Plasma Uric Acid Levels Research Articles

Sexual dimorphism in relationships between of plasma uric acid and some psycho-neuro-endocrine parameters

Background. Earlier we found that effects of plasma nitrogenous metabolites as urea, creatinine, and bilirubin on neuro-endocrine parameters, as well as anxiety, are significantly different in men and women of different ages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the plasma uric acid level and some psycho-neuro-endocrine parameters in the same cohort. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were almost healthy volunteers: 31 males (24÷69 y) and 30 females, from among them 18 postmenopausal (48÷76 y) and 12 of reproductive age (30÷45 y). In basal conditions we determined plasma levels of uric acid and adaptation hormones, estimated the severity of the trait and reactive anxiety, recorded the ongoing HRV and EEG. After 4 or 7 days, repeated testing was performed. Results. By uric acid regression models with stepwise exclusion, it was found that in men plasma uric acid downregulates the PSD of β-rhythm in P4 and δ-rhythm in others 4 loci, but upregulates the Asymmetry of δ-rhythm, variability of α-rhythm, PSD of θ-rhythm in P3 and O1 loci, Entropy of EEG in T4 as well as Testosterone plasma level. The measure of determination is 54,5%. In postmenopausal women, uricemia downregulates the Amplitude of β-rhythm and its PSD in 8 loci as well as sympathetic tone, but upregulates the PSD of HF and VLF bands HRV, Testosterone plasma level, PSD of θ-rhythm in F3 and O2 loci as well as the Laterality of δ-rhythm. The degree of determination of neuro-endocrine parameters is 94,4%. In women of reproductive age uricemia upregulates the Asymmetry and Amplitude of β-rhythm and its PSD in 6 loci, the Amplitude and Laterality of θ-rhythm and its PSD in F8 locus, as well as the PSD of α-rhythm in F8 locus. The degree of positive determination of EEGs parameters is 95,5%. Conclusion. Plasma uric acid has a modulating effect on neuro-endocrine parameters, but this effect is significantly different in men and women of different ages, which is due, apparently, to the influence of sex hormones on the expression of adenosine receptors in neurons.

Intermediate products of purine metabolism in an experimental model of pancreatic necrosis.

Determine the level of purines in the blood plasma of experimental animals at three stages of induced pancreatic necrosis. Find out the potential of purines as predictors of the severity of pancreatitis. The experiment was carried out on white outbred rabbits. The pancreatic necrosis was modeled by introducing self-bile into the pancreatic parenchyma. The pancreas of rabbits, after isolation, was subjected to microscopic description. Blood was also taken from rabbits to determine the plasma levels of adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid. 12 hours after the administration of self-bile, the level of xanthine significantly increases and the concentration of uric acid in the blood plasma increases by 3 times. 24 hours after the introduction of self-bile, there is a slight decrease in the level of adenine, xanthine and uric acid, and the indicators of purine metabolism remain elevated. 48 hours after the introduction of self-bile, the levels of guanine, hypoxanthine and xanthine are reduced. The concentration indices of absolute and relative intermediate products of purine metabolism were increased at the initial stage of pancreatic necrosis. The activity of enzymes and metabolites of purine metabolism involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals increased. The hypothesis that intermediate products of purine metabolism can be predictors of pancreatic necrosis was confirmed.

Xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase contribute to allopurinol metabolism in rats

BackgroundAllopurinol is used to treat hyperuricemia and gout. It is metabolized to oxypurinol by xanthine oxidase (XO), and aldehyde oxidase (AO). Allopurinol and oxypurinol are potent XO inhibitors that reduce the plasma uric acid levels. Although oxypurinol levels show large inter-individual variations, high concentrations of oxypurinol can cause various adverse effects. Therefore, it is important to understand allopurinol metabolism by XO and AO. In this study we aimed to estimate the role of AO and XO in allopurinol metabolism by pre-administering Crl:CD and Jcl:SD rats, which have known strain differences in AO activity, with XO inhibitor febuxostat.MethodsAllopurinol (30 or 100 mg/kg) was administered to Crl:CD and Jcl:SD rats with low and high AO activity, respectively, after pretreatment with or without febuxostat. The serum concentrations of allopurinol and oxypurinol were measured, and the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) was calculated from the 48 h serum concentration-time profile. In vivo metabolic activity was measured as the ratio AUCoxypurinol /AUCallopurinol.ResultsAlthough no strain-specific differences were observed in the AUCoxypurinol/AUCallopurinol ratio in the allopurinol (30 mg/kg)-treated group, the ratio in Jcl:SD rats was higher than that in Crl:CD rats after febuxostat pretreatment. Contrastingly, the AUC ratio of allopurinol (100 mg/kg) was approximately 2-fold higher in Jcl:SD rats than that in Crl:CD rats. These findings showed that Jcl:SD rats had higher intrinsic AO activity than Crl:CD rats did.However, febuxostat pretreatment substantially decreased the activity, as measured by the AUC ratio using allopurinol (100 mg/kg), to 46 and 63% in Crl:CD rats and Jcl:SD rats, respectively, compared to the control group without febuxostat pretreatment.ConclusionsWe elucidated the role of XO and AO in allopurinol metabolism in Crl:CD and Jcl:SD rats. Notably, AO can exert a proportionately greater impact on allopurinol metabolism at high allopurinol concentrations. AO’s impact on allopurinol metabolism is meaningful enough that individual differences in AO may explain allopurinol toxicity events. Considering the inter-individual differences in AO activity, these findings can aid to dose adjustment of allopurinol to avoid potential adverse effects.

Acute intoxication with single oral dose of ochratoxin A (OTA) causes leukopenia, heteropenia, lymphopenia and lymphoid depletion in the bursa of Fabricius in broiler chicks

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by species of Penicillium and Aspergillus, agricultural product contaminants. Chronic and sub-chronic OTA intoxication by chickens ingesting contaminated feed, leads to health damages due to its hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, cytotoxic, immunotoxic, gastrotoxic, and possibly carcinogenic effects. As there are few data on acute intoxication, the present study evaluated the effects of a single acute OTA intoxication dose on immunological and hematological parameters in chicks. Sixteen one-day-old chicks were used, separated into two groups (n=8). A single dose of OTA (1400 µg kg-1 body weight) was administered, via gavage, for the OTA group and one dose of sterile PBS for the control group. On the 13th day, blood samples were collected to assess hematological and biochemical parameters, and on the 14th day, euthanasia and collection of lymphoid organs were performed. The animals of the OTA group demonstrated a significant decrease in total circulating leukocytes (p<0.001) with heteropenia (p<0.001) and lymphopenia (p=0.023), decrease hematocrit (p=0.020), hemoglobin (p=0.032), and plasma IgA (p =0.044), and increased plasma uric acid level (p=0.045), in relation to the control group. In addition, the animals intoxicated with OTA showed depletion of lymphoid cells in the bursa of Fabricius (p=0.016), but not in the thymus or spleen (p>0.05), compared to the control. For the other parameters: total plasma proteins, plasma IgY levels, and anti-Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) vaccine titers from matrices, there were no significant differences between the analyzed groups (p>0.05), although there was a worsening tendency in contaminated animals. In conclusion, even a single acute OTA intoxication at a high dose, leads to the suppression of the systemic immune response, also affecting some hematological or biochemical parameters in chicks.

Uric Acid Induces a Proatherothrombotic Phenotype in Human Endothelial Cells by Imbalancing the Tissue Factor/Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Pathway.

Several evidence show that elevated plasma levels of uric acid (UA) are associated with the increased risk of developing atherothrombotic cardiovascular events. Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction (ED). ED is involved in the pathophysiology of atherothrombosis since dysfunctional cells lose their physiological, antithrombotic properties. We have investigated whether UA might promote ED by modulating the tissue factor (TF)/TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) balance by finally changing the antithrombotic characteristics of endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with increasing doses of UA (up to 9 mg/dL). TF gene and protein expressions were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot. Surface expression and procoagulant activity were assessed by FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) analysis and coagulation assay. The mRNA and protein levels of TFPI were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. The roles of inflammasome and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) as possible mechanism(s) of action of the UA on TF/TFPI balance were also investigated. UA significantly increased TF gene and protein levels, surface expression, and procoagulant activity. In parallel, TFPI levels were significantly reduced. The NF-κB pathways appeared to be involved in modulating these phenomena. Additionally, inflammasome might also play a role. The present in vitro study shows that one of the mechanisms by which high levels of UA contribute to ED might be the imbalance between TF/TFPI levels in endothelial cells, shifting them to a nonphysiological, prothrombotic phenotype. These UA effects might hypothetically explain, at least in part, the relationship observed between elevated plasma levels of UA and cardiovascular events.

Clinical features of chronic hepatitis B patients with lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The clinical features have been well described in obese chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, little is known about the clinical features of lean CHB-NAFLD patients. The study retrospectively included treatment-naïve CHB patients who underwent ultrasound between 2015 and 2021. Liver fibrosis was assessed by aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI), Fibrosis-4 score (FIB-4), NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), and transient elastography. Among 1226 CHB-NAFLD patients, 25.0% patients were lean. The age, gender, and platelet, alanine aminotransferase, AST, and albumin levels were comparable between lean CHB-NAFLD and nonlean patients. The levels of plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and uric acid, as well as proportions of concurrent hypertension and diabetes, were lower in lean patients. Lean patients presented higher hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels (3.4 log10 IU/ml vs. 3.2 log10 IU/ml, p=0.006), hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels (4.1 log10 IU/ml vs. 3.2 log10 IU/ml, p<0.001), and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive proportions (40.4% vs. 30.2%, p=0.002) than nonlean patients. The values of APRI, FIB-4, and liver stiffness were comparable between two groups. However, lean patients had lower NFS values (-3.0 vs. -2.6, p<0.001) and lower proportions (12.6% vs. 21.1%, p=0.003) of advanced fibrosis (NFS≥-1.5) than nonlean patients. Similar results were observed in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative subgroups. Nearly a quarter of CHB-NAFLD patients were lean. Lean patients had lower proportions of metabolic abnormalities and advanced liver fibrosis than nonlean patients. However, lean CHB-NAFLD patients had higher HBsAg levels, HBV DNA levels, and HBeAg-positive proportions. Registry and registration no. of the study/trial: Clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03097952.

Uric acid in advanced heart failure: relation to central haemodynamics and outcome

ObjectiveThe role of hyperuricaemia as a prognostic maker has been established in chronic heart failure (HF) but limited information on the association between plasma uric acid (UA) levels and central...

LBODP049 Clinical And Biochemical Markers In Early Pregnancy For Prediction Of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Background Early identification of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is pivotal to reduce feto-maternal complications associated with the disease. Current risk prediction models that are based on maternal clinical and biochemical parameters lack a strong predictive value. Objective To evaluate the early trimester maternal parameters for prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods In this prospective observational study, we screened 581 consecutive healthy women with singleton pregnancy for GDM during their first antenatal visit. After informed consent, fasting blood samples were collected and stored at -800C. GDM was diagnosed as per IADPSG criteria. During prospective follow up, total 55 patients developed GDM. A total of 110 age and BMI matched controls were recruited for comparison. In all women, we measured Oral Glucose Tolerance test (OGTT) with 75 gm anhydrous glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, hsCRP, uric acid and Lipid Profile. HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and QUICKI were used to evaluate insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. Results Significant higher proportion of subjects in GDM cohort had presence of acanthosis nigricans and positive family history of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in first degree relative. The GDM cohort had significantly higher median waist circumference, 2hr plasma glucose (2hr PPG), HbA1c, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, uric acid and serum triglyceride levels. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were as follows: HbA1c - 0.74 (95%CI: 0.661–0.819), Fasting Insulin - 0.748 (95%CI: 0.671–0.826), high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) - 0.689 (95%CI: 0.605 - 0.773) and Uric acid - 0.718 (95%CI: 0.635–0.802). Multiple regression analysis revealed HbA1c (OR 5.264; p=0. 007), 2hr PPG (OR 1. 026; p=0. 035), QUIKI (OR 1. 057; p=0. 016), uric acid (OR 1. 039; p=0. 013) and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio (OR 1.545; p=1. 008) to be independently associated with GDM outcome with combined area under the curve (AUC) of 0.850, a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 87.3%. Conclusions Fasting Insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, hsCRP and Uric acid levels are significantly increased in early pregnancy in individuals who develop GDM subsequently, compared to women who did not develop GDM. Hence utilization of these parameters may identify at risk group in routine clinical care and help in improving feto-maternal outcome. Presentation: No date and time listed

Uric acid effects on glutathione metabolism estimated by induction of glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione reductase and glutathione synthetase in mouse J744A.1 macrophage cell line.

Elevated plasma levels of uric acid (UA) are considered an independent risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, endothelial and vascular damage, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Even physiological concentrations of soluble UA have been proved to induce gene expression of macrophage-secreted inflammatory cytokines and stimulate production of reactive oxygen species in mature adipocytes. UA is also described as a powerful endogenous plasma antioxidant, which reveals a paradox of duality for this parameter.

Effect of Taraxacum officinale L. ethanol extract against kidney injuries induced by paracetamol in rats

Background/Aim: The biochemical effects of dandelion (D) ethanol extract on blood and renal tissue in rats induced by paracetamol (PRC) were examined in this study. Methods: In this study was utilized 36 Sprague Dawley male rats, aged 5 months. Rats were divided 6 groups of 6 rats each, randomly. Control group (C), D200 group, D250 group, PRC group, PRC+D200 group, PRC+D250 group, was given orally per os (p.o) in a single dosage (2 g/kg/b.w.) and dandelion extract (200-250 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally (i.p) for 8 days. Results PRC raised plasma levels of urea, uric acid, and creatinine, as well as malondialdehyde, nitrate, and nitrite in kidney tissue. Furthermore, antioxidant levels/activities in renal tissue were reduced. Dandelion reduced plasma levels of urea, uric acid, and creatinine, as well as lipid peroxidation, nitrat, and nitrit in kidney tissue, while simultaneously increasing antioxidant activities. Conclusion: In this study was investigated that dandelion ethanol extract can be used excellent protection against PRC damage.

Metabolomic Signature of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the major cause of end stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The subtle metabolic changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might precede the development of DKD by years. In this longitudinal study, CSF and plasma samples were collected from 28 patients with T2DM and 25 controls, during spinal anesthesia for elective surgery in 2017. These samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in 2017, and the results were correlated with current DKD in 2017, and the development of new-onset DKD, in 2021. Comparing patients with T2DM having new-onset DKD with those without DKD, revealed significantly increased CSF tryptophan and plasma uric acid levels, whereas phosphatidylcholine 36:4 was lower. The altered metabolites in the current DKD cases were uric acid and paraxanthine in the CSF and uric acid, L-acetylcarnitine, bilirubin, and phosphatidylethanolamine 38:4 in the plasma. These metabolic alterations suggest the defective mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and purine and phospholipid metabolism in patients with DKD. A correlation analysis found CSF uric acid had an independent positive association with the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. In conclusion, these identified CSF and plasma biomarkers of DKD in diabetic patients, might be valuable for monitoring the DKD progression.

Moderate hyperuricaemia ameliorated kidney damage in a low-renin model of experimental renal insufficiency.

Uric acid has promoted renal fibrosis and inflammation in experimental studies, but some studies have shown nephroprotective effects due to alleviated oxidative stress. We studied the influence of experimental hyperuricaemia in surgically 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Three weeks after subtotal nephrectomy or sham operation, the rats were allocated to control diet or 2.0% oxonic acid (uricase inhibitor) diet for 9 weeks. Then blood, urine and tissue samples were taken, and renal morphology and oxidative stress were examined. Inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Remnant kidney rats ingesting normal or oxonic acid diet presented with ~60% reduction of creatinine clearance and suppressed plasma renin activity. Oxonic acid diet increased plasma uric acid levels by >80 μmol/L. In remnant kidney rats, moderate hyperuricaemia decreased glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial damage and kidney mast cell count, without influencing the fibrosis marker collagen I messenger RNA (mRNA) content. In both sham-operated and 5/6 nephrectomized rats, the mast cell product 11-epi-prostaglandin-F2α excretion to the urine and kidney tissue cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels were decreased. To conclude, hyperuricaemic remnant kidney rats displayed improved kidney morphology and reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, moderately elevated plasma uric acid had beneficial effects on the kidney in this low-renin model of experimental renal insufficiency.

Cabergoline-Induced Hypoprolactinemia May Attenuate Cardiometabolic Effects of Atorvastatin: A Pilot Study

Introduction: Hypoprolactinemia, which is usually a consequence of treatment with inadequate high doses of dopaminergic agents, is a poorly understood clinical condition. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the cardiometabolic effects of statin therapy differ between patients with low prolactin production and patients with normal levels of this hormone. Methods: We studied two groups of cabergoline-treated premenopausal women with hypercholesterolemia matched for age, plasma lipids, cabergoline dose, and treatment duration: 11 women with hypoprolactinemia (group A) and 15 women with plasma levels of this hormone within the reference range (group B). The control group (C) included 25 dopaminergic-naïve normoprolactinemic women, matched for age and lipid levels. Plasma lipids, insulin sensitivity, and levels of uric acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, homocysteine, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured before and after 14-week treatment with atorvastatin (20 mg daily). Results: Patients with hypoprolactinemia were more insulin-resistant, had lower values of total testosterone and free androgen index, and had higher levels of hsCRP and fibrinogen than individuals with normal prolactin levels. Although atorvastatin reduced total and LDL cholesterol and hsCRP in all study groups, this effect was stronger in groups B and C than in group A. Only in groups B and C, the drug decreased uric acid, fibrinogen, and homocysteine and increased 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In turn, only in group A, atorvastatin worsened insulin sensitivity and reduced free androgen index. Conclusion: Coexisting hypoprolactinemia may have an unfavorable impact on the pleiotropic effects of statins.

Correlation between Glycated Haemoglobin Level, Cardiac Function, and Prognosis in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Combined with Myocardial Infarction.

Objective This study was to investigate the correlation between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, cardiac function, and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus combined with myocardial infarction. Methods Ninety-three patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with acute myocardial infarction who were hospitalized and treated in our hospital from January 2021 to June 2021 were recruited for prospective analysis and equally divided into group A (HbA1c < 6.5%), group B (6.5% ≤ HbA1c ≤ 8.5%), and group C (HbA1c > 8.5%) using the random number table method, with 31 patients in each group. General data of patients were collected on admission and blood glucose and cardiac function indexes were measured; the incidence of myocardial infarction and death during the follow-up period was recorded at 6 months after discharge. Results There was a significant difference in blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c levels at fasting between the three groups (P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in plasma levels of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and uric acid (UA), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and cardiac function classification of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) among the three groups (P < 0.05). By statistical analysis, the HbA1c level was positively correlated with FBG, NT-proBNP, UA, LVEDD, LVESD, and NYHA grades but negatively correlated with LVEF (P < 0.05). The incidence rate of myocardial infarction and mortality was significantly higher in group C than in groups A and B (P < 0.05). Conclusion HbA1c level in patients with diabetes mellitus combined with myocardial infarction is closely related to the degree of cardiac function damage. Glycated haemoglobin levels are associated with the development of cardiac insufficiency in patients with acute myocardial infarction; glycated haemoglobin is also an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events. Reasonable and effective blood glucose control is of great significance to the prognosis of patients.

Millettia ferruginea extract attenuates cisplatin-induced alterations in kidney functioning, DNA damage, oxidative stress, and renal tissue morphology

This study aimed to investigate the beneficial role of Millettia ferruginea extract (MF) in preventing cisplatin (Cisp) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. A total of 55 metabolites were identified using LC-MS analysis. The in vivo results indicated that MF pretreatment for 4 weeks (20 mg/kg b.w.) remarkably attenuated the altered renal biomarkers by decreasing the levels of plasma creatinine, urea, and uric acid when compared to the Cisp-group. The nephroprotective capacity of MF was further strengthened by histopathological observations, where Cisp + MF treated rats showed lower number of inflammatory cells and tubular degenerative changes than the Cisp-group. The harmful effects of cisplatin on renal oxidative stress indicators (MDA, SOD, CAT, and GPx), were restored by the treatment of MF. In addition, the reduction of inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α), associated with alleviating DNA fragmentation, highlighted the preventive effect of MF in kidney tissue. Additionally, MF components presented lower binding energies when docked into the active site of TNF-α and IL-6. The present findings concluded that M. ferruginea extract exhibited nephroprotective potential, which may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Further work is recommended to confirm the current results, explore the involved mechanism of action, and determine the therapeutic doses and time.

Resveratrol treatment modulates several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes expression and ameliorated oxidative stress mediated fibrosis in the kidneys of high-fat diet-fed rats

ObjectiveResveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study evaluated the effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress, fibrosis and multiple genes regulation in the kidneys of high fat (HF) diet-fed rats. MethodsWistar rats were fed with HF diet for eight weeks. These rats were also treated with resveratrol for eight weeks. Finally, kidney tissue samples were isolated from all sacrificed rats. The histological changes, creatinine and uric acid levels, oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels were analyzed. The antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels; gene expression of inflammatory and fibrosis-related genes namely, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), and collagen-1 were assessed. Moreover, gene expression of oxidative stress-related genes such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2(Nrf-2), SOD, catalase, and glutathione reductase, were also assessed. ResultsHF diet-fed rats showed increased creatinine and uric acid levels in plasma which were lowered by resveratrol treatment. The study findings also revealed that resveratrol counterbalanced the oxidative stress and prevented the expression of the inflammatory genes; restored the catalase and SOD activities followed by the up-regulation of antioxidant genes expression in the kidneys of HF diet-fed rats. HF diet caused the Nrf-2 down-regulation followed by the decreased expression of HO-1 and HO-2 genes, which was restored by resveratrol treatment. Moreover, the histological assessment showed lipotoxicity and increased fibrosis in the kidneys of HF diet-fed rats. Resveratrol prevented the kidney fibrosis probably by limiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and down-regulating TGF-β1 mediated signaling pathway. ConclusionIn conclusion, resveratrol treatment showed beneficial effects in preventing oxidative stress and fibrosis in the kidneys of HF diet-fed rats probably by modulating the gene expression of oxidative stress and inflammation related factors and enzymes.

CANAGLIFLOZIN IS MORE EFFECTIVE THAN PERINDOPRIL TO IMPROVE RENAL HYPERFILTRATION AND URINARY ALBUMIN EXCRETION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES PATIENTS

Objective: Introduction: Albumin urinary excretion and glomerular hyperfiltration is frequently found in diabetes and hypertension. Although converting enzyme inhibitors and iSGLT2 could stabilize renal function in long term trials, short information was available in comparative studies. Aims: To evaluate, in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) with arterial hypertension, the effects of either canagliflozin or perindopril on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and microalbuminuria, after 6 months treatment Design and method: Methods: 15 patients with T2DM (59 ± 4y; 10 females) received, on top of their treatment, canagliflozin 300 mg daily while other 15 T2DM patients (62 ± 4y, 8 females), received perindopril 10 mg daily. Laboratory parameters determined at baseline and after a 6-month continued treatment included: HbA1C, fasting blood glucose, GFR, 24hs microalbuminuria and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Results: Results: After 6 months under canagliflozin a decrease in HbA1C (from 8.1 ± 0.5 to 7.0 ± 0.4%; p &lt; 0.05), SUA (from 7.9 ± 1 to 6.7 ± 2mg%; p &lt; 0.05), microalbuminuria (from 90 ± 28 to 48 ± 14 mg/24 h; p &lt; 0.01), GFR (from 148 ± 6 to 131 ± 4 ml.min; p &lt; 0.01) and mean 24 h blood pressure (from 154 ± 6/96 ± 5 to 141 ± 3/86 ± 4mmHg; p &lt; 0.05). However, under perindopril a decrease was only observed on GFR (from 137 ± 4 to 123 ± 7 ml.min; p &lt; 0.01) microalbuminuria (from 88 ± 32 to 70 ± 27 mg/24hs; p &lt; 0.05) and 24 h blood pressure (from 152 ± 7/98 ± 7 to 139 ± 6/84 ± 5mmHg; p &lt; 0.05). Perindopril failed to change SUA or Hb A1C. Conclusions: Conclusions: Compared to perindopril, canagliflozin seems to be more effective in improving renal function by involving additional mechanisms including amelioration of glycemia and uric acid plasma levels.

Metabolic accompaniment of urina lithogenicity in female rats

Background. We have previously discovered connections between the lithogenicity index of urine and a number of components of its composition. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the urine lithogenicity index and a number of metabolic components of plasma. Materials and Methods. Experiment was performed on 60 healthy old female Wistar rats 220-300 g. Ten animals remained intact, using daily water from drinking ad libitum. Other animals for 6 days were loaded through the tube with daily and various mineral waters at a dose of 1,5 mL/100 g of body mass. The day after the completion of the drinking course collected daily urine and estimate its lithogenicity. We determined plasma levels of electrolytes, nitric metabolites, glucose, amylase, cholesterol and lipids peroxidation parameters. Results. The lithogenicity of urine is upregulated by the plasma level of uric acid, bilirubin, potassium, malondialdehyde and catalase, but it is downregulated by calciumemia. The rate of determination of lithogenicity is 45,7%. Conclusion. Both lithogenic and litholytic factors are present in the plasma. This gives grounds for finding ways to correct lithogenicity.

Evaluation of Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean Meal Products Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum FPS 2520 and Bacillus subtilis N1 in Rats Fed with High-Fat Diet.

The hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Lactobacillus plantarum FPS 2520 and/or Bacillus subtilis N1 fermented soybean meal (SBM) in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were investigated by assessing plasma glucose levels, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress-induced organ damage. Supplementation with FPS 2520- and/or N1-fermented SBM (500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight per day) to HFD-induced obese rats for 6 weeks significantly down-regulated the concentration of plasma glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), as well as the concentration of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and the value of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). In addition, plasma and hepatic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were alleviated in rats fed fermented SBM, especially SBM fermented by mixed strains. Moreover, fermented SBM treatment reduced HFD-exacerbated increases in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and uric acid levels. Based on these results, we clearly demonstrate the effect of fermented SBM on improving insulin resistance and oxidation-induced organ damage. Therefore, it is suggested that fermented SBM has the potential to be developed as functional foods for the management of obesity-induced hyperglycemia and organ damage.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Abnormal Carotid Artery in Young Adults without Overt Cardiovascular Disease.

ObjectiveThe current study was to evaluate the prevalence of increased carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (IMT) and carotid plaque in young individuals and factors associated with increased IMT and carotid plaque were also assessed.MethodsIndividuals between 18 and 44 years old who underwent an annual health examination and without cardiovascular disease were included. The value of IMT ≥0.1 cm was defined as increased IMT and IMT ≥0.15 cm was defined as carotid plaque. Based on the IMT, participants were divided into normal and abnormal groups.ResultsA total of 551 individuals were included and the mean age was 38.9 years old, with women accounting for 32.5% (n=179) and 238 (43.2%) individuals with abnormal IMT. Those with abnormal IMT was older, more likely to be male and smoking, had higher blood pressure (BP) and body mass index (BMI). Individuals with abnormal MIT also had worse lipid profiles, higher serum levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c, homocysteine, and uric acid. Age, male sex, elevated systolic and diastolic BP, BMI, HbA1c, FPG, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, homocysteine, and uric acid were positively correlated with IMT, while HDL-C was negatively correlated with IMT. Factors associated with increased IMT and carotid plaque included age, male sex, BMI, triglyceride, LDL-C, homocysteine, uric acid, and smoking.ConclusionAmong apparent healthy young individuals, the prevalence of increased IMT was high and there were several factors associated with increased IMT. Further studies are needed to evaluate how to be better in preventing the development of subclinical atherosclerosis among young individuals.