Plasma Viscosity Research Articles

Theoretical investigation of braking of tearing mode rotation by resistive walls in ITER

The locking of the 2/1 tearing mode to the resistive wall in the ITER tokamak (15 MA inductive scenario 2) is investigated theoretically using a cylindrical asymptotic matching model. The model takes into account the fact that ITER plasmas will effectively be surrounded by two walls; the inner blanket module layer with a time constant of about 23 ms, and the outer vacuum vessel with a time constant of about 380 ms. The model also takes cognizance of the fact that neither the blanket module layer nor the vacuum vessel can be accurately described as “thin” walls (in the ordinarily accepted sense). The model incorporates changes in both the plasma poloidal and the toroidal angular velocity profiles, in response to the electromagnetic braking torque that develops at the rational surface, because it turns out that neoclassical poloidal flow-damping is not strong enough to completely suppress changes in the poloidal velocity. Finally, the model accurately calculates changes in the poloidal and toroidal plasma angular velocity profiles by evolving the full angular equations of motion, taking the electromagnetic braking torque, plasma inertia, plasma viscosity, and poloidal flow-damping into account. The time required for the 2/1 tearing mode to grow from a small amplitude to a sufficient one to lock to the walls is found to be about 3.5 s. The critical full radial island width at which wall locking is triggered is found to be about 9% of the plasma minor radius.

Clinical evaluation of Alprostadil combined with Nimodipine in treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in elderly patients.

To analyze the clinical efficacy of alprostadil combined with nimodipine in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm (CVS) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in elderly patients. This is a retrospective study. According to different treatment methods, the elderly 100 patients with CVS after SAH hospitalized in Baoding First Central Hospital from March 2020 to May 2021 were randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group was treated with nimodipine, while the observation group was additionally combined with alprostadil. The levels of inflammatory factors and hemorheological indexes were measured before and after treatment. The clinical efficacy was compared and the adverse reactions were observed of the two groups. The overall clinical efficacy in the observation group (95.00%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (74.00%) (p<0.05). After treatment, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and hemorheological indexes such as plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity at high shear, whole blood viscosity at low shear, hematocrit and platelet adhesion decreased significantly compared with those before treatment (p<0.05), which were more obvious in the observation group (p<0.05). During treatment, the rate of adverse reactions in the observation group was 12.00%, and that in the control group was 8.00%, without statistically significant difference between the two groups (p> 0.05). Alprostadil combined with nimodipine is markedly effective in the treatment of CVS after SAH in elderly patients. It can effectively reduce inflammatory factor levels and improve hemorheological indexes in patients, which is conducive to the repair of neurological function.

Turbulence in the tail of a jellyfish galaxy

ABSTRACT When galaxies move through the intracluster medium (ICM) inside galaxy clusters, the ram pressure of the ICM can strip the gas from galaxies. The stripped gas forms tails on the trailing side. These galaxies are hence dubbed ‘jellyfish galaxies’. ESO 137-001 is a quintessential jellyfish galaxy located in the nearest rich cluster, the Norma cluster. Its spectacular multiphase tail has complex morphology and kinematics both from the imprinted galaxy’s interstellar medium (ISM) and as a result of the interactions between the stripped gas and the surrounding hot plasma, mediated by radiative cooling and magnetic fields. We study the kinematics of the multiphase tail using high-resolution observations of the ionized and the molecular gas in the entire structure. We calculate the velocity structure functions in moving frames along the tail and find that turbulence driven by Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability quickly overwhelms the original ISM turbulence and saturates at ∼30 kpc. There is also a hint that the far end of the tail has possibly started to inherit pre-existing large-scale ICM turbulence likely caused by structure formation. Turbulence measured by the molecular gas is generally consistent with that measured by the ionized gas in the tail but has a slightly lower amplitude. Most of the measured turbulence is below the mean free path of the hot ICM (∼11 kpc). Using warm/cool gas as a tracer of the hot ICM, we find that the isotropic viscosity of the hot plasma must be suppressed below 0.01 per cent Spitzer level.

Viscosity-triggered near-infrared fluorescence nanoprobe for in vivo non-invasive diagnosis of cancer

A universal and non-invasive approach for cancer diagnosis is desired to lessen the burden of cancer mortality. In this work, we exploited viscosity in the cancer microenvironment as a diagnosis indicator and designed a universal probe, the CBT-Q (4-(2-(5-(9-(4-aminophenyl)-9H-carbazol-3-yl) thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)-1-ethylquinolin-1-ium) nanoprobe, for detecting viscosity variation in the cells, plasma, and solid tumor-mice to obtain a cancer diagnosis. The near infrared (NIR) fluorescence of CBT-Q was specifically triggered due to a change in its structure from a flexible to a rigid one in the presence of a higher viscosity agent, such as a cancer microenvironment or cancer patient plasma. The Stokes shift of CBT-Q nanoprobe (CBT-Q-N) could be up to 178 nm, enabling the diagnosis of cancer with a low biological fluorescent background. Not only could the CBT-Q-N remain in cells for 72 h, but detect the changes in cell viscosity induced by various models. Also, the CBT-Q-N differentiated early and terminal tumor mice via the fluorescent intensity of plasma viscosity. The CBT-Q-N enables non-invasive recognition of tumors in vivo by fluorescence imaging. Hence, this work is beneficial to increase the understanding of tumor-related viscosity, which will facilitate a new universal strategy for present cancer diagnostics.

Effects of Rowing on Rheological Properties of Blood

The aim of this study was to analyze the selected hematological and rheological indices in female rowers during the competitive season. The study included 10 female rowers (aged 21.2 ± 2.6) and the control group consisted of 10 woman of corresponding age (non-athletes). The examination of athletes took place two times: at the beginning of the season during high endurance low intensity training period in January (baseline) and at the end of the competitive season in October (after). Blood samples taken from all woman were analyzed for hematological and rheological parameters. The training period of rowers during the 10 months resulted in decrease in red blood cell count and RBC deformability, in contrast to an improvement in some rheological functions such a decrease in fibrinogen concentration, plasma viscosity and aggregation index. The training program practice in rowing modulated some hematological and rheological indices. Some of them positively influenced the cardiovascular system and reduced potential risks connected with hard training and dehydration, but others may have followed from overtraining or not enough relaxation time between training units.

Randomized, placebo-controlled study on efficacy, safety and tolerability of drug-induced defibrinogenation for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: the lessons learned

PurposeDisturbance of cochlear microcirculation is discussed as final common pathway of various inner ear diseases. Hyperfibrinogenemia causing increased plasma viscosity is a possible factor for a critical reduction of cochlear blood flow that might lead to sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL). The aim was to determine the efficacy and safety of drug-induced defibrinogenation by ancrod for SSHL.MethodsDouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel group, phase II (proof-of-concept) study (planned enrollment: 99 patients). Patients received an infusion of ancrod or placebo (day 1) followed by subcutaneous administrations (day 2, 4, 6). Primary outcome was the change in pure tone audiogram air conduction average until day 8.ResultsThe study was terminated early due to slow recruiting (31 enrolled patients: 22 ancrod, 9 placebo). A significant improvement of hearing loss was registered in both groups (ancrod: − 14.3 dB ± 20.4 dB, − 39.9% ± 50.4%; placebo: − 22.3 dB ± 13.7 dB, − 59.1% ± 38.0%). A statistically significant group-difference was not detected (p = 0.374). Placebo response of 33.3% complete and 85.7% at least partial recovery was observed. Plasma fibrinogen levels were reduced significantly by ancrod (baseline: 325.2 mg/dL, day 2: 107.2 mg/dL). Ancrod was tolerated well, no adverse drug reaction was of severe intensity, no serious adverse events occurred.ConclusionAncrod reduced fibrinogen levels that support its mechanism of action. The safety profile can be rated positively. Since the planned number of patients could not be enrolled, no efficacy conclusion can be drawn. The high rate of placebo response challenges clinical trials for SSHL and needs to be considered in future investigations.Trial registrationsThis study was registered in the EU Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT-No. 2012-000066-37 at 2012-07-02.

CORRELATION BETWEEN PLASMA FIBRINOGEN WITH DAS28 SCORE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic illness affecting joints and extra-articular structures and is the most prevalent kind of inammatory arthritis worldwide. Patients of rheumatoid arthritis have increase risk of cardiovascular disease as compared to general population. Local inammation of the affected joints, manifesting as joint pain and swelling, generally represents the clinical disease activity in RAand is measured by various joint indices like Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS 28) and Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI). Fibrinogen is the major determinant of plasma viscosity and it represents link between inammation, thrombosis and cardiovascular risk. The aim was to study the association of plasma brinogen with Disease activity score in rheumatoid arthritis and to compare levels of plasma brinogen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with healthy population. Materials And Methods:This study was a cross sectional study done in 70 subjects ( 35 diagnosed RApatient by ACR 1987 criteria and 35 healthy subjects) in Assam Medical College and hospital from June 2021- May 2022.The quantitive determination of plasma brinogen was done using clot detection method. We also measured ESR using Westergren's method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: The mean value of plasma brinogen was 381.143±43.71 in rheumatoid arthritis versus 314.285±46.29 in controls. This difference was statistically signicant &lt;0.001.On evaluating brinogen level and DAS28 score, it was noted that patient with higher DAS28 had signicantly higher brinogen level (p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: This study concluded that plasma brinogen is signicantly elevated in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and is signicant with increasing severity of the disease. As brinogen is the risk factor for cardiovascular disease it can also be added in routine monitoring of disease activity along with other parameters

Albumin effect on hemorheological parameters in patients with liver transplant.

Liver transplantation is a life-saving treatment in end-stage liver failure. Hemorheological features as blood fluidity and red blood cell aggregation may alter effective tissue perfusion, graft function and hemodynamic variables. The aim of the study is to investigate effect of albumin infusion on red blood cell deformability and aggregation, blood viscosity and hemodynamics in liver transplant patients. Seventeen live or cadaveric donors were included in this prospective study. Hemorheological and hemodynamic measurements were performed in order to evaluate the effects of albumin infusion in perioperative period. Erythrocyte aggregation was significantly reduced 90 minutes after albumin infusion (p < 0.01). Mean blood viscosity revealed significant decrease at 20 rpm and 50 rpm after 90 minutes of albumin infusion (p < 0.05). Plasma viscosity decreased significantly compared to the value before albumin infusion at 20 rpm (p < 0.05). Albumin replacement improved hemodynamic variables in patients with low blood pressure and cardiac index measurements (p > 0.05). Human albumin infusion led to decrease in whole blood and plasma viscosities, red blood cell aggregation and induced blood pressure and cardiac index elevation in perioperative liver transplant patients. Determination of hemodynamic and hemorheological effects of human albumin replacement in various patient populations may serve beneficial clinical data.

Primary Chylomicronemia in Patients with Severe Familial Hypertriglyceridemia Responds to Long-Term Treatment with (n-3) Fatty Acids

Because it disturbs microcirculation, chylomicronemia can cause severe clinical complications such as acute pancreatitis. Dietary measures are very important in the prevention and treatment of this condition. Dietary supplementation with (n-3) fatty acids has been shown to be of benefit in short-term treatment of chylomicronemia. To evaluate the long-term efficacy of (n-3) fatty acids we added 2.16 or 4.32 g/d (for 3 mo) and 3.24 g/d (for a further 8 mo after 1 mo of no treatment (n-3) fatty acids to the diet of eight patients with primary chylomicronemia. Serum triglycerides decreased significantly from 15.0 ± 2.5 to 9.9 ± 2.8 mmol/L (P < 0.01) after 11 mo of treatment, and VLDL triglycerides decreased from 12.3 ± 2.8 to 9.0 ± 2.4 mmol/L (P < 0.01), resulting in a significant decrease of plasma viscosity from 1.56 ± 0.17 mPa·s to 1.47 ± 0.12 mPa·s (P < 0.01). Total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol as well as lipoprotein (a) and fibrinogen concentrations were not affected by fish oil treatment. The presence of chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants (apolipoprotein B 48 concentration in the lipoprotein fraction with a density lower than 1.006 kg/L) was significantly reduced from 4.82 ± 1.08 to 1.06 ± 0.38 mg/L (P < 0.01). Body weight increased significantly from 71.0 ± 4.6 kg to 75.2 ± 5.3 kg after 11 mo of treatment with (n-3) fatty acids. These data indicate that despite an increase in body weight, long-term supplementation of a diet with (n-3) fatty acids results in a persistent decrease of serum triglyceride concentrations, a pronounced reduction in the number of chylomicrons present in the fasting state, and an improvement in plasma viscosity.

Comprehensive study of the rheological status and intensity of oxidative stress during the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus to prevent its complications.

Prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) requires a modifying effect on the pathological processes inducing the β-cell dysfunction. the comprehensive study of the violation of rheological parameters in patients with different stages of diabetes and identification of possible links between these alterations with the intensity of the oxidative stress in the patient's body. 60 patients with IR, prediabetes, T2DM and healthy volunteers were included. Full range of the rheological parameters of the patients' blood - the indicators of erythrocytes aggregation index (EAI), the relative deformability of the erythrocytes membranes (ERDI), blood plasma viscosity (BPV), and oxidative stress intensity (OSI) were examined. In patients with insulin resistance (IR), prediabetes, and T2DM the ERDI was statistically significantly lower and BPV - higher compared to control; a significant increase in EAI was detected in the patient group with prediabetes and T2DM compared to the control. The level of rheological disorders in patients increases with the increase of the level of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and intensity of oxidative stress and reaches a maximum during manifested diabetes. Diagnosis of hemorheological disorders and OSI in T2DM can serve as an early marker of target organ damage possibility.

Activating Blood Circulation, Anti-Inflammatory and Diuretic Effects of Leonurus japonicus Extract on a Rat Model of Trauma Blood Stasis and Its Phytochemical Profiling.

Leonurus japonicus Houtt. has been traditionally used to treat many ailments. This study evaluated the activating blood circulation, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects of L. japonicus extract (LJ) and identified its phytochemicals. In this work, the phytochemicals in LJ were identified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n=8): Control group was treated with saline, while the Model group (saline) and LJ group (426 mg/kg) had induced traumatic injury. All rats were treated with once by daily oral gavage for one week. The biochemical indices and protein expression were measured. Herein, 79 constituents were identified in LJ, which were effective in elevating body weight, food consumption, water intake, and urinary excretion volume, as well as in ameliorating traumatic muscle tissues in model rats. In addition, LJ prominently decreased the contents of plasma viscosity, platelet aggregation rate, thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), TXB2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), PAI-1/tissue-type PA (t-PA), and PAI-1/u-PA, while significantly increasing antithrombin III, 6-keto-PGF1α, and t-PA contents. Furthermore, LJ notably inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, aquaporin 1 (AQP1), AQP2, and AQP3 levels, and markedly elevating IL-10 and natriuretic peptide levels. Finally, LJ markedly reduced the protein expression of AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3 compared to the model group. Collectively, LJ possessed prominent activating blood circulation, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects, thus supporting the clinical application of L. japonicus.

Hemorheological profiles and chronic inflammation markers in transfusion-dependent and non-transfusion- dependent thalassemia.

The rheological properties of blood play an important role in regulating blood flow in micro and macro circulation. In thalassemia syndromes red blood cells exhibit altered hemodynamic properties that facilitate microcirculatory diseases: increased aggregation and reduced deformability, as well as a marked increase in adherence to the vascular endothelial cells. A personalized approach to treating thalassemia patients (transfusions, iron chelation, and splenectomy), has increased patients' life expectancy, however they generally present many complications and several studies have demonstrated the presence of high incidence of thromboembolic events. In this study the hemorheological profiles of thalassemia patients have been characterized to point out new indices of vascular impairment in thalassemia. Plasma viscosity, blood viscosities at low and high shear rates (η1 and η200, respectively), erythrocyte aggregation index (η1/η200), and the erythrocyte viscoelastic profile (elastic modulus G', and viscous modulus G") have been studied in transfusion-dependent and non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. Moreover, the levels of inflammation biomarkers in thalassemia have been evaluated to investigate a relationship between the biomarkers, the disease severity and the rheological parameters. The biomarkers studied are the main components of the immune and endothelial systems or are related to vascular inflammation: cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, TNF-alpha), chemokines (IL-8, MIP-1alpha), adipocytokines (leptin and adiponectin), growth factors (VEGF, angiopoietin-1), adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, L-selectin), and a monocyte/macrophage activation marker (CD163). This study shows that transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients, both major and intermedia, have blood viscosities comparable to those of healthy subjects. Non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia intermedia patients show high blood viscosities at low shear rates (η1), corresponding to the flow conditions of the microcirculation, an increase in erythrocyte aggregation, and high values of the elastic G' and viscous G" modules that reflect a reduced erythrocyte deformability and an increase in blood viscosity. Levels of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules are different in transfusion- and non-transfusion dependent patients and positive correlations between η1 or η1/η200 and the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 have been observed. The evaluation of the hemorheological profiles in thalassemia can provide new indicators of vascular impairment and disease severity in thalassemia in order to prevent the onset of thromboembolic events.

Neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity in bounce-transit and drift resonance regimes in tokamaks

Neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity in the bounce-transit and drift resonance regimes is calculated using a version of the drift kinetic equation that encompasses the physics of the nonlinear trapping and quasilinear plateau regimes in tokamaks. It is demonstrated that the mirror-force like term controls the transition between these two regimes. When the effective collision frequency is larger than the mirroring or the nonlinear bounce frequency, the quasilinear regime prevails; otherwise, the nonlinear trapping regime reigns. The demonstration is accomplished by using the Eulerian approach and is beyond the grasp of the method of the integration along the unperturbed orbit in solving the drift kinetic equation. The neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity in the quasilinear plateau regime is calculated. Approximate analytic expressions for the neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity that include the asymptotic limits of the nonlinear trapping and quasilinear regimes are presented to facilitate thermal and energetic alpha particle transport modeling in tokamaks.

Effect of plan-do-check-active method combined with air pressure wave therapy on the prevention of deep venous thrombosis in critically ill patients in neurosurgery

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is prone to occur in the recovery of critically ill neurosurgical patients, increasing economic and psychological pressure, and even endangering life. Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA) cycle is a kind of quality management cycle procedure, which can help DVT treatment correctly understand the cause of disease and take effective preventive and nursing measures. The air wave pressure therapy instrument takes pressure therapy as the core, forming circulating pressure on limbs and tissues, promoting the flow of blood and lymph, improving the effect of microcirculation, accelerating the return of limb tissue fluid, and preventing thrombosis and limb edema. A total of 98 critical neurosurgery patients were selected as the study subjects. On the basis of PDCA circulation treatment, the patients were treated with air pressure wave for 30 minutes/time, twice/day and 14 days. Before and after treatment, the indexes of coagulation function, hemorheology (plasma viscosity, whole blood high shear viscosity and whole blood low shear viscosity), lower limb circumference (15 cm above and below the patella) and Barthel index (BI) scores were observed and recorded. DVT was observed by vascular Doppler ultrasound before and after treatment, and the incidence was calculated. The prothrombin time (18.09 s) and thrombin time (17.66 s) after treatment were higher than those before treatment (12.98 s, 130.7 s), and fibrinogen decreased (4.21 vs. 3.31 g/L). The hemorheological indexes of the patients after treatment were plasma viscosity (1.49 mPa/s, 10.8 mPa/s), whole blood high shear viscosity (6.34 mPa/s, 4.47 mPa/s), whole blood low shear viscosity (9.89 mPa/s, 6.32 mPa/s), circumference at 15 cm below the patella (52.29 cm, 45.23 cm), and circumference at 15 cm above the patella (36.17 cm, 31.38 cm). The BI score showed that the number of patients with severe dependence on grade A (46/15) and moderate dependence on grade B (50/14) decreased after treatment, and the average BI score of patients with combined treatment increased (43.87 and 79.86). After treatment, the number of patients with DVT (20/4) and the incidence of DVT (20.40816327%, 4.081632653%) decreased significantly (P<0.05). PDCA circulation combined with barometric wave therapy can significantly improve DVT in critical neurosurgical patients.

Rheopheresis Performed in Hemodialysis Patients Targets Endothelium and Has an Acute Anti-Inflammatory Effect.

Background: Rheopheresis is a double-filtration plasmapheresis that removes a defined spectrum of high-molecular-weight proteins to lower plasma viscosity and improves microcirculation disorders. This technique can be performed in hemodialysis (HD) patients with severe microischemia. Interestingly, some studies showed that rheopheresis sessions improve endothelial function. Methods: Our study evaluated the inflammatory and endothelial biomarker evolution in 23 HD patients treated or not with rheopheresis. A p value ≤ 0.001 was considered statistically significant. Results: Thirteen HD patients treated by rheopheresis either for a severe peripheral arterial disease (N = 8) or calciphylaxis (N = 5) were analyzed. Ten control HD patients were also included in order to avoid any misinterpretation of the rheopheresis effects in regard to the HD circuit. In the HD group without rheopheresis, the circulating endothelial adhesion molecules, cytokines, angiogenic factor concentrations, and circulating levels were not modified. In the HD group with rheopheresis, the circulating endothelial adhesion molecules (sVCAM-1, sP-selectin, and sE-selectin) experienced a significant reduction, except sICAM-1. Among the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α was significantly reduced by 32.6% [(−42.2)−(−22.5)] (p < 0.0001), while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased by 674% (306−1299) (p < 0.0001). Among the angiogenic factors, only sEndoglin experienced a significant reduction. The CEC level trended to increase from 13 (3−33) cells/mL to 43 (8−140) cells/mL (p = 0.002). We did not observe any difference on the pre-session values of the molecules of interest between the first rheopheresis session and the last rheopheresis session. Conclusion: Rheopheresis immediately modified the inflammation balance and the endothelial injury biomarkers. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these biological observations.

Hemorheological and Microcirculatory Relations of Acute Pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis still means a serious challenge in clinical practice. Its pathomechanism is complex and has yet to be fully elucidated. Rheological properties of blood play an important role in tissue perfusion and show non-specific changes in acute pancreatitis. An increase in blood and plasma viscosity, impairment of red blood cell deformability, and enhanced red blood cell aggregation caused by metabolic, inflammatory, free radical-related changes and mechanical stress contribute to the deterioration of the blood flow in the large vessels and also in the microcirculation. Revealing the significance of these changes in acute pancreatitis may better explain the pathogenesis and optimize the therapy. In this review, we give an overview of the role of impaired microcirculation by changes in hemorheological properties in acute pancreatitis.

Systematic review and sequential analysis of Tanshinone Ⅱ_A Sodium Sulfonate Injection combined with enalapril in treatment of acute exacerbation of pulmonary heart disease

To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Tanshinone Ⅱ_A Sodium Sulfonate Injection combined with enalapril in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of pulmonary heart disease. The randomized controlled trial(RCT) on Tanshinone Ⅱ_A Sodium Sulfonate Injection combined with enalapril for acute exacerbation of pulmonary heart disease was screened from EMbase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, VIP, CNKI, and Wanfang from inception to March 20, 2022. Meta-analysis of each index was performed in RevMan 5.3 and TSA 0.9. Finally, 41 RCTs involving 3 865 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that the observation group had higher total response rate(RR=1.21, 95%CI[1.18, 1.24], P&lt;0.000 01), lower plasma viscosity(MD=-0.25, 95%CI[-0.34,-0.16], P&lt;0.000 01), lower whole blood viscosity(MD=-0.99, 95%CI[-1.14,-0.85], P&lt;0.000 01), and lower hematokrit(MD=-9.03, 95%CI[-10.57,-7.50], P&lt;0.000 01) than the control group. The incidence of adverse effects showed no significant difference between groups(RR=1.42, 95%CI[0.82, 2.45], P=0.21). Sequential analysis showed that Tanshinone Ⅱ_A Sodium Sulfonate Injection combined with enalapril exerted definite efficacy in the treatment of acute exacerbation of pulmonary heart disease, and the possibility of false positives was excluded. Based on the existing evidence, Tanshinone Ⅱ_A Sodium Sulfonate Injection combined with enalapril can improve the total response rate and reduce plasma viscosity, whole blood viscosity, and hematocrit, demonstrating good safety in patients with acute exacerbation of pulmonary heart disease. In the future, more RCT with large sample size, rigorous design, and in accordance with international norms are needed to further validate the results.

Unsteady solute dispersion in pulsatile Luo and Kuang blood flow (K - L Model) in a tube with wall reactive absorption

Unsteady solute dispersion in pulsatile non-Newtonian flow in a circular tube has been investigated considering higher order moments using the Aris’s method of moments. The Luo and Kuang(1992) (K - L Model) constitutive relation is used for the non-Newtonian fluid. The axial mean concentration of solute is estimated by considering exchange, convective, dispersion coefficients. In addition, considering the 3rd and 4th central moments, the skewness, and kurtosis in the mean concentration is examined. Variations of these five moments against the absorption parameter, K-L fluid parameters, and Womersley frequency parameter are thoroughly investigated. The increase in the Womersley frequency parameter led to the occurrence of a double frequency period for the dispersion coefficient, which influenced the skewness and kurtosis coefficients that led to the deviation from usual normal distribution of the mean concentration distribution at the starting of the dispersion process. The concentration distribution is skewed towards the central region of the tube. The concentration contours also reveal that the solute convection is more in the central region of the tube. The results for Newtonian, Bingham, and Casson fluid models are retrieved as special cases. The mean concentration has the highest peak for the K-L model and the lowest for the Newtonian fluid model. It is scattered axially more for the Bingham fluid than the Casson fluid. This investigation emphasizes that higher moments provide precise information about the solute dispersion in the flow field and its deviation from the normal distribution at small time scales. • This investigation examining the unsteady axial dispersion of a solute in the non-Newtonian pulsatile flow in a cylindrical tube, considering the impact of an irreversible first-order boundary reaction. Solute dispersion in K-L model has been introduced, which gives the shear thinning and thickening behaviour of blood flow even if yield stress is zero. • The present study initiated skewness and kurtosis analysis for steady/ unsteady, non-pulsatile/ pulsatile and Newtonian/ non-Newtonian fluid flow by using method of moments. Here analytical results for all transport coefficient with skewness and kurtosis has been discussed. • The perturbation and numerical solution of coupled and non-linear equation of shear stress and momentum equation has been obtained to get the velocity profile. A new class of computationally explicit Runge–Kutta (CERK) numerical method (Yadav et. al. (2022)) has been used to solve this stiff problem. A detailed comparison of perturbation and numerical solutions is also given in this manuscript. • The solution of the concentration equation is obtained analytically adopting the Aris0 s method of moments, with fourth-order precision. In the presence of boundary reaction, the transport coefficients are affected not only by time but also by the Womersley frequency parameter, other chemical variables, the wall absorption parameter, the yield stress, the amplitude of the fluctuating pressure component, and plasma viscosity. The non-Gaussian distribution of solute is visible for small time after injection. • The mean concentration as well as the two-dimensional concentration distribution are accurately described. The results for the Bingham model, the Casson model, and the Newtonian model are derived directly from this analysis.

Effects of Hericium erinaceus polypeptide on lowering blood lipids of mice with hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet

• Preparation of Hericium erinaceus polypeptide (HEP) and Ultrafiltration fractionation HEP was prepared by an ultrasound-microwave assisted enzymatic method. Using an ultrafiltration membrane with molecular weights of 5 kDa and 10 kDa, HEP was fractionated into three fractions, namely, (HEP-I (< 5 kDa), HEP-II (5–10 kDa), and HEP-III (> 10 kDa)). • Determination of antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion In vitro chemical methods were used to compare the antioxidant and hypolipidemic abilities of the polypeptide fractions from Hericium erinaceus before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. And then the structure of the high active fraction (HEP-II) was identified to explore the relationship between their structure and activity. • Effects of Hericium erinaceus polypeptide on lowering blood lipids of mice with hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet By constructing a hyperlipidemia model, the hypolipidemic ability of the high active fraction (HEP-II) was verified, laying a foundation for the subsequent study of the hypolipidemia mechanism of HEP in vivo. Hericium erinaceus polypeptide (HEP) was prepared by an ultrasound-microwave assisted enzymatic method. Using an ultrafiltration membrane with molecular weights of 5 and 10 kDa, HEP was fractionated into three fractions, namely, (HEP-I (< 5 kDa), HEP-II (5–10 kDa), and HEP-III (> 10 kDa)). In vitro chemical methods were used to compare the antioxidant and hypolipidemic abilities of the polypeptide fractions from H. erinaceus before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. By constructing a hyperlipidemia model, the hypolipidemic ability of the high active fraction (HEP-II) was verified. The results showed that the antioxidant and hypolipidemic abilities of the polypeptide fractions from H. erinaceus did not change dramatically during simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro . The polypeptide fractions from H. erinaceus exhibited high tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal digestion in vitro, with strong antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities. HEP-II with a molecular weight of 5–10 kDa had the best stability, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic abilities in gastrointestinal digestion. The secondary structure of HEP-II was mainly composed of random coil (18.36%) and α -helix (47.71%) structures, which was beneficial to the hypolipidemic ability of HEP-II. Animal experiments showed that compared to the high-fat model group, HEP-II could inhibit the weight gain of the mice, decrease the liver index and serum levels of the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), alanine aminotransferase (AST), and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), increase the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), decrease the arteriosclerosis index (AI), and improve the hemorheological indices of the mice. In addition, the whole blood and plasma viscosities of the mice decreased, and HEP-II increased the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver, reducing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and the degree of oxidative stress in the liver of hypolipidemia mice. Furthermore, HEP-II improved liver steatosis. These results indicated that the polypeptide fractions from H. erinaceus all had a potential hypolipidemic effect, and HEP-II had the strongest potential hypolipidemic effect.

Clinical Efficacy of Western Medicine Combined with Chinese Medicine for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Damp-Heat and Stasis Type)

Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Western medicine combined with Chinese medicine for pelvic inflammatory disease (damp-heat and stasis type). Methods: Seventy-four patients who were diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (damp-heat and stasis type) by our hospital during July 2021 to July 2022 were randomized into two groups: the participants in the control group received conventional Western medicine treatment, and the participants in the study group received Western medicine combined with Chinese medicine. Results: After treatment, the total effectiveness of the control group (72.98%) was significantly lower than that of the study group (94.59%), (P &lt; 0.05); the whole blood viscosity high cut, whole blood viscosity low cut, fibrinogen and plasma viscosity of the control group were all lower than those of the study group (P &lt; 0.05); the levels of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-? in the control group were higher and IL-2 levels in the control group were lower than those in the study group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Western medicine combined with Chinese medicine is more effective in curing damp-heat and stasis-type pelvic inflammatory disease by improving the blood rheological indexes and lowering the level of inflammatory factors.