Plastic Film House Research Articles

Effects of Mixed Application of Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic Acid and Fertilizer on the Growth of Watermelon and Soil Properties of Plastic Film House

Effects of Mixed Application of Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic Acid and Fertilizer on the Growth of Watermelon and Soil Properties of Plastic Film House

Determination of Application Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizer for ‘Shiranuhi’ Mandarin in Plastic Film Houses Using Soil Electrical Conductivity

In this study, we developed an equation to determine nitrogen fertilizer rates for ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin [(Citrus unshiu × C. sinensis) × C. reticulata] growing soils in plastic film houses to prevent salt accumulation and maintain optimum nutrient levels. We analyzed the amount of applied fertilizers, soil chemical properties, and yields from 45 farms that vary in salt concentrations on Jeju Island, Korea. The results revealed that the average soil chemical property values, such as electrical conductivity (EC), available P2O5, and exchangeable cations (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), were higher than the acceptable range, except for pH and organic matter. The results showed that higher amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus were applied through fertilizer application rates (N 327 kg ha-1, P2O5 294 kg ha-1, and K2O 236 kg ha-1) than the standard amount and rate of fertilizer for the cultivation of ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin. The EC values and NO3-N concentration in the soils had a close correlation (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). The yields did not differ with the amounts of the applied fertilizers while there was a significant negative correlation with EC values (r = -0.455, p < 0.01) and the concentration of NO3-N (r = -0.476, p < 0.01) in the soils. Our results demonstrated that the NO3-N concentration in the soil of plastic film houses has a substantial effect on the soil EC value. Soil EC levels may determine the recommended nitrogen fertilizer rates depending on each tree’s age.Recommended application rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer according to the soil electrical conductivity (EC) levels depending on ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin tree ages in the cultivated soils of plastic film houses on Jeju Island. Tree ages (years) N recommendation equation† EC (dS m-1) 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 Recommended rates of N fertilizer (kg ha-1) 1 - 5 Y = - 1.6273X + 18.065 17.3 16.4 14.8 11.6 6 - 10 Y = - 8.1363X + 90.323 86.3 82.2 74.1 57.8 11 - 15 Y = - 16.273X + 180.65 173 164 148 116 16 - 20 Y = - 24.409X + 270.97 259 247 222 173 21≤ Y = - 32.545X + 361.29 345 329 296 231 †Y: Recommended rates of N fertilizer (kg ha-1); X: Soil EC value.

Effects of DTPA, HEDTA, and EDDS on the Growth of Watermelon and Chemical Properties of Plastic Film House Soil

A chelating agent helps crops to reuse as nutrients by mobilizing salts from the soil. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylene diaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), and Ethylene diamine disuccininc acid (EDDS) for improving plant growth and reusing accumulated nutrients in soils of plastic film house. Two experiments were carried out of follows: i) For the incubation test, the availability of nutrients were examined for soils treated with distilled water, 1 mM of DTPA, HEDTA and EDDS solutions. ii) In the pot test, the impacts of watermelon growth response were examined by adding 0.5, 1, and 5 mM of chelating agent to soil. In incubation test, application of chelating agents increased the availability of soil nutrients in the following order : DTPA ≒ HEDTA > EDDS > distilled water. However, biomass of watermelon in pot test, tended to be highest in EDDS 1 mM. The absorption amount of N, P, and K of crop in EDDS 1 mM was similar to that of NPK treatment and K, Ca, Mg, and Fe tended to be high. Soil Electrical conductivity (EC) of 1 mM EDDS showed a 66% decrease compared to no treatment. These results showed that EDDS could be improved the watermelon growth. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of EDDS for plant growth on field scale.Difference in watermelon biomass by chelating agents (DTPA, HEDTA, and EDDS) and their concentrations (0.5, 1, and 5 mM) treated in salt-accumulated soil under pot scale (†Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05), ‡Relative biomass percent of other treatments compared to NPK).

Pollen Application Methods Affecting Fruit Quality and Seed Formation in Artificial Pollination of Yellow-Fleshed Kiwifruit

This study investigated pollen application methods for artificial pollination in tetraploid kiwifruit cultivars ‘Halla Gold’ and ‘Sweet Gold’ grown in a nonheated plastic-film house in Jeju, Korea. Pollen of the hexaploid cultivar ‘Bohwa’ (A. chinensis var. deliciosa) bred in Korea was used for artificial pollination. We examined the effect of repeated pollination, pretreatment of stigma with wetting materials, application of dry pollen or pollen in suspension on fruit quality, and seed formation. With repeated pollination, pollen tubes in the pistil reached and penetrated the ovule three days after artificial pollination, although the pattern varied depending on the number of dry pollen applications. In both cultivars, the number of pollen tubes was clearly higher following repeated pollination than following single pollination, and fruit weight, dry matter (DM), number of seeds, and 100-seed weight were also higher. When pistillate flowers were pollinated with dry pollen immediately after water sprinkle, both cultivars showed the lowest fruit weight, DM, firmness, number of seeds, and 100-seed weight, whereas there were no significant differences in fruit quality or seed formation for dry pollen application 1 h after water sprinkle, or immediately or 1 h after suspension medium sprinkle. For pollination using a pollen suspension, the fruit weight was lower in both cultivars. There were no significant differences in fruit quality and seed formation following application of dry pollen or a pollen suspension, except for fruit weight in ‘Sweet Gold’. It could be seen from the results of this study that raindrops or dewdrops on the stigma might reduce the efficiency of artificial pollination using dry pollen. Still, the application of repeated pollination enhanced the efficiency of artificial pollination.

Characteristics of Distribution and Decomposition of Organic Matter in Soils Cultivated with Various Fruits and Vegetables in Plastic Film House Fields

Characteristics of Distribution and Decomposition of Organic Matter in Soils Cultivated with Various Fruits and Vegetables in Plastic Film House Fields

Comparative Analysis on Facility, Environment, Growth of Cut Flower, and Management Performance in Conventional and Smart Farm of &lt;i&gt;Chrysanthemum&lt;/i&gt; ‘Baekma’

We analyzed and compared the facility status, cultivation environment, growth of flowers, and management performance of a conventional farm and a smart farm in which Chrysanthemum ‘Baekma’ was grown. The conventional farm consisted of cultivation with soil culture in a plastic film greenhouse, whereas the smart farm consisted of hydroponic cultivation in a glass greenhouse. The smart farm was equipped with sensors for measuring solar radiation, temperature, humidity, CO2, wind speed, rainfall, and pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution, and was managed in real time using computers and mobile phone applications. In contrast, the conventional farm had neither sensors for environmental measurement nor pH and EC sensors for fertigation, and all systems were operated manually. The day and night temperatures in the plastic film house of the conventional farm were lower than the optimum growth temperature of Chrysanthemum ‘Baekma’. The soil EC of the conventional farm was found to be high (3.2 dS･m-1) indicating that it was not suitable for the growth of cut flowers, whereas the smart farm was properly managed at 1.1 dS･m-1. With respect to the cultivation method, no soil disinfection was performed at the conventional farm, whereas disinfection using hydrogen peroxide was performed at the smart farm. Although there were no other significant differences in cultivation methods, symptoms of damage by mites were seen at the conventional farm. The plant growth, such as length of cut flowers, flower diameter, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content were improved in the smart farm compared with the conventional farm. In terms of management performance (based on an area of 1,000 m2), the net income was -419,000 won for the conventional farm and 4,484,000 won for the smart farm, and the yield and sales price were 22% and 52% higher in smart farm than in the conventional farm, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the differences in the plant growth as well as management performance can be attributed to precise plant growth regulation by the automated facilities at the smart farm.

Changes in Soil Chemical Properties of Strawberry, Watermelon, and Tomato-Grown Plastic Film Houses from 2010 to 2019

Changes in Soil Chemical Properties of Strawberry, Watermelon, and Tomato-Grown Plastic Film Houses from 2010 to 2019

Effects of Nutrient and Water Supply During Fruit Development on Metabolite Composition in Tomato Fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grown in Magnesium Excess Soils.

Tomato cultivation in the greenhouse or field may experience high surplus salts, including magnesium (Mg2+), which may result in differences in the growth and metabolite composition of fruits. This study hypothesized that decreasing the supply of nutrients and/or water would enhance tomato fruit quality in soils with excess Mg2+ that are frequently encountered in the field and aimed to find better supply conditions. For tomato plants cultivated in plastic pots using a plastic film house soil, the fertilizer supply varied in either the nitrogen (N) or potassium (K) concentration, which were either 0.1 (lowest) or 0.75 times (lower) than the standard fertilizer concentrations. Water was supplied either at 30 (sufficient) or 80 kPa (limited) of the soil water potential. Lycopene content on a dry-weight basis (mg/kg) was enhanced by the combination of lowest N supply and sufficient water supply. However, this enhancement was not occurred by the combination of the lowest N supply and limited water supply. Sugars and organic acids were decreased by limiting the water supply. Therefore, we carefully suggest that an adjustment of nitrogen with sufficient watering could be one of strategies to enhance fruit quality in excess Mg2+ soils.

Effects of Different Application Rates of Organic Compound Fertilizer on Young Squash Growth and Soil Chemical Properties under Plastic Film House

To determine the replacement ratio of organic compound (OC) for basal application of inorganic fertilizers, the effects of different rate of OC on young squash (Cucurbita moschata) plant growth and soil chemical properties of plastic film house were investigated. The OC were applied at 50% (OC50+N50), 100% (OC100), and 150% (OC150) as the basal amount of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer recommended by soil fertility test, and the treatment were compared with inorganic NPK and PK treatment. The yield of young squash in OC150 treatment was similar to NPK treatment and higher than PK. In OC50+N50, OC100, and OC150 treatments, nitrate concentration and electrical conductivity (EC) were similar to NPK treatment. Relative nitrogen use efficiency of young squash ranged 17~37%. These results suggest that OC application as the basal dressing at the 150% level could be best rate to minimize nutrient accumulation of soil and to ensure the yield of young squash. Further study is required to evaluate effect of long-term application of OC on soil sustainability and young squash productivity. Changes of young squash yield according to replacement ratio of basal amount of nitrogen fertilizer with organic compound (OC) fertilizer. N, P, K, and OC mean nitrogen, phosphate, potash fertilizer, and organic compound, respectively. Treatment Fresh fruit weight Relative yield index† kg/10a % PK 8,607b† 96.0 NPK 8,960ab 100.0 OC50+N50 8,980ab 100.2 OC100 9,013ab 100.7 OC150 9,350a 104.5 †DMRT (p < 0.05). †Relative yield of other treatments to NPK treatment.

Evaluation of Replacement Ratio of Mixed Oilcake for Basal Application of Inorganic Fertilizers in Watermelon Cultivation at the Plastic Film House Soil

The objective of this study was analyzed the replacement ratio of mixed oil cakes(MC) for basal application of inorganic fertilizers. The fields were selected the plastic film house soils for watermelon cultivation. The MC were applied at 50(MC50+N50), 100(MC100), and 150(MC 150) % level of the basal amount of nitrogen fertilizer in soil testing recommendation. And these were compared to NPK treatment and -N(PK) treatment except nitrogen as inorganic fertilizer. The yields of watermelon in MC50+N50, MC100, and MC150 were similar to NPK treatment, but sugar contents as watermelon quality in MC50+N50, MC100, and MC150 were higher than NPK. In MC100 and MC150 treatments, nitrate nitrogen and electrical conductivity were lower than MC50+N50 treatment. Relative nitrogen efficiency of watermelon ranged 109 - 128%. These results suggest that MC application with the 100 - 150% level of nitrogen input as the basal dressing could be best to prevent a nutrient accumulation of soil and to increase the yield and commercial quality for watermelon. Changes in watermelon yield according to replacement ratio of basal amount of nitrogen fertilizer. ( ) mean relative yield of watermelon to NPK treatment. N, P, K, and MC mean nitrogen, phosphate, potash fertilizers, and mixed oil cakes, respectively. Treatment Fruit weight (g plant-1) Sugar contents (Brix) Weight of leaf, stem, and fruit (ton ha-1) -N (PK) 5,312(78)b† 10.0b 45.1b NPK 6,768(100)a 10.1b 58.0a MC 50+N50 6,866(101)a 11.1a 58.6a MC 100 6,963(103)a 11.5a 61.1a MC 150 6,960(103)a 11.7a 63.7a † Numbers with the same letter within a column are not significantly differed (Duncan's test, p < 0.05).

자근발생이 부지화 감귤나무의 수체 생육과 뿌리내 양분함량에 미치는 영향

자근발생이 부지화 감귤나무의 수체 생육과 뿌리내 양분함량에 미치는 영향

억새 처리에 따른 시설수박 생육과 토양 특성에 미치는 영향

Effects of Soil Improvement and Growth of Watermelon on Plastic Film House by Soil Treatment of <italic>Miscanthus sinensis</italic>-Nitrogen mineralization,Plastic film house,Silver grass(<italic>Miscanthus sinensis</italic>),Soil aggregation,Watermelon

Root mass may affect soil water infiltration more strongly than the incorporated residue

Crop residue incorporation increases stable soil pores and soil water infiltration and reduces surface water runoff and soil erosion. However, few studies have examined the relationship between crop residue incorporation and water infiltration. A previous study showed that water infiltration increases depending on the quantity of applied wheat straw. In this study, we examined whether the relationship is applicable to different crop residues in a crop rotation. We grew corn, rose grass, and okra in crop rotation under plastic film houses and measured the water infiltration rate at the time of ridge making. A strong correlation was found between the quantity of applied residue and the soil water infiltration rate (r = 0.953), although there are outliers in the case of no prior crop. However, aboveground biomass of the prior crop showed a stronger correlation with water infiltration rate (r = 0.965), without outliers. Previous studies have revealed the exponential relation between plant root mass and soil erosion. Our data also show a positive relationship between resistance to erosion and root mass when assuming that aboveground biomass is proportional to the underground biomass. The result also showed that the effect of the prior crop root mass disappears within the next crop period. Our results indicate that maintaining a large root biomass is crucial for reducing soil erosion.

Optimum Range on Soil Physical Indicators Under Plastic Film House

The water and nutrients in the soil can be absorbed by the crop root. The soil physical properties affect the growth and penetration of crop root. The objectives of this study were to determine soil physical indicators that could inhibit the crop growth under plastic film house, and to establish the appropriate soil physical criterion depending on crop types. The soil physical (including effective rhizosphere, soil three phase, and bulk density) and chemical (including pH, EC, organic matter content, and available phosphate) properties were investigated in the mainly cultivated area for greenhouse crops including lettuce, strawberry, cucumber, tomato, oriental melon, and water melon from 2015 to 2017. For plastic film house, soil physical indicators were commonly chosen as bulk density, air porosity, and effective root depth. The optimum ranges for plastic film house soil were as follows; deeper than 50 cm for effective root depth, less than 1.5 Mg m-3 for bulk density and more than 10% gas phase. The optimum range of soil physical indicators for crops cultivated greenhouse. Greenhouse crops Effective root depth (cm) Bulk density (Mg m-3) Gas phase (%) Lettuce, Strawberry, Cucumber, Tomato, Oriental melon, Watermelon above 50 below 1.5 above 10

Agricultural Soil Management Practices by Assessing the Soil Chemical Properties of Plastic Film Houses in Korea

This study was designed to assess the changes of soil chemical properties in the intensive plastic film houses and develop sustainable agricultural practices on soil management. Soil testing data (158,227), uploaded on Korean soil information system (http://soil.rda.go.kr) from 2006 to 2015, were analyzed. The study showed that soil pH and organic matter (OM) have kept within the standard ranges and electrical conductivity (EC), available phosphate (Avail. P2O5) and exchangeable (Exch.) cations (K, Ca, and Mg) were increased from 2006 to 2015. Relative frequency distribution were 57% for pH 6.5<, 32% for OM 15-25 g kg-1 in 2015, and the contents of Exch. K, Ca, and Mg in 2015 was the highest in 0.2-0.5, 6.0-9.0, 2.0-4.0 cmolc kg-1, respectively. Soil pH, Exch. Ca and Mg were high levels in oriental melon growing region and OM, Avail. P2O5 and Exch. K were sufficient in tomato and pepper field. More than half of the farmlands below the standard range of OM contents and the ratio of high range in Exch. Ca and Mg were increased. Soil testing results including pH, OM and Exch. cations are essential parameters for crop growth. According to the results of the soil testing, adequate amount of fertilizer, compost and soil amendment should be supplied to ensure stable crop productivity. Changes in soil chemical properties in the plastic film house from 2006 to 2015 in Korea. Year pH EC† OM Avail. P2O5 Exch. cation No. of sample K Ca Mg (1:5) dS m-1 g kg-1 mg kg-1 ---------- cmolc kg-1 ---------- 2006 6.36f‡ 2.52de 22.9h 523f 0.99d 9.8b 3.0e 14,107 2007 6.43e 2.52de 23.6g 533ef 0.99d 9.1d 3.0e 13,578 2008 6.45e 2.52de 25.9c 612d 1.02c 8.8e 3.1d 12,883 2009 6.56c 2.64b 24.6f 539e 0.95e 9.3c 3.2c 17,373 2010 6.52d 2.49ef 24.8f 621cd 1.02c 8.5f 2.9f 11,467 2011 6.64a 2.55cd 25.5d 622cd 1.06b 9.3c 3.4b 12,657 2012 6.59b 2.60bc 25.2e 634b 1.04b 8.6f 3.0e 17,510 2013 6.55c 2.44f 26.4b 624bc 1.06b 9.4c 3.2c 17,276 2014 6.52d 2.65b 27.5a 630bc 1.11a 9.1d 3.1d 17,795 2015 6.62a 2.99a 25.9c 682a 1.11a 10.2a 3.4a 23,581 †EC, electrical conductivity; OM, organic matter.‡Means within a column followed by the same letters are not significantly different at the 5% level according to Duncan’s multiple range tests.

엽과비 조절이 무가온 하우스 하례조생 감귤의 비대 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향

엽과비 조절이 무가온 하우스 하례조생 감귤의 비대 및 과실품질에 미치는 영향

Root mass may affect soil water infiltration more strongly than the incorporated residue

Crop residue incorporation increases stable soil pores and soil water infiltration and reduces surface water runoff and soil erosion. However, few studies have examined the relationship between crop residue incorporation and water infiltration. A previous study showed that water infiltration increases depending on the quantity of applied wheat straw. In this study, we examined whether the relationship is applicable to different crop residues in a crop rotation. We grew corn, rose grass, and okra in crop rotation under plastic film houses and measured the water infiltration rate at the time of ridge making. A strong correlation was found between the quantity of applied residue and the soil water infiltration rate (r = 0.953), although there are outliers in the case of no prior crop. However, aboveground biomass of the prior crop showed a stronger correlation with water infiltration rate (r = 0.965), without outliers. Previous studies have revealed the exponential relation between plant root mass and soil erosion. Our data also show a positive relationship between resistance to erosion and root mass when assuming that aboveground biomass is proportional to the underground biomass. The result also showed that the effect of the prior crop root mass disappears within the next crop period. Our results indicate that maintaining a large root biomass is crucial for reducing soil erosion.

부지화 자근발생 감귤나무의 착화와 수량에 미치는 환상박피의 영향

부지화 자근발생 감귤나무의 착화와 수량에 미치는 환상박피의 영향

Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption of Acidic, Calcareous, and Plastic Film House Soils

Continuous excessive application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and manure in plastic film house soils can lead to an accumulation of P in soils. The understanding of P sorption by soils is important for fertilizer management. In this study, 9 samples were collected for acidic and calcareous soils as non-cultivated soil and plastic film house soils as cultivated soil Phosphorus sorption data of acidic soils fit the Langmuir equations, Freundlich equations in calcareous and plastic film house soils. In calcareous and plastic film house soils, the slope of isotherm adsorption changed abruptly, which could be caused P precipitation with <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX>. The calculated Langmuir adsorption maximum (<TEX>$S_{max}$</TEX>) varied from 217 to 1,250, 139 to 1,429, and <TEX>$714mg\;kg^{-1}$</TEX> for acidic soils, calcareous soils, and plastic film house soils with low available phosphate concentration, respectively. From this result, maximum P adsorption by the Langmuir equation could be regarded as threshold of P concentration to induce the phosphate precipitation in soil. Phosphate-sorption values estimated from one-point isotherm for acidic and calcareous soils as non-cultivated soils were comparable with the <TEX>$S_{max}$</TEX> values calculated from the Langmuir isotherm.

Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption of Acidic, Calcareous, and Plastic Film House Soils

Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption of Acidic, Calcareous, and Plastic Film House Soils