organic residuses led to a decrease in the electrical conductivity of the soil at the end of the experiment from 6.11 dSm-1 to 3.05 and 3.17 dSm-1 for the alfalfa and cows respectively, and the decrease was more clear "in the alfalfa residuses , and the level of leaching requirements exceeded 35% in reducing the electrical conductivity of the soil compared to the other two levels, to reach 3.16 dSm-1, and the salinity of irrigation water 4 dSm-1 excelled in reducing the electrical conductivity of the studied soil to become 3.01 dSm-1, while the value of the electrical conductivity of the soil increased with the increase in the percentage of addition of mineral sulfur to reach 2.58, 4.35, and 3.94 dSm-1 for the levels of 0, 0.8, and 1.6%, respectively.

Growth and Yield of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Plastic House in Response to White LED Supplementary Lighting

Watermelon plants cultivar ‘Kinaree 457’ were grown in plastic house under natural daylight only (control) or with nightly LED supplementary lighting for 6 h (6:00 pm-12:00 pm) or 12 h (6:00 pm-6:00 am) starting from transplanting up to fruit harvest. Plant height, leaf chlorophyll content and fruit yield significantly increased in response to 6 h supplementary LED lighting. Fruit mass, size (length x width) and flesh thickness at 6 h LED treatment were about 2.3 kg, 19.3 ×15.7 cm, and 15.7 cm, respectively, while the fruit of control had 1.7 kg, 16.0 × 14.3 cm, and 13.8 cm, respectively. No significant treatment effect was obtained on peel thickness, flesh color L* and b* values, juice pH and total soluble solids. However, 6 h LED treatment resulted in lower reddening flesh (lower a* values), firmness and higher titratable acidity relative to the control, suggesting the need for improvement in cultural management. Furthermore, multivariate statistics of principal component analysis (PCA) performed on physico-chemical quality revealed the variations among watermelons from lighting and control treatments regardless of lighting hour.

Growth and production of soybean on different inoculant sources of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and water saturation periods

Production expansion to suboptimal areas such as tidal land through the application of integrated land management technology is an effort to increase soybean production in Indonesia. The study aimed to evaluate the morphophysiological response of soybean treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation and duration of water saturation in tidal land. The study was conducted in April-October 2021 in the plastic house of the Research Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Palembang. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with two factors and 3 replications. The first factor was the source of AMF propagations (without inoculations, corn inoculants, soybean inoculants, sugarcane inoculants, and soybean-sugarcane inoculants). The second factor was the water saturation periods (0, 2, and 4 months since planting), so there are 15 treatments. The results showed that the interaction between the inoculant sources and the duration of water saturation had no significant effect on all parameters. The inoculant propagated in the media of sugarcane produced the highest effect as compared to other treatments. The water saturation for 2 or 4 months since planting gave soybean plants a better morphophysiological response than conventional cultivation.
 Keywords: AMF inoculants; morphophysiology; saturated soil culture; soybean

Impact of Organic Fertilizer And Pruning on Growth And Yield of Sweet Pepper (capsicum Annum L.) under Plastic House Condition

Impact of Organic Fertilizer And Pruning on Growth And Yield of Sweet Pepper (capsicum Annum L.) under Plastic House Condition

Prospect of Protected Agricultural Structure and its Constraints for Utilizing in Nepal

Protected agricultural structures have been adopted by commercial farmers throughout the world including Nepal to cope with climate change and its adverse effects on agriculture. Technology based production system is important for sustainable agricultural development. It could be the tool for low-income countries like Nepal where agriculture is the priority of income generation for the rural people. A field study was conducted in 2021 and 2022 to understand the prospects of protected agriculture structures adaptation by farmers and agricultural entrepreneur in Nepal. The study was traversed with both physical observation and the user’s interviews. The opportunities and the constraints have been critically analysed based on these field study along with the review of different policy documents and success stories published. This study found that the protected cultivation practice has been rapidly increased with increasing number of protected structures like plastic house or tunnel framed with bamboo or GI pipe, Agri-net house, naturally ventilated poly house and semi or hi-tech green house. In contrary, the import of horticulture products has also been increased more than 200% in last 10 years. This study finds the gap mismatching between technology enhancement, production and import of horticulture crops.

Integrated Control of White Rot in Eggplant by using Pseudomonas flourescens, Penicillium Commune and Trichoderma asperellum in Iraq

The results of isolation and diagnosis of the fungus growing from Sclerotia and isolated from the infected explants showed that the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was isolated. The results of the antagonistic ability test of the biological resistance elements against S.sclerotiorum gave a high antagonistic ability compared to the control treatment. The treatment of P.fluorescens gave the highest percentage of inhibition against the pathogenic fungus, followed by the treatment of P.commune and T.asperellum. The results showed the efficiency of biological resistance elements, including P.fluorescens, T.asperellum and P.commune, either singly or in combination with each other, in reducing the percentage of infection severity with S.sclerotiorum under plastic house conditions and in the greenhouse, where it amounted between 5.55-50 compared to the control treatment (pathogenic fungi alone), which amounted to 94.44% and under field conditions in the greenhouse, which amounted to 5.55-66.66% compared to the control treatment, which amounted to 83.33%. It provided good protection for eggplant, which was positively reflected on all plant growth parameters, in addition to an increase in the cumulative weight of eggplant fruits.

Growth response of soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress condition

The amount of moisture in the soil has a significant impact on the growth of soybean, if there is a significant drop in the amount of moisture present in the soil, the soybean plant will undergo drought stress. But, the performance and extent of withstand of drought stress is yet to be scrutinized. Therefore, this study was conducted in plastic houses in Demangan Village, Sambi, Boyolali, Central Java, Indonesia, from August to November 2020 with an aim to know the response of the soybean growth under drought stress. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated thrice. The first factor was the soil moisture, which consisted of four levels, namely, 100, 75, 50 and 25% field capacity. The second factor was the growth phase, which consisted of three kinds, namely, active vegetative, flowering time and seed filling period. The results showed that soil moisture of 50% field capacity in all growth phases caused to decrease in leaf size, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight. The maximal leaf size, shoot dry weight, root dry weight and plant dry weight were obtained in 100% field capacity in the seed filling phase, while the lowest at 25% field capacity. The study findings showed that the most sensitive phase of soybean growth to drought stress was in the seed filling phase. The practical implication was that the soybean growth should be in field capacity, especially in the seed filling phase.

التوزيع الجغرافي لمحاصيل الخضروات المزروعة في الأنفاق البلاستيكية بحسب نوع المحصول في قضاء الرمادي

This research dealt with the topic of (Geographical distribution of vegetable crops grown in greenhouses by type of crop in Ramadi district). This research dealt with the topic of (Geographical Analysis of Vegetable Crops Cultivated in Plastic Tunnels by Crop Type in Ramadi District). And what are the spatial differences in the distribution of plastic tunnels between the provinces in the study area in terms of number, area and production? Therefore, the aim of the study is to show the geographical analysis of the reality of the situation for planting vegetable crops in the plastic tunnels in terms of the cultivated area and the quantity of production in order to optimize the investment of this type From agriculture, which is positively reflected in providing food security for the population, data have been collected from government departments, and the number of plastic tunnels has reached (1212) plastic tunnels in which vegetable crops are grown (tomatoes, cucumbers, trees, eggplant, green peppers, okra), which Contribute to filling the needs of the local market for the population. The area planted with plastic tunnels reached (24) donums. The district (18) came first in the number of tunnels. The number of plastic tunnels amounting to (212) plastic tunnels distributed among the cultivated crops that export the okra crop came in the first place with (112) plastic tunnels, with a percentage of (22.6%). 155 plastic houses distributed among agricultural crops, which export the okra crop in the first place with the number of plastic tunnels, which numbered (63) plastic tunnels, with a percentage of (12.6%). As for the third category, the 12 acidic provinces ranked last in the number of plastic tunnels, which amounted to There are (40) plastic tunnels distributed among agricultural crops, which export the okra crop in the first place in the number of plastic tunnels, which numbered (13) plastic houses and a percentage of (2.6%).

The Effectiviness of Hormone Growth Promoting Fertilizers on Increasing The Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Spores

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) is one of the fungi that forms a mutualism symbiosis with plants where there is a mutually beneficial relationship between the two parties and acts as a biological fertilizer that needs to be reproduced.AMF propagation is strongly influenced by the availability of nutrients, growing media and host plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of hormone growth booster fertilizer to increase the production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores.This research was conducted at the Plastic House of the Indonesian Mycorrhizal Association (AMI) Southeast Sulawesi Branch and the Laboratory of the Department of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari during September – November 2022.This study was arranged based on a Completely Randomized Factorial Design. which consists of 2 factors. The first factor: AMF type which consists of two levels, namely Glomus coronatum and Glomus claroideum. The second factor: Fertilizer application consisting of three levels, namely without fertilizer application (B0), 2, and 5 ml/pot fertilizer (B2) with 3 repetitions. So there are 18 treatment combinations. Each treatment unit contained 9 plants so that the total number of plants was 162 plants. The results of this study indicate that the interaction treatment of G. coronatum and G. claroideum without fertilizer application can give the best results in increasing the number of spores for 3 months and in the treatment of G. coronatum with a fertilizer dose of 2, 5 ml gave the best results for increasing the number of spores after drying. Treatment of G. claroideum with a dose of 5 ml of fertilizer gave the best results in increasing the number of spores after drying.

First Report of Puccinia modiolae Causing Rust Disease on Malva verticillata in Korea.

Malva verticillata (Malvaceae), commonly called Chinese mallow or whorled mallow, is an annual herb native to East Asia and is currently distributed worldwide. In Korea, this plant is cultivated as a leafy vegetable and cooked like spinach or used in soups and also as a medicine material. In March 2022, typical symptoms of rust disease were observed on M. verticillata in a plastic house (37°22'12″ N, 127°34'30" E) in Yeoju, Korea. Yellow or light green round chlorotic spots appeared on the upper surface of infected leaves, while reddish-brown or dark brown rust pustules formed on its lower surface. Infection occurred in 10% of M. verticillata plants surveyed, and disease severity ranged between 30-90%. A representative sample was deposited in the Kunsan National University Herbarium (KSNUH1762). Telia were mostly hypophyllous, reddish-brown to dark brown, round, mostly grouped, and 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter. Teliospores were mostly two-celled, but rarely one or three-celled, yellowish to light brown, fusoid, and 42.9-101 × 10.8- to 18.8 μm (average 72.7 ± 12.3 × 14.2 ± 1.92 μm [mean ± SD]; n = 50), with a smooth, hyaline to yellowish wall of 1.0-2.5 μm thickness. The morphological characteristics were similar to those reported for Puccinia modiolae (Aime and Abbasi 2018; Albu et al. 2019). To confirm the morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted from the teliospores of an infected leaf. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) with primers ITS5-u and ITS4rust (Pfunder and Schürch 2001) and the large subunit (LSU) rDNA with primers LRust1R and LRust3 (Beenken et al. 2012) were amplified for sequencing. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers ON631218 for ITS and ON631226 for LSU. BLASTn search showed that the Korean sample was identical to the ITS sequences of P. modiolae from Modiola caroliniana (MK458693-MK458697) and the LSU sequences from M. caroliniana, Malva sylvestris, and Alcea rosea (MH742976, MH742977, and MH742978). In the phylogenetic trees of the ITS and LSU sequences, the Korean sample was grouped with the reference sequences of P. modiolae, with the maximum supporting value. For the pathogenicity test, rust-infected leaf discs were placed on the upper or lower surfaces of leaves of three healthy M. verticillata. Three non-inoculated plants served as controls. Inoculated and non-inoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 22°C, a 16/8 h light cycle, and 80% humidity. After three weeks, all inoculated plants developed evident rust symptoms on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves on which the leaf discs were placed, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen present on the inoculated plants was confirmed to be the same pathogen as that observed in the field, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on the morphological investigation, sequence analysis, and pathogenicity tests, P. modiolae was identified as the causal agent of rust disease on M. verticillata. To date, this pathogen has been reported on seven Malvaceae plants, including Alcea rosea, Althaea officinalis, Lavatera arborea, Malva parviflora, Malva sylvestris, Modiola caroliniana, and Modiola sp., in North and South America (Farr and Rossman 2022). However, it has not been reported in Asia or Korea. This study is the first report of rust disease on M. verticillata worldwide. Considering its high incidence rate and severe damage, this pathogen is a potential concern for the cultivation of M. verticillata in Korea. This finding could contribute to developing phytosanitary and control treatments for this disease.

Nutrients Effect on Tomato's (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Hybrids grown in Unheated Plastic House

This experiment was conducted during autumn growing season of 2016-2017 under unheated greenhouse environment at the field station of college of Agriculture-University of Tikrit to study the effect of seaweed, and organic extracts spraying on growth and yield of tomato's (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) three hybrids. The following nutrients were used; Alga600, Seaweed, and Max in addition to control treatment. The three hybrids were; Rakan, Bushra, and Sadouf. The experiment was designed using split plot design with two factors. The experiment results showed that the organic nutrient Alga600 significantly dominated on fruit average weight (146.00 gm. each fruit-1, individual plant yield as it was recorded for 2.33 kg. each plant-1, number of fruits for each plant (16.59 fruits. each plant-1, the yield of experimental unit (46.67 kg), total greenhouse yield (3981.33 kg. each greenhouse-1), texture toughness of fruits, and the pH was 4.88 of nutrient at concentration of 6.14 kg. cm2 respectively. While the Seaweed affected the peel thickness as it was 1.00 mm and the fruit diameter was 6.67 cm. each fruit-1. The effect of hybrids, it was noticed that hybrid Rakan was significantly dominated in fruit peel thickness, fruit texture fruit toughness (0.86 mm) and (6.19 kg. cm2). The following characteristics of yield including fruit yield for each plant (2.05 kg. each plant-1, experimental unit total yield (41.00 kg), total yield of the green house (3.526 tones. green house), number of fruits per each plant (14.69 fruits. plant-1), and fruit average weight (137.67 gm). The hybrid Sadouf was dominated in the pH, which was 4.46.
 

Comparative efficacy of essential oil nanoemulsions and bioproducts as alternative strategies against root-knot nematode, and its impact on the growth and yield of Capsicum annuum L.

In a study to compare the effectiveness of some essential oil nanoemulsion and bioproducts as an alternative to chemical nematicide in control of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita parasitizing on chili pepper, Capsicum annuum L. plants, in parallel with the plant growth and yield under two varying conditions; in vitro , greenhouse and plastic house (intended for commercial production). In an in vitro study, basil and mint essential oil nanoemulsions (at a rate of 5%) achieved the best effects on morality reduction percentage (100%) at droplet sizes of 48.10 nm and 97.3 nm, respectively, compared with the non-treated control. In the greenhouse, Basil and Mint essential oil nanoemulsions (at 5%) (82.59% and 81.52%) and at 3% (77.6% and 72.15%), respectively, ranked second on population reduction, with approximately the effect of Bio-arc (at 2.5 g/L) (74.81%), after Nemaphose (92.7%). A similar pattern was found in a plastic house with a noted positive effect on the increase in yield, where Basil and Mint essential oil nanoemulsions (at 5%) achieved 113.42 and 108.23, respectively.

Response of rice peat humic acid ameliorant. saturated,. soil. culture. (SSC) within tidal. swamps

Water management is the primary key to agricultural cultivation in the tidal swamps. Saturated soil culture (SSC) technology could decrease pyrite reduction more than conventional systems. The humic acid application will improve soil fertility by chelating Fe and Al. This study was conducted in the plastic house in Karya Bhakti Rantau Rasau Village Sub District Tanjabtim District Jambi Province, from March until June 2022. This study objective is to paddy response to the peat humic acid Saturated Soil Culture (SSC) within tidal swamps. This study used a design randomized. block complete with 2 factors and 4 replicates. The first factors. was a variety consisting. IR 64 and INPARA 4. The second factors was a peat humic acid concentration consisting of: without humic acid, 0,04 g/bucket, 0,08 g/bucket, and 0,12 g/bucket humic acid. Paddy was cultivated in the bucket with 10 kg of soil. Paddy cultivated tree plants per bucket. The research result showed that the INPARA 4 growth was better than IR 64. The lowest shoot Fe content was obtained on INPARA 4 variety with humic acid 0,12 g/bucket.