Total Plasma Protein Research Articles

A Rare Case Report of Intrabdominal Fibrosarcoma in a German Shepherd Dog

The purpose of this study is to present an intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma in a canine and its histopathological findings. An eight years old female german shepherd was brought to department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, LUVAS, Hisar. The dog was anorectic with dull and depressed condition. Physical examination showed pale mucous membranes and distended abdomen. There was decrease in haemoglobin progressively. On Palpation of the abdomen a painless mass of hard consistency and irregular surface was felt. Serum biochemical abnormalities included increased SGOT, SGPT and alkaline phosphatise but plasma total protein, globulin and albumin was within normal range. The case was diagnosed with the help of radiography and ultrasonography. Thus, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, identifying a multinodular mass in the omentum and mesentery attached to a portion of the stomach and small intestine. An eight kilogram firm mass with irregular surface and great vascularisation was excised. On histopathology, the tumourous mass was found to be fibrosarcoma characterized by spindle shaped neoplastic cells arranged in interwoven pattern and presence of mitotic figures.

Serial paired arterial and jugular venous point-of-care values in dogs undergoing manual basic life support.

To evaluate differences in point-of-care (POC) variables obtained from arterial and jugular venous blood in dogs undergoing manual basic life support (BLS) and report changes over time. Experimental study. Small animal research facility. Twenty-four purpose-bred research dogs. Dogs were anesthetized, and arterial catheters were placed before euthanasia. One minute after cardiopulmonary arrest, BLS consisting of manual chest compressions and ventilation delivered via endotracheal intubation, face mask, mouth-to-nose, or no ventilation was initiated. Paired arterial and jugular venous blood samples were obtained for POC testing before euthanasia (T0), at 3minutes (T3), and at 6minutes (T6) into BLS. The association of POC variables with arterial or venous sample type while controlling for type of ventilation and sampling timepoint was determined using a generalized linear mixed model. Variables obtained from arterial and venous blood samples were compared over time using repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman test. Pao2, anion gap, potassium, chloride, glucose concentration, and PCV were significantly higher in arterial blood samples compared with venous samples (P<0.03). By T6, arterial glucose concentration, arterial and venous base excess, venous pH, and plasma lactate, potassium, creatinine, bicarbonate, and sodium concentrations were significantly increased, and arterial and venous Po2, ionized calcium concentration, PCV, and total plasma protein concentration were significantly decreased from T0 (P<0.05). Although statistically significant, arteriovenous differences and changes in POC blood variables during BLS were small and not clinically relevant over time. Given the challenges of arterial blood sampling, it may be reasonable to pursue venous blood sampling during CPR. Further studies in dogs undergoing BLS and advanced life support are needed to better understand the potential clinical role of POC testing during CPR.

Assimilation of feed nutrients by Pietren breed pigs depending on their sex

Each breed and type of pig is characterized by its unique complex of biological properties. In addition, pigs of different sexes realize their genetic potential to a different extent. Therefore, research aimed at optimizing the feeding rations of different sex-age groups in pigs of meat genotypes, namely the Pietren breed, depending on their sex, is relevant. Objective. To determine the efficiency of assimilation offeed nutrients by pigs of the Pietren breed, depending on their gender. Methods. The research was conducted in the conditions of the physiological yard of the Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP of the NAAS on 12 pigs with an average weight of 65 kg, namely 6 boars and 6 gilts, which were divided into two groups. Selected average samples of feed and excrement were studied in the laboratory offeeding, physiology and animal health of Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP NAAS. The biochemical composition of the blood of experimental young pigs was investigated using commercial kits from the company "Filisit Diagnostics" Ukraine. Results. It was established that the coefficients of digestibility of nutrients offeed for Pietren pigs do not significantly depend on their gender. However, there is a tendency for 3.05 % better digestibility of mineral substances in piglets. Piglets have better digestibility o f fiber and crude protein, respectively, by 19.20 % and 2.65 %. The average daily balance of Nitrogen and Magnesium did not differ significantly. As for the average daily balance of Calcium and Phosphorus, the excretion of these elements with feces and urine in boars was somewhat less, and it was retained in the body, accordingly, slightly more, but due to the rather significant variability of the indicators, no probable difference between the groups was detected. It was found that the content of Calcium, probably by 17.87 % (р&lt;0.05), and Phosphorus by 9.7%, was higher in the blood of guinea pigs. The content of total protein in the blood plasma of wild boars was probably (p&lt;0.05) higher by 12.5 %, creatinine was probably (p&lt;0.05) higher by 10.44 %, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was probably (p&lt;0.05) higher by 10.34 %. Conclusions. It was established that the coefficients of digestibility of nutrients offeedfor Pietren pigs do not significantly depend on their gender. However, the analysis of hematological indicators of blood can indicate a higher level of metabolism in boars. Keywords: guinea pigs, pigs, Pietren breed, digestibility coefficient, nutrients, sex, feed, hematological indicators.

Dietary supplementation with copper nanoparticles enhances broiler performance by improving growth, immunity, digestive enzymes, and gut microbiota

The aim of this work is to measure the influence of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on growth performance, carcass traits, renal and hepatic indices, immunity, lipid profile, antioxidant status, blood minerals, digestive enzymes, and cecal microbiota in broilers. 300 unsexed one-week-old Arbor Acre broiler chicks in total were randomly assigned into 5 treatment groups of 60 chicks per eachwhich were divided into 5 replicates of 12 chicks. The 1st group (G1) was given basal diet (only); the 2nd group (G2), the 3rd group (G3), the 4th group (G4) and the 5th group (G5) were given basal diet treated with CuNPs at a rate of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg diet, respectively. The result revealed a significant improvement (P < 0.01) in performance paramters where the best values of body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were achieved at 15 mg/kg diet (CuNPs). Moreover, CuNPs supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) improved carcass traits specially carcass, dressing, giblets, and liver percentage, particularly at 15 mg/kg diet which revealed the best results. Furthermore, CuNPs supplementation at all tested levels increased the immune organ's weight (spleen and thymus). Plasma total protein and globulin were increased with CuNPs supplementation at levels 10 to 20 mg/kg diet. CuNPs supplementation (10-20 mg/kg diet) significantly improved liver and renal function by lowering the levels of AST, creatinine and uric acid. Moreover, CuNPs supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) improved lipid profile indicated by decreased the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as malondialdehyde (MDA). CuNP supplementation significantly improved broiler immunity indicated by increased IgA, IgM, complement (C3) and lysozyme, where CuNPs at 15 and 20 mg/kg diet revealed the best results. CuNPs supplementation increased reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as increased blood minerals (Cu, Fe, P, and Ca). Also, the digestive enzymes of broiler chicks treated with CuNPs significantly increased (P < 0.05), such as lipase, protease, and amylase enzymes. The findings revealed a significant elevation in total bacterial count (TBC) and lactic acid bacteria and significantly decreased total yeast and mold count (TYMC), E. coli, Salmonella and Coliform. In conclusion, CuNPs supplementation significantly improves performance, carcass yield, renal and hepatic indices, lipid profile, immunity, antioxidants, blood minerals, digestive enzymes, and cecal microbiota of broiler chicks.

Effect of Early Enteral Nutrition Combined with Probiotics on the Nutritional Status of Patients with Severe Craniocerebral Injury

Objective: To observe the effect of early enteral nutrition combined with probiotics on the nutritional status of patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods: Thirty-five patients with severe craniocerebral injury were divided into the study group (17 patients) and the control group (18 patients) according to the method of a randomized numerical table; both groups of patients started enteral nutrition via nasogastric tube within 24–48 hours after admission to the hospital, and probiotics were given in addition to the study group. Hemoglobin, total plasma protein, albumin, prealbumin, cholinesterase, fasting blood glucose, and other indexes were monitored before and early morning after enteral nutrition support, and upper arm circumference (AC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), and upper arm muscle circumference (AMC) were measured, and gastrointestinal response and time to first defecation of the patients were observed and compared with GCS score. Results: The hemoglobin, serum albumin, prealbumin, cholinesterase, and total plasma protein levels in the study group were significantly higher and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower than those in the control group after treatment (P &lt; 0.05). The incidence of reflux and constipation in the study group was lower than that in the control group, and the time to first defecation was shorter than that in the control group (P &lt; 0.05). After treatment, AC, TSF, and AMC were higher in the study group than in the control group (P &lt; 0.05). GCS scores were significantly higher in both groups after treatment, but the trend was more pronounced in the study group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with simple enteral nutrition, enteral nutrition combined with probiotics can better correct metabolic disorders after heavy craniocerebral injury and improve the nutritional status of patients.

Subclinical hypocalcemia in primiparous lacaune ewes

Peripartum in sheep is a critical period of high nutritional demand, as the animal's body undergoes several physiological changes due to the high energy expenditure for the development of one or more fetuses and for maintenance, and metabolic disturbances can occur. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of subclinical hypocalcemia in the pre-partum period on the metabolism of primiparous Lacaune ewes in the peripartum period. Thirteen primiparous Lacaune ewes with an average body weight of 73.54 ± 10.70 kg, an average body score of 3.12 ± 0.42 and an average age of 0.85 ± 0.55 pairs of teeth were used. Blood samples and body condition score evaluations were taken from the ewes on days -14, -9 and -4 days before they were due to give birth and on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after giving birth. The ewes' serum was analyzed for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxy butyrate (BHB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), albumin (ALB), total plasma proteins (PPT) and urea. The animals were categorized according to their average prepartum Ca levels into the normocalcemic group (NC ≥ 9.41) and subclinical hypocalcemia (HC &lt; 9.41 mg/dl). The data was analyzed using SAS software. The number of lambs at birth did not influence serum calcium levels in primiparous ewes (P= 0.4687). There was an interaction between group and collection on calcium (P=0.0166) and magnesium (P=0.0428) levels. The highest level of magnesium was observed in the normocalcemic group at collection -14, while the lowest level of calcium was observed in the hypocalcemic group at collection -14. There was a collection effect on body condition score (BCS), NEFA, BHB, AST and GGT (P&lt;0.05). The lowest BCS (P = 0.0300) and the highest levels of NEFA (P = 0.0143) and BHBA (P = 0.0316) were observed on day 14 after calving. Higher levels of AST and GGT were observed in the postpartum period (P&lt;0.05). The number of lambs at birth does not influence calcemia, and negative energy balance is more pronounced after birth in primiparous Lacaune ewes.

The CryoEM structure of human serum albumin in complex with ligands

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most prevalent plasma protein in the human body, accounting for 60 % of the total plasma protein. HSA plays a major pharmacokinetic function, serving as a facilitator in the distribution of endobiotics and xenobiotics within the organism. In this paper we report the cryoEM structures of HSA in the apo form and in complex with two ligands (salicylic acid and teniposide) at a resolution of 3.5, 3.7 and 3.4 Å, respectively. We expand upon previously published work and further demonstrate that sub-4 Å maps of ∼60 kDa proteins can be routinely obtained using a 200 kV microscope, employing standard workflows. Most importantly, these maps allowed for the identification of small molecule ligands, emphasizing the practical applicability of this methodology and providing a starting point for subsequent computational modeling and in silico optimization.

Hematological and plasma profiles and ticks and tick-borne pathogens in wild Formosan black bears (Ursus thibetanus formosanus)

BackgroundThe endangered Formosan black bear (Ursus thibetanus formosanus) is the largest native carnivorous mammal in Taiwan. Diseases, poor management, illegal hunting, and habitat destruction are serious threats to the survival of bear populations. However, studies on the impact of diseases on bear populations are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a database of the hematological and plasma profiles of free-ranging Formosan black bears and investigate the occurrence of ectoparasites, blood parasites, and vector-borne pathogens.MethodsFormosan black bears were captured in Yushan National Park (YNP) and Daxueshan Forest Recreation Area (DSY) in Taiwan. Blood samples were collected from each bear for hematological analysis and plasma biochemistry using a hematology analyzer. Parasites and pathogens were detected using a thin blood smear with Wright–Giemsa staining and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Additionally, macroscopic ectoparasites were collected from bears to detect blood parasites and other pathogens. Moreover, the relationships between the bear variables (sex, age, and occurrence of parasites or pathogens), ectoparasites, and infectious agents were also analyzed.ResultsIn all, 21 wild bears (14 in YNP and 7 in DSY) were captured and released during the satellite tracking studies. Hematological analysis and plasma biochemistry indicated significant differences in white blood cells (WBC), segments, creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels between foot snare and culvert-captured bears. Additionally, there were significant differences in total plasma protein (TPP), creatinine, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ levels between male and female bears. Moreover, pathogen-infected bears had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR; 30 min and 1 h) and globulin levels than uninfected bears. In total, 240 ticks were collected from 13 bears, among which eight adult tick species were identified, including Haemaphysalis flava, Haemaphysalis hystricis, Amblyomma testudinarium, Ixodes ovatus, Dermacentor taiwanensis, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes acutitarsus, Amblyomma javanense, and nymphs belonging to Haemaphysalis spp. PCR revealed that 13 (61.90%) and 8 (38.10%) bears harbored Hepatozoon ursi and Babesia DNA, respectively. Among the ticks examined, 157 (65.41%) and 128 (53.33%) samples were positive for H. ursi and Babesia, respectively.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a database of the hematological and plasma profiles of wild Formosan black bears and investigate ectoparasite infestation and Hepatozoon and Babesia spp. infection. In conclusion, these findings may serve as a reference for monitoring the health and population of locally endangered bears.Graphical

Impact of transport conditions and underlying disease on post-stocking survival of juvenile Lates calcarifer.

Diseases caused by pathogens commonly occurring in the aquatic environment or those that are non-host specific are prevalent and threaten the rapid growth of tropical aquaculture. This study investigates causes of mortality in 12 batches of newly stocked juvenile Lates calcarifer from three different hatcheries. Cytology based on Diff-Quik™-stained tissue and blood smears provides rapid diagnosis of possible causes of mortality, while histopathology and haematology provide a better understanding of how prolonged transport and fish with existing chronic disease are more likely to experience elevated mortality post-stocking. Our findings showed that accumulation of ammonia during prolonged transport causes extensive damage to epithelial barriers in gastrointestinal tracts and depressed immunity due to marked hypoglycaemia, predisposing fish to acute Streptococcosis. Lates calcarifer with chronic bacterial enteritis developed severe hypoglycaemia, had low circulating total plasma protein, and suffered high mortality within 24 hours post-stocking. Hypoglycaemia and low circulating blood proteins disrupt osmoregulation and exacerbate dehydration, which is fatal in fish in sea water. Dying L. calcarifer tested PCR positive for scale drop disease virus (SDDV) at 28 days post-stocking showed a 10-fold elevation of white blood cell counts, severe vasculitis, and obstruction of blood supply to major organs. Destruction of important immune organs such as spleen is a hallmark of SDDV infection that explains high incidences of opportunistic Vibrio harveyi infections in 61% of fish with SDDV. Overall, this study reiterates the importance of stocking disease-free fish and reducing transport stress.

Toxic effects of antibiotic oxytetracycline in the fish, Cyprinus carpio using a multi-biomarker approach

Aim: The present study was designed to assess the toxic effect of oxytetracycline in the fish Cyprinus carpio using multi-biomarker approach following acute exposure. Methodology: The fish were exposed to sub-lethal concentration (80 mg l-1) of oxytetracycline for 96 hrs. Blood samples were collected 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs after treatment. Biomarkers such as genotoxicity, biochemical parameters and alteration of the morphology of scales were used to assess the health status of fish after exposure to oxytetracycline. Genotoxicity was assessed using blood cell micronucleus assay. Results: Significant alterations in the nucleus and cytoplasm were noticed such as the aberrant nucleus and vacuolated cytoplasm which were time dependent in the treatment group compared to the control. Biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, total plasma protein, aspartate transaminase and creatinine levels were significantly altered in the oxytetracycline exposed groups. The examination of body scales of treated fish revealed significant alterations such as uprooted and damaged lepidonts and dispersed chromatophores. Interpretation: The data of the present study indicates that oxytetracycline is toxic to fish at sub-lethal concentration. Key words: Antibiotics, Biomarkers, Cyprinus carpio, Genotoxicity, Oxytetracycline, Scale

Influence of Pre-treatment of Withania somnifera Root Extract and Cow Urine on Hemato-biochemical Parameters in Acetaminophen-induced Toxicity in Swiss Albino Male Mice

Background: The present study was undertaken to investigate protective activity of W. somnifera root extract (W.S.R.E.), cow urine (C.U.) and their combination against acetaminophen (APAP) induced toxicity in male mice. APAP also known as paracetamol, is a well-known drug used for its analgesic and antipyretic effects. However, outside of the therapeutic window, the toxicity may result. W.S. and C.U. are from indigenous sources of plant and animal origins, respectively with several therapeutic activities. Methods: Sixty adult swiss albino male mice were randomly divided into six groups, comprising of ten mice in each group. Group I (control group) received 2% gum acacia suspension for 14 days orally and on day 14, 0.9% NaCl (@300 mg/kg b.wt.) intraperitoneally was administered after 30 min of prior treatment of various agents. Group II, III, IV, V and VI received 2% gum acacia, silymarin (@25 mg/kg b.wt.), W.S.R.E. (@100 mg/kg b.wt.), C.U. (@7.8 mL/kg b.wt.) and W.S.R.E. (@100 mg/kg b.wt.) and C.U. (@7.8 mL/kg b.wt.) co-treatment orally for 14 days and on day 14, APAP (@300 mg/kg b.wt.) intraperitoneally was administered after 30 min of prior treatment of various agents as mentioned. On 15th day, the animals were sacrificed and samples were collected to study various hematobiochemical and growth related parameters. Result: The treatment of acetaminophen caused significant decrease in haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count whereas increase in total leucocyte and prothrombine time. There were significant (p£0.05) decreases in plasma total protein, albumin and globulin values in group II (APAP), as compared to control (group I). Treatment with W.S. +C.U attenuates these alterations. W.S.R.E., C.U. and their combination pre-treatment mildly restored the changes to normal observed following APAP exposure in mice. However, the results of co-treatment group were more pronounced as compared to individual treatment groups. Thus, it was concluded that treatment with W.S.R.E. and C.U. curtailed the toxic effect of APAP, however, co-administration of both potentiated the protective effect.

#655 Warm meal after a haemodialysis session saves the day (and lives?)

Abstract Background and Aims The haemodialysis (HD) process leads to chronic nutrient deficiency, particularly of proteins and amino acids. About 6-12 grams of amino acids loss and 7-8 grams of protein loss occurring during each dialysis session may contribute to hypoalbuminemia, a strong predictor of malnutrition and mortality [1]. Optimal dietary protein intake (DPI) may replenish low plasma amino acids, but DPI inadequacy is a common issue in HD patients, as well as malnutrition due to comorbidities. COVID-19 has made dramatic changes in dialysis centers’ procedures, including the transition from warm meals to cold sandwiches for patients to eat after the session. After the end of COVID-19 pandemic warm meals (meat dish included) were reintroduced. Our aim was to quantify the effect of one to three warm meals per week after the HD session (depending on the regime) on the patients’ protein status. Method Data of 68 patients (24 females and 44 males) on chronic HD were collected after signing the ICF consisting of total protein and albumin values measured two months apart. The first measurement was done while patients were on the long-term sandwich diet after every HD session. The second measurement was done 45 days after the warm meal diet was initiated after every session. Serum total protein and serum albumin were measured, with normal intervals for total serum protein and albumin being 66–81 g/L and 45–51 g/L respectively. The values were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The average albumin value with dry food was 35.9 g/L and for total protein 63.6 g/L, with just 6 patients having normal albumin levels (8.8%) and 21 patients having normal total protein levels (30.9%). The average albumin value after 45 days of HD with warm meals was 39.8 g/L and 66.6 g/L for total protein, with 28 patients having normal albumin levels (41.2%) and 36 patients having normal total protein levels (52.9%). This marks an increase of 4.7% in average value of total protein (3 g/L) and statistically significant increase in albumin value of 10.8% (3.9 g/L, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Greater number of patients had normal total protein and albumin values (4.7 times more patients had a normal albumin level after the initiation of warm meals, and 1.7 times more patients had normal total protein levels). There is a difference regarding male and female patients with a greater impact on males. Male patients had an average total proteins value increase of 5.3% (3.37 g/L) while female patients had 3.5% (2.29 g/L). There was a statistically significant increase in albumin value both for male (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and female patients (p = 0.002). In male patients the average increase was 12% (4.33 g/L), while in female patients it was 8.5% (3.04 g/L). After the introduction of warm meals, 50% of male patients had normal albumin values (vs. 9% before), while 25% of female patients reached normal albumin values (vs. 8.3% before). Conclusion Patients on chronic HD suffer from malnutrition which could lead to significantly higher mortality. Adequate nutrition is crucial for their wellbeing. This study has shown that having a warm meal (protein based) can lead to an increase of total plasma protein and albumin with a higher impact on male patients. In this way we could increase DPI of HD patients, reduce the chance of malnutrition and reduce the cardiovascular risk and mortality.

Subclinical mastitis in Jersey dairy cows and its effects on productivity and inflammatory markers

This study assessed the effect of subclinical mastitis on the productivity and inflammatory markers in Jersey dairy cows. Blood, milk, and milk yield data were collected from 59 Jersey dairy cows reared under a semi-extensive system. Milk samples were collected from individual collectors and evaluated for their somatic cell count (SCC), lactose (Lact), protein, fat, total and defatted dry extracts (DDE), casein, freezing point, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) levels. After milking, blood was collected by puncturing the coccygeal arteriovenous complex. In the serum samples, the inflammatory biomarkers paraoxonase-1, albumin, and total plasma protein levels were analyzed using colorimetric methods. Samples of the entire diet provided and pastures were submitted for bromatological analysis. Additionally, the body condition score, number of lactations, milk yield, days of lactation, calving interval, number of inseminations until conception, calving-conception interval, and days of pregnancy were analyzed. The cows were categorized based on their SCC into a subclinical mastitis group (SubG), with SCC levels greater than or equal to 200,000 cells/mL, and a control group (CG), with SCC levels below 200,000 cells/mL. Blood metabolic variables, milk quality, and milk production data were analyzed using multivariate regression, analysis of variance, and logistic regression using the SAS® program. The multivariate regression analysis revealed that several markers, such as Lact, total protein, and casein, influenced milk composition, predicting over 97% of the data. The SubG showed lower concentrations of Lact (4.37 vs. 4.47%; P = 0.0002), MUN (20.55 vs. 23.85 mg/dL; P = 0.02), and DDE (9.24 vs. 9.50%; P = 0.02) compared with the CG; moreover, animals in the SubG had a higher number of lactations compared with those in the CG (4.30 vs. 2.69; P = 0.0039). Cows with a Lact content lower than 4.265% (quartile 25%), compared with those with Lact content greater than 4.565% (quartile 100%), were 52 times more likely to have subclinical mastitis. Jersey dairy cows with subclinical mastitis have lower Lact, urea, and defatted dry extract levels in their milk as well as a higher number of lactations. Therefore, Lact levels in milk serve as a good diagnostic marker of subclinical mastitis in Jersey cows. Subclinical mastitis in Jersey dairy cows did not decrease milk yield nor effect reproductive performance.

Dynamic responses of blood metabolites to nutrient depletion and repletion in broiler chicken nutrition

A total of 720 male Cobb 500 broiler chicks were used in a 5 treatment and 8 replicate experiment to explore dynamic changes in blood metabolites in response to short-term nutrient depletion and repletion. Day old chicks were offered a corn and soybean meal-based common starter diet from d1 to 14 that was formulated to meet all nutrient requirements of the birds. From d15 to 17, the experimental diets were offered, before returning all groups to a common diet from d18 to 20, at which point the experiment was terminated. A total of 5 experimental diets were designed. A standard grower diet served as a control and was offered to 1 of the 5 groups of chicks. The additional 4 experimental groups comprised diets that were low in digestible phosphorus (P), total calcium (Ca), crude protein and digestible amino acids (AA) or apparent metabolizable energy (AME). The common grower diet that was offered from d18-20 was designed to be nutritionally complete and was intended to explore dynamic response to nutrient repletion. Blood was drawn from 8 chicks per treatment at time 0 (immediately prior to introduction of the experimental diets) and then again 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48h after introduction of the nutrient depleted diets. Additionally, blood was drawn 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48h after the introduction of the nutritionally complete common grower diet. Chicks were not sampled more than once. Feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were assessed on d14, 17, and 20. Blood metabolites were analyzed using the iSTAT Alinity V handheld blood analyzer, the Vetscan VS2 Chemistry Analyzer and the iCheck Carotene Photometer. Live performance metrics were not affected by the short-term nutrient depletion and all chicks grew normally throughout the experiment. The diet with low digestible P generated a rapid temporary decrease in plasma P and an increase in plasma Ca, that were returned to baseline following the re-introduction of the common grower feed. Introduction of the diet with low total Ca resulted in a significant increase in plasma P, effects which were also mitigated during the nutrient repletion phase. Total plasma protein, albumin and uric acid (UA) were decreased, and plasma glucose increased, in the chicks that received the diet with low crude protein and digestible AA. There was a delayed increase in aspartate amino transaminase (AST) associated with the diets with low digestible P and low AME. These results demonstrate the capacity of blood biochemistry to adapt to quantitative and qualitative changes in nutrient intake. Point-of-care analysis of blood biomarkers offers nutritionists a valuable opportunity to calibrate nutritional matrices for common dietary ingredients, zootechnical feed additives and to optimize diet phase changes. It can be concluded that many blood biomarkers are plastic to changes in diet nutrient density and offer an objective index for optimization of nutritional programs for commercial broiler production.

Effect of a garlic drench on Galectin gene expression in ovine whole blood

Garlic, known for its immune-modulating and antibiotic properties, contains lectins that possess antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects. Galectins (Gals), which bind β-galactosides, play a role in modulating immunity and pathological processes. It is hypothesized that garlic’s lectin components interfere with animal lectins. St. Croix sheep, known for their resistance to parasites and adaptability, are influenced by dietary supplements for innate immunity. This study evaluated the impact of garlic drench on Galectin gene expression in St. Croix sheep. Adult non-lactating ewes received either garlic juice concentrate or sterile distilled water for four weeks. Blood samples were collected, and plasma and whole blood cells were separated. Galectin secretion was assessed using a Sheep-specific ELISA, while Galectin gene transcription was analyzed through real-time PCR. Garlic administration upregulated LGALS-3 gene expression and significantly increased total plasma protein concentration. Garlic supplementation also affected Galectin secretion, with Gal-1, Gal-3, and Gal-9 showing differential effects.

Use of Bacillus subtilis multiplicate in the water used for biofloc formation: Growth, hemato-biochemistry, intestinal bacteria colonies, and bacterial resistance evaluations of Nile tilapia

Probiotics in the biofloc technology (BFT) system improve fish growth and immune response and promote a favorable intestinal microbiota balance. This study aimed to investigate the growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, bacterial resistance, and the number of intestinal bacteria colonies of Nile tilapia (6.23 g) reared in the BFT system with graded levels of Bacillus subtilis multiplicate (BSM) in the water. The multiplication of these microorganisms was performed in a biofactory. Fish were distributed into four different groups with graded BSM concentrations in the water of 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75% (or 0; 750; 1500; and 2250 mL; called BSM0 (control), BSM25, BSM50, and BSM75, respectively). The experimental procedure had 45 days for growth performance evaluations and seven additional days of bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental design was randomized into four treatments in triplicate (n = 20 fish per tank; initial stocking density of 0.50 kg m−3). Survival was 100% before and after the bacterial challenge. Increasing BSM in the BFT system had a positive linear effect on nitrite, nitrate, settled solids, hemoglobin, and hematimetric indices. BSM50 showed the highest specific growth rate, weight gain, intestinal total bacteria, and B. subtilis counts and the lowest feed conversion rate. In BSM50 and BSM75, liver glycogen levels and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were higher and lower, respectively, than in the other treatments. Plasma total cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, and skin mucus total proteins and albumin were highest in BSM25. After the bacterial challenge, the number of lesions was lower in BSM75 than in the control group. In conclusion, we recommended BSM50 because it increased the growth performance and bacterial colonization in the intestine. It also decreased liver AST activity in Nile tilapia reared in the BFT system without compromising water quality and hematological and plasmatic parameters.

Coronary microvascular dysfunction in postmenopausal minipigs with multiple risk factors

Coronary microvascular angina occurs in both men and women, however, the majority of patients are postmenopausal women with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dyslipidemia. No treatment is available for coronary microvascular dysfunction, requiring more in depth knowledge on the mechanisms underlying this syndrome in this expanding group of patients. Here we studied microvascular function in vivo and and in vitro in isolated small coronary arteries, in postmenopausal miniswine with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. DM (streptozotocin), hypercholesterolemia (HC, high fat, high sugar diet), CKD (renal artery embolization) and menopause (OVX) were induced in 5 adult female minipigs (1.5-2 years old, ±40kg, DM+HC+CKD+OVX) for 6 months, while 11 healthy female minipigs matched for age and weight, on normal pig chow served as controls (Control). At sacrifice, coronary flow reserve (CFR) in response to intracoronary infusion of adenosine was measured under anesthesia, and endothelium-dependent response to bradykinin in the presence and absence of eNOS blockade with LNAME, were studied in vitro in isolated small coronary arteries. 6 months of sustained hyperglycemia (17.5±1.0 in in DM+HC+CKD+OVX vs 8.2±0.9 mmol/l in Control), hypercholesterolemia (15.4±2.0 vs 1.7±0.1 mmol/l) and renal dysfunction (plasma total protein: 84±3 vs 72±1 g/l) were accompanied by systemic inflammation (TNFalpha: 62±7 vs 47±1 pg/ml, all p&lt;0.05 by t-test). Coronary flow reserve was significantly reduced in animals with multiple risk factors (3.4±0.4 in DM+HC+CKD+OVX) as compared to the healthy animals (4.9±0.3 in Control, p&lt;0.05). In vitro, coronary small arteries from DM+HC+CKD+OVX animals showed impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation to bradykinin, which was mediated by a loss of nitric oxide. Conclusion: Postmenopausal minipigs with multiple risk factors, displayed severe coronary microvascular dysfunction as evidenced by a significantly reduced coronary flow reserve and endothelial dysfunction. The latter was characterized by a marked loss of nitric oxide. Such perturbations may contribute to reduced myocardial perfusion that is often observed in postmenopausal women with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Funding: Grant 2020B008 RECONNEXT. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Hemoconcentration differs in neonatal dairy calves: considerations for assessment of transfer of passive immunity

Assessing transfer of passive immunity (TPI) is a critical management strategy to evaluate colostrum management and feeding; however, variability in hemoconcentration or serum or plasma volume in calves might influence TPI assessment. The objectives of this study were to 1) describe the variability in hemoconcentration as well as TPI in Holstein calves in New York State and 2) describe the effect of adjusting total protein (TP) for the degree of hemoconcentration by applying a sample average proportion of plasma in blood (PP) on TPI assessment. Records of TP and PP from 703 1 to 9 d of age Holstein calves from 19 commercial dairy farms were analyzed. The PP was determined by centrifugation of microhematocrit tubes and serum, and plasma TP was determined by digital refractometry. Transfer of passive immunity was categorized using unadjusted TP (uTP) as excellent = ≥ 6.2, good = 5.8–6.1, fair = 5.1–5.7, and poor = < 5.1 g/dL. Individual calf TP concentrations were adjusted to the sample average PP (aTP) and TPI categories were reassessed using aTP. The sample mean ± SD (range) PP was 68.8 ± 5.76 (50.5 to 86.0)%. The PP was lower on d 1 compared with d 7 of age. Using uTP to categorize TPI, 22 (3.1%) calves had poor, 113 (16.2%) calves had fair, 164 (23.6%) calves had good, and 397 (57.1%) calves had excellent TPI, respectively. After adjusting TP for hemoconcentration, TPI determined using aTP resulted in 52 (7.5%, + 4.4 percentage points) calves in poor, 137 (19.7%, + 3.5 percentage points) calves in fair, 122 (17.5%, - 6.1 percentage points) calves in good, and 385 (55.3%, - 1.8 percentage points) calves in excellent. The mean (range) proportion of calves with TPI determined using uTP by farm was 3.9 (0 to 16)% for poor, 19.0 (2 to 36)% for fair, 25.3 (10 to 42)% for good, 51.8 (26 to 83)% for excellent. When categorized using aTP, the proportion of calves by farm was 8.1 (0 to 21)% in poor, 20.5 (8 to 42)% in fair, 19.1 (6 to 33)% in good, 52.4 (27 to 83)% in excellent TPI. In conclusion, PP was variable in calves during the time of TPI assessment and this variability should be considered when assessing TPI at the calf- or herd-level.

Efficacy of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and anise (Pimpinella anisum) essential oils as anaesthesics in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758)

In this study, the anaesthetic effects of fennel and anise essential oils were investigated on common carp. Fish (10 ± 0.45 g) were exposed to nine concentrations of essential oils (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg L−1). Additionally, the histopathological effects on the fish tissues including gill, skin and hepatopancreas and physiological effects on some blood parameters (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl−, total plasma protein and glucose) of essential oils were investigated in carp. At the end of the experiment, fennel oil showed an anaesthetic effect at a concentration of 500 mg L−1 in carp (anaesthesia induction and recovery times were 308 and 472 s, respectively). Anise essential oil showed deep anaesthesia at a concentration of 100 mg L−1, but anaesthesia induction time was found to be very long (20 min). In addition, anise oil at concentrations above 100 mg L−1 caused 10% mortality in fish. Blood parameters except glucose level in both essential oils were unchanged during deep anaesthesia in carp. However, plasma glucose levels were found lower in fish anaesthetized with anise oil than control and fennel groups (P < 0.05). At the histopathological examination, no pathological findings were observed in any organ of fish in the fennel group. However, severe hyperemia and inflammatory cell infiltrations in gills, erosive lesions in the skin and slight inflammatory reactions in the skin were observed in the anise group. The present study demonstrated that fennel essential oil at 500 mg L−1 concentration can be used as an effective and safe anaesthetic in common carp, but anise essential oil is not suitable.

Evaluation of peritoneal l-lactate concentration in horses in the early post-partum period.

Peritoneal fluid lactate concentration is an important diagnostic tool in horses with abdominal pain. Information on peritoneal lactate concentrations is lacking following parturition in the mare. To compare blood and peritoneal lactate concentrations in a population of mares within 36h post-partum, report a normal reference range and identify any impact of retained foetal membranes (RFMs). This is a retrospective study evaluating healthy mares from which blood and peritoneal samples had been obtained within 36h of parturition. Exclusion criteria included signs of abdominal pain within this period. Data was interrogated for normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test. Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Bland-Altman analysis were used to compare blood and peritoneal lactate concentrations. Linear regression was used to compare age and breed data with peritoneal lactate concentrations. Significance was defined as p<0.05. Forty mares met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 12.6±4.1 years, and most mares were multiparous (65%). Peritoneal lactate ((1.2 (IQR=0.9-1.6)mmol/L) was increased compared to blood lactate concentration (0.7 (IQR=0-1.1)mmol/L; p<0.001). Plasma total protein (TP) concentrations were 68 (IQR=64-74)g/L and peritoneal protein concentrations 8 (IQR=4-9.7)g/L. Six mares developed RFM. The median fold-increase in peritoneal lactate concentration compared to blood lactate concentration was 0.9 (IQR: 0.01-1.7; range: 0-2.5). The reference range for peritoneal fluid lactate concentration was 0-2.5mmol/L. Peritoneal lactate concentrations in healthy post-partum mares remained within the normal reference range and were not influenced by RFM or parturition. Increased peritoneal lactate in this group warrants further investigation.