Waste Plastic Bottles Research Articles

Production of Highly Efficient Activated Carbons for Wastewater Treatment from Post-Consumer PET Plastic Bottle Waste.

Chemical activated carbons (PET-H2SO4 and PET-KOH) were prepared from post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes using pyrolysis under moderate reaction temperatures by changing pyrolysis time and chemical activating agents. The produced carbons were characterized and tested in adsorption reactions of manganese, chromium, and cobalt ions in aqueous solutions. Results showed a high percentage removal of these inorganic ions from water: 98 % for Mn2+, 87 % for Cr3+, and 88 % for Co2+. Freundlich isotherms gave a better fit to the experimental data obtained with good correlation coefficient values in the range of 0.99-1 compared to other isotherms. The pseudo-second order kinetic model best described the chemical adsorption process as an exchange of electrons between the carbon and inorganic ions in solutions. The diffusion models showed that the process is controlled by a multi-kinetic stage adsorption process. In summary, this work demonstrates that the production of activated carbon from PET waste bottles is a potential alternative to commercial activated carbon and can be considered a sustainable waste management technology for removing these non-biodegradable plastic wastes from the environment.

Comparative Study on Various Properties of Paver Block Produced from Municipal Plastic Waste

In order to lower the cost of paver blocks and use waste plastic bottles in the manufacturing process instead of using conventional concrete paver blocks, this study proposes to substitute coarse aggregates with plastic trash in paver blocks. The project’s goals are to make paver blocks more affordable while also reducing environmental pollution and plastic waste in a beneficial way. For the experiment, three different types of nine paver blocks, each measuring 220 x 180 x 70 mm and 240 x 120 x 60 mm, were created. In this study, we combined various amounts of plastic trash with coarse gravel and sand. After the paver blocks were assembled and put through testing, the findings showed improved compressive strength and water absorption. Hydrocarbons, which can be obtained from a variety of sources including coal, oil, and certain minerals, are used to make plastic. There are many different types of plastic, such as Low Thickness Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Thickness Polyethylene (HDPE). These leftover polymers are then to be effectively utilized in the production of paver squares. To produce high-quality blocks with warm and sound protection qualities to deal with contamination and to lower the overall cost of development, low-thickness polyethylene is spotlessly mixed with the sand and aggregate at different rates. This is probably the most ideal approach to prevent the collection of plastic waste.

Experimental Study on the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Sand by Plastic Pet Bottle Fiber

The use of plastic is increasing day by day, although steps were taken to reduce its consumption. The suitability of replacement of plastic pet bottle fiber as sand in concrete and its advantages are studied here. Plastic bottles are a major issue of solid waste disposal. Several things which were invented for our convenient life are responsible for polluting environment due to improper waste management technique. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is used for carbonated beverage and water bottles. This is an environmental issue as waste plastic bottles are difficult to biodegrade and involve processes either to recycle or reuse. In the Modern world, the construction industry is searching for cost-effective materials for enhancing the strength of concrete structures. This study is carried out with the possibility of using the waste PET bottles as the partial replacement of fine aggregate in Ordinary Portland cement. The percentage substitution that gives higher compressive strength was used for determining the other properties such as flexural strength test.

A novel foaming additive derived from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) for low-carbon warm mix asphalt

Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly due to the careless disposal of waste plastic products. This study focuses on converting waste plastic bottles into a foaming additive for the production of eco-friendly warm mix asphalt (WMA) for paving purposes. The additive, namely PET-TETA, was synthesized from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) via an aminolysis process. Its chemical and physical properties were characterized by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and thermogravimetry-differential thermal analyzer (TG-DTA) tests. The WMA mixtures were prepared using PET-TETA and a commercial foaming additive, and their properties were studied and compared to a conventional hot mix asphalt mixture. The performances of the asphalt mixtures were characterized through the indirect tensile stiffness modulus, moisture susceptibility, and immersion Hamburg wheel-tracking tests. The findings revealed that PET-TETA was a semicrystalline material containing approximately 26 % hydration water, which could be released gradually during the preparation of asphalt pavements. The performance of the WMA mixture utilizing PET-TETA was comparable to the other two asphalt mixtures, and it exhibited higher strengths and better resistance to stripping. Therefore, it is promising to apply PET-TETA as a sustainable and effective WMA additive for paving purposes, providing a solution to the issue of waste plastic disposal.

Utilization of Waste Types On The Quantity Of Fuel Oil Produced From The Pyrolysis Process

The use of plastic has become an important and inseparable part of people's daily lives, but rapid population growth and increasing human activities produce significant amounts of plastic waste. This research aims to reduce pollution caused by plastic waste, utilize plastic waste as a source of renewable energy in the form of Fuel Oil (BBM), and analyze the ratio of waste types to the quantity of fuel produced. In this research, data was collected from various commonly found waste, such as plastic bag waste, plastic bottle waste and styrofoam waste. Then, to produce fuel, a pyrolysis process is carried out with a waste mass of 1:1:1. Based on the results obtained, plastic bottle waste produces a product in the form of 0.019kg/30 ml kerosene. Furthermore, plastic bag waste produces 0.05kg/50 ml kerosene products, as well as 2.5 ml petrol oil. And styrofoam waste produces products similar to plastic bag waste, namely kerosene 0.171kg/98 ml, and petrol oil 2.5 ml. Based on the data obtained, Styrofoam waste produces more kerosene products compared to plastic bag and plastic bottle waste. With this research, we hope that society can maximize plastic waste into economic income and reduce environmental pollution caused by plastic waste.

ÇÖP MATERYALİ TOPLAMA VE YANGIN TESPİTİ İÇİN BİR OTONOM ARAÇ TASARIMI VE GERÇEKLEŞTİRİLMESİ

Autonomous vehicles are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of applications, including waste collection and fire detection. In this work, we present the design and implementation of an autonomous vehicle for these tasks in urban environments. The vehicle is equipped with sensors and control algorithms to navigate, detect and collect plastic bottle wastes, and detect fires in real-time. The system uses an off-the-shelf, small-sized, battery-operated vehicle, a simple conveyor belt, and a vision-based, computerized system. Machine learning (ML-) based vision tasks are implemented to direct the vehicle to waste locations and initiate the waste removal process. A fire detection and alarm system are also incorporated, using a camera and machine learning algorithms to detect flames automatically. The vehicle was tested in a simulated urban environment, and the results demonstrate its effectiveness in waste material collection and fire detection. The proposed system has the potential to improve the efficiency and safety of such tasks in urban areas.

Tingkat Kepuasan Pengguna Terhadap Kinerja Alat Kompressi Sampah Botol Plastik “Bottlepress” Berbasis IoT

The purpose of this research is to ascertain how satisfied users are with the functionality of the IoT-based “BottlePress” plastic bottle waste compression tool. This research uses a survey method with quantitative research with a sampling technique, namely distributing online questionnaires via Google Form. A simple regression test was used to analyze data obtained from filling out the questionnaire. According to the research findings, most users are satisfied with the performance of the IoT-based “BottlePress” plastic bottle waste compression tool.

Development Of Waste Sorting Technology for Pet and HDPE Plastic Bottles For The Production Of Recycled Plastic Seeds

Plastic bottle waste is a problem that always arises. In Indonesia, the processing of plastic bottle waste still needs to be improved. Plastic bottle waste can be converted into plastic pellets with economic value. The type of plastic and the colour must be sorted to get quality plastic pellets. A machine is designed to sort out the types of plastic bottle waste, polyethene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethene (HDPE). The result is a prototype plastic biotol waste sorting machine with a 41 kg/hour capacity. The prototype of this machine can sort out plastic bottle waste and those not included in the plastic bottle waste category. The results show that the colour sensor and object sensor work optimally to sort plastic bottle waste according to the program.

Modeling of Thermal Performance and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Blocks Incorporating Plastic Bottle Waste with Crushed Clay Bricks as Coarse Aggregates

Modeling of Thermal Performance and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Blocks Incorporating Plastic Bottle Waste with Crushed Clay Bricks as Coarse Aggregates

Feasibility of Strengthening Sandy Soils Using Industry Waste as Geo-Fiber

Abstract Re-using waste generated from daily domestic usage to improve weak soils such as dune sand gives a profitable solution to both environment and the construction sector. In this paper, weak sandy soil was modified with two types of fibers derived from daily domestic use. Plastic bottle waste fiber and tainted polypropylene sediment filter fiber were embedded in the sandy soil with a rate of (0.5%,1%,1.5%, and 2%) by weight of dry soil. Toward this, the direct shear test was conducted to confirm the optimum fiber content and evaluate other parameters such as shear strength, normalized ultimate shear strength, angle of internal friction, and adhesion. The results showed that the 1.5% fiber content showed higher values of angle of internal friction and the normalized ultimate shear strength for both types of fibers. The reinforcement with plastic bottle waste fiber and tainted polypropylene sediment filter fiber enhanced the shear strength parameters and normalized ultimate shear strength. Significant improvement was noticed in the adhesion value with the addition of 2% of tainted polypropylene sediment filter fiber. finally, the effect of fiber addition on the Mohr-coulomb failure envelope was discussed.

ANALISIS PERILAKU DALAM MELAKSANAKAN PROGRAM 3R (REDUCE, REUSE, RECYLE) TERHADAP BERBAGAI JENIS SAMPAH BOTOL PLASTIK PADA MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS JEMBER

This study aims to carefully analyze the social behavior in properly implementing the 3R program (reducing, reusing, recycling) various types of plastic bottle waste. This social problem is indicated to Jember University students who frequently employ various types of plastic bottles in their ordinary life. This published article was carefully compiled using literature study research methods and quantitative surveys. Data collection is typically done by typically taking specific references in peer-reviewed journals, published articles and local news. The survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to students using a google form via the WhatsApp application. Typically based on the extant literature, it is proven that by implementing the 3R program (reducing, reusing, recycling), students are able to reduce environmental pollution at the University of Jember due to the use of various types of plastic bottle waste. With extensive research on the analysis of student behavior towards various types of plastic bottle waste, we can find out the level of awareness of Jember University students about the importance of preserving the environment and how they are trying to reduce the impact of global warming on the campus environment.

Sosialisasi Pengelolaan Bank Sampah Untuk Meningkatkan Perkembangan Desa dan Lingkungan Bersih di Dusun Cilutung

The management of the waste bank in Cilutung hamlet is carried out as a solution to reduce the volume of waste which is already very large. Increasing the population in the Cilutung hamlet is accompanied by an increase in the volume of waste in the Cilutung hamlet. It is not only waste that has an impact on the environment but also the disposal and decomposition system of the community which can cause environmental damage and become a problem point in the Cilutung hamlet. The main objective of the processing of the GELISAH waste bank is to be the main solution in achieving the main target of the hamlet to be better. Waste bank processing is carried out to improve village development and a clean environment in Cilutung Hamlet through the GELISAH socialization (Waste Care Movement). Socialization is about waste bank management, waste utilization, types of waste, good use of organic waste against maggot, utilization of ECOBRICK waste from plastic bottle waste. The end result of this work program is reducing the volume of waste and establishing a waste bank in the Cilutung hamlet, and increasing public awareness and concern for village development and a clean environment around it.

Fabrication and properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) aerogel composites from plastic bottle waste

To solve environmental problems of plastic waste, novel polyethylene terephthalate (PET) aerogel composites from recycled PET fibres of plastic bottles are developed successfully for the first time in this work. The PET honeycomb structures with various cell sizes are fabricated by layering and then bonding PET sheets with ethyl cyanoacrylate. The honeycomb cells are filled with the recycled PET fibres and a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) cross-linker and then freeze-dried at −70 °C, 100 Pa for 48 h to obtain the PET aerogel composites (PACs). Effects of the various honeycomb cell sizes (1.0 – 2.0 cm), and PET-PVA ratios (5–1, 10–1, and 20–1), on the 3-dimensional (3D) mechanical and thermal properties of the PACs are investigated comprehensively. Due to the light-weight PET aerogel (PA) contribution, the PACs have the ultra-low densities of 0.042 – 0.072 g/cm3 and low thermal conductivities of 0.033 – 0.038 W/m·K. The honeycomb structure with the smallest cell size of 1.0 cm exhibits the highest compressive modulus of 15.30 MPa in the out-of-plane direction and 0.070 – 0.128 MPa in the other in-plane directions of the PAC. The compressive strength of the PACs in the out-of-plane direction is up to 730 times greater than those in the other in-plane directions and 2550 times greater than that of the PAs. The developed PACs perform better than aramid honeycomb-reinforced silica aerogel composites and common commercial products. They can be good alternatives for building insulation and cold chain applications.

Strengthening Environmentally Friendly Behavior Through Waste Sorting and Recycling Programs Increasing Value Added Healthy Islamic Boarding Schools and Zero Waste

Applying the zero-waste concept is needed so that waste management in urban areas is not only more environmentally friendly. It's no longer just a trend, but this zero-waste has developed into a norm among the millennial generation in Indonesia. This service aims to strengthen environmentally friendly behaviour through sorting organic and inorganic waste and training in recycling inorganic waste into valuable products. The method used Participatory Action Research (PAR). This service found that students at PPAI An-Nahdliyah responded positively to environmentally friendly behaviour by sorting waste and received high creativity in recycling plastic bottle waste into valuable products, such as flower bouquets, pencil cases, etc. However, the sustainability of this program still needs to be improved. Therefore, this service recommends continuously improving students' resources to behave environmentally friendly and utilize their waste through reduction, reuse or recycling so that a zero-waste lifestyle is formed and supervision between each PPAI An-Nahdliyah student.

Exploring capacities, environmental benefits and potential for a circular economy on waste plastic bottles in Hong Kong

This paper explores capacities, benefits and potential for a circular economy on waste plastic beverage containers in Hong Kong. Regarding existing circular capacities, we show that a pilot subsidy for selected recyclers achieved a plastic bottle recovery rate of 3 %. Its extension to all active recyclers would raise the recovery rate to 23 %. The analysis of circular benefits uses a dynamic life-cycle assessment along the Shared Socio-economic Pathways. It demonstrates that replacing single-use containers with reusable ones would achieve substantial impact reductions, e.g. 81 % for CO2 and 88 % for PM2.5 amongst others. When assessing potential for a circular transition in beverage container management, mapping stakeholder interests shows that the government's expressed preference for recycling is not shared by other groups. Rather, societal and corporate stakeholders’ strong preference for refuse and reuse solutions underscores that higher-ranking circular approaches like a plastic tax or even a selective ban would enjoy public support.

Ultrafiltration membrane fabricated from polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste for treating microalgal wastewater and reusing for microalgal cultivation

Current study had made a significant progress in microalgal wastewater treatment through the implementation of an economically viable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membrane derived from plastic bottle waste. The membrane exhibited an exceptional pure water flux of 156.5 ± 0.25 L/m2h and a wastewater flux of 15.37 ± 0.02 L/m2h. Moreover, the membrane demonstrated remarkable efficiency in selectively removing a wide range of residual parameters, achieving rejection rates up to 99%. The reutilization of treated wastewater to grow microalgae had resulted in a marginal decrease in microalgal density, from 10.01 ± 0.48 to 9.26 ± 0.66 g/g. However, this decline was overshadowed by a notable enhancement in lipid production with level rising from 181.35 ± 0.42 to 225.01 ± 0.11 mg/g. These findings signified the membrane's capacity to preserve nutrients availability within the wastewater; thus, positively influencing the lipid synthesis and accumulation within microalgal cells. Moreover, the membrane's comprehensive analysis of cross-sectional and surface topographies revealed the presence of macropores with a highly interconnected framework, significantly amplifying the available surface area for fluid flow. This exceptional structural attribute had substantially contributed to the membrane's efficacy by facilitating superior filtration and separation process. Additionally, the identified functional groups within the membrane aligned consistently with those commonly found in PET polymer, confirming the membrane's compatibility and efficacy in microalgal wastewater treatment.

Assessment of factors influencing Indonesian residents’ intention to use a deposit–refund scheme for PET bottle waste

The collection rate is a difficult and important issue in the management of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste, as it is related to the behavior of the community to participate and comply with the system established by the government. One system that has been shown to increase the collection rate of PET bottle waste is the deposit–refund scheme (DRS). We tested residents’ intention to participate in the DRS using the theory of planned behavior and complemented it with several important variables that could influence the model. The method used is partial least square-structural equation modeling. The result of the study is that all the variables studied were positively influenced according to their respective paths. Nevertheless, environmental awareness is the latent variable with the strongest positive effect on attitude, and attitude has the strongest positive effect on intention. Public information is the latent variable that positively influences all variables related to intention. The proposed model can be applied globally to identify factors that influence recycling participation, particularly for DRS, and help achieve sustainable development goals while initiating a circular economy by recycling plastic bottle waste.

Socio-ecologies of Plastic Bottle Waste (PBW) and the Development of Ecoprenuerial Initiatives in Contemporary Nigerian Society

The study analyze the mechanisms that lead to the creation, accumulation, and exchange of plastic bottle waste, as well as its monetary value, industrial recycling, and home use in contemporary Nigerian societies. We conducted a descriptive and explanatory study with 86 ecopreneurs who have worked in the plastic waste sector for at least five years. We used both qualitative and descriptive statistics to arrive at our conclusions. Seventy-four percent of respondents from various demographics collected at least one hundred pieces of used plastic per day, ninety-five percent stated that the economic and social potentials of plastic waste are expanding, and ninety-eight percent stated that PBW commerce encourages innovation and garbage recycling. The vast majority of PBW traders (87.1%) do not see their age to be a barrier, and it is equally available to both sexes (93.5%) and all generations (90%). The study indicated that businesses formed from discarded plastic bottles benefited global social, economic, and environmental conditions. Additional field research is required in developing countries such as Nigeria to establish technical and vocational capacities for dealing with plastic bottles and other plastic debris.

Experimental Study and Process Optimisation for Fabrication of Circular Sheet Made from Waste PP/HDPE via Extrusion and Hydraulic Press

Plastic waste is a well-known hazard to the ecosystem due to which many countries are exploring ways to mitigate this polymer from the environment. Various plastic wastes are generated after end use in the form of plastic bottles, plastic bags, bottle caps, straw, plastic cups, etc. These are generally made up of HDPE, LPDE, PP, PET, PS, etc. Therefore, this study focusses to utilise this wastage to make some value-added products. In this context, waste plastic bottles and containers made up of polypropylene and high-density polyethylene were targeted and shredded into small pieces ranging from 1.4 to 2 mm and mixed with additives in the extruder and hydraulic press to make circular sheets that can be used for electrical purposes. During the study, the effect of various process parameters on fabricated circular sheet properties such as tensile strength, melt flow index (MFI), and thermal conductivity were investigated. The developed non-linear theoretical models were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The gradient descent method is applied in BBD for estimating the optimum condition for fabricating a circular sheet. Under optimum conditions, the tensile strength and thermal conductivity were found to be 1535 MPa and 0.0312 W/mK, respectively, for the HDPE circular sheet using extrusion. The tensile strength, MFI, and thermal conductivity were determined using a Universal testing machine, melt flow tester (ASTM D1238), and Thermal constant analyser based on ASTM D1350.

PET waste management in Pakistan through use of PET shreds as additive in backfill soil.

The management of waste plastic bottles is one of the major environmental challenges in the world. Plastic bottles are composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is non-biodegradable, resulting in environmental problems. Various studies have been carried out on the use of waste PET bottles in the form of custom-made strips as a stabilizer. However, no significant research has been carried out on the use of waste PET bottle shreds already available in the market. These shreds do not require any special technology or arrangement for bulk production. In this study, the shear strength of low plastic silty clay was improved using locally available PET shreds, and their prospective application in the backfill soil was investigated. Standard Proctor tests and direct shear tests were conducted on soil stabilized with three different sizes of plastic shreds (2mm, 6mm, and 10mm) in four different percentages (1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%). Findings revealed that adding PET shreds in 1% content improves the shear strength characteristics. However, the shear strength parameters decrease with further increase in PET shred content. Therefore, PET shreds in 1% content can be added in backfill soil to improve its shear strength. Pakistan needs to construct 0.77 million housing units annually to keep up with its population growth. The statistics of seven major cities of Pakistan show that the PET waste management issue of Pakistan can be resolved by using PET shreds as a backfill additive in only 32% of the new houses required to be constructed.