Plasma Total Iron-binding Capacity Research Articles

Fishmeal replacement by rice protein concentrate with xylooligosaccharides supplement benefits the growth performance, antioxidant capability and immune responses against Aeromonas hydrophila in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of fishmeal (FM) replacement by rice protein concentrate (RPC) with a xylooligosaccharides supplement on the growth performance, antioxidant capability and immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish (46.85 ± 0.34 g) were randomly assigned to one of 6 diets, namely the control diet (containing FM), the RPC diet (FM replaced by RPC) and RPC diet supplemented with 0.5, 1.5, 2.3 and 3% XOS respectively, for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila for 96 h with the blood and liver sample obtained at 48 and 96 h respectively. The results showed that the final weight, weight gain and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed RPC diet were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of the control group, whereas the opposite was true for FCR. However, the supplement of 1.5% XOS remarkably (P < 0.05) improved these parameters compared to the control diet. Plasma total iron binding capacity of fish fed the RPC diet showed little difference (P > 0.05) with that of the control group, but it enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) with the supplement of 1.5% XOS compared to the control group. After bacterial infection, plasma lysozyme (LYM), complement 3, complement 4, myeloperoxidase (MPO), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase activities, as well as immunoglobulin M, levels all increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the maximum value is attained at 48 h, then they decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with further increasing time at 96 h. Similar results were also observed in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Regarding dietary treatment, these parameters of fish fed RPC diet showed little difference (P > 0.05) with those fed the control diet but were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) when RPC diet was supplemented with 1.5–2.3% XOS, except for hepatic (MDA) content which showed an opposite trend compared to the control group. After 96 h of challenge, the relative percentage survival (RPS) of fish fed XOS was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of fish offered the control and RPC diet. In addition, significant (P < 0.05) interactions between dietary XOS and sampling time were also observed in plasma LYM, MPO, ACP, and hepatic SOD, CAT, GPX, MDA, as well as RPS. In conclusion, this study indicated that dietary supplementation of 1.5%XOS could significantly improve the growth performance, antioxidant capability, innate immunity and A. hydrophila resistance of blunt snout bream fed diets with FM replaced by RPC.

Response of plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, iron and ions in carp, Cyprinus carpio to waterborne copper ion and nanoparticle exposure

In this study, Cyprinus carpio was exposed to 0.25mgL−1 copper as either copper sulfate (CuSO4) or copper oxide nanoparticles (nano-Cu), and 25mgL−1 copper as nano-Cu for 14days. CuSO4 and high concentration of nano-Cu led to a significant increase in plasma total copper levels. Plasma free copper levels increased significantly in all copper-exposed treatments. Except for low concentration of nano-Cu after 7 and 14days, copper exposure generally led to a significant decrease in plasma ceruloplasmin levels. Plasma iron levels increased significantly in CuSO4 (all times) and nano-Cu (7th and 14th days) treatments. A significant elevation in plasma total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was observed after 3days in the fish exposed to low concentration nano-Cu, and after 14days in all copper-exposed treatments. Transferrin saturation (TSA) ratio showed significant increase in CuSO4 (3rd and 7th days) and the high concentration nano-Cu (7th day) treatments. Decrease in plasma chloride (7th and 14th days) and sodium (14th days) was observed in CuSO4 treatment. In conclusion, the results suggest that ionic copper is mainly absorbed via fish gill, whereas, nano-copper are more likely absorbed via gut. Also, data suggest that ionic copper has more adverse effects on the examined plasma biochemical characteristics compared to the equivalent nano-copper concentration, which may be due to the lower copper absorption by fish in the nano-copper suspension.

Endogenous Erythropoietin Levels and Anemia in Long-Term Renal Transplant Recipients

Background/Aim: Although anemia is a common complication after renal transplantation (RT), data concerning endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) levels in long-term RT recipients are rare. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of anemia within 6 months to 5 years after RT and to assess the relationship between the serum concentrations of endogenous EPO, graft function and grade of improvement of anemia. Methods: 140 patients who had undergone RT were included in the group: 89 males (63.6%) and 51 females (36.4%), with an average age 46.8 ± 12.8 years. The serum concentrations of EPO and creatinine (Cr) were tested in all the individuals and the values of the red blood component of blood count, serum ferritin (SF), plasma iron concentration, plasma total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TS), folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ levels in the serum were determined. A statistical analysis of the results was performed using the correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and Duncan’s multiple range test. Results: Normal blood count values were found in 91 patients (65%), and a mild grade of anemia with a mean hemoglobin (Hb) 114.4 ± 11.9 g/l was observed in 45 patients (32.1%), and 4 patients (2.9%) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for post-transplantation erythrocytosis. Individuals with normal Hb values had a mean EPO serum concentration of 39.3 ± 12.3 mU/ml (median 37.2) and the mean Cr was 133.8 ± 36.9 µmol/l (median 122). Patients with anemia (Hb <120 g/l in females, Hb <130 g/l in males) had a mean EPO value of 47.0 ± 26.6 mU/ml (median 36.0) and a mean Cr of 203.8 ± 108.9 µmol/l (median 181). The difference in the Cr values was statistically significant (p < 0.0001), while the difference between the EPO concentrations was not significant. No relation of EPO serum concentration with regard to graft function was found in the analysis. A lack of storage iron (SF <10 µg/l in females, SF <22 µg/l in males) was found in 16 patients (11.4%), and a lack of functional iron (TS <20%) was found in 27 patients (19.3%). Conclusions: Theprevalence of anemia in patients after transplantation was 32.1%. The most common cause of anemia is insufficient graft function development. The achieved values of the red component of blood count have no relation to the endogenous EPO serum concentrations.

Ascorbyl radical/ascorbate ratio in plasma from iron overloaded rats as oxidative stress indicator

Oxidative stress has been developed using dietary carbonyl-iron and iron-dextran parenteral administration as models of in vivo iron overload in rats. Carbonyl-iron led to a 2-fold increase in plasma iron content, a significant decrease (34%) in ascorbate plasma content and non-significant changes in plasma ascorbyl radical content. Iron-dextran produced a dramatic increase (6.7-fold) in plasma iron content, overwhelming the plasma total iron binding capacity. The ascorbyl radical content increased significantly in iron-dextran treatment (2.6-fold) and plasma ascorbate level was not affected. Ascorbyl radical/ascorbate ratio was significantly higher in both iron treated groups as compared with the control group (4×10 −4±1×10 −4). Data reported here indicate that the ascorbyl radical/ascorbate ratio is an appropriate in vivo indicator of oxidative stress under conditions of iron overload. The overall mechanism that describes the ascorbate status in plasma seems to be strongly dependent on the way the excess of iron is stored and thus, to the availability of the catalytically active iron for interacting with the plasma components. On this regard, evaluation of A /AH − ratio did not help to discriminate between the possible involved mechanisms.

Indicators of erythrocyte formation and degradation in rats with either vitamin A or iron deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency produces anemia and altered iron status. In this study with rats we tested two hypotheses regarding vitamin A deficiency: (1) that it impairs erythropoiesis, leading to an increased red cell turnover, and (2) that it inhibits the glycosylation of transferrin. Erythropoietic activity was assessed indirectly by determining the myeloid:erythroid ratio in bone marrow smears, the number of erythroid colonies in the red pulp of spleen, the blood reticulocyte index, and zinc protoporphyrin and plasma transferrin receptor concentrations. Transferrin glycosylation was assessed by measuring the sialic acid content of transferrin. The effects of vitamin A deficiency were compared with those of iron deficiency. Iron deficiency produced anemia and low iron levels in organs. Vitamin A deficiency produced low levels of plasma and hepatic retinol, and it induced decreased plasma total iron-binding capacity and raised iron levels in tibia and spleen. Short- but not long-term iron deficiency reduced the number of erythroid colonies in spleen; vitamin A deficiency had no influence. Neither iron nor vitamin A deficiency influenced the myeloid:erythroid ratio in bone marrow smears and the blood reticulocyte production. Plasma transferrin receptor and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin concentrations were not affected by vitamin A deficiency but increased with iron deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency did not stimulate erythrocyte breakdown, as indicated by unaltered plasma lactate dehydrogenase activity and reduced plasma total bilirubin levels. Both vitamin A and iron deficiencies raised the proportion of multiple sialylated transferrins in plasma. Thus, we have not found evidence that vitamin A deficiency affects erythropoiesis and erythrocyte turnover. The iron accumulation in spleen and bone marrow may be related to reduced iron transport due to inhibition of transferrin synthesis rather than inhibition of transferrin sialylation.

Alteration of iron homeostasis following chronic exposure to manganese in rats

Recent studies suggest that manganese-induced neurodegenerative toxicity may be partly due to its action on aconitase, which participates in cellular iron regulation and mitochondrial energy production. This study was performed to investigate whether chronic manganese exposure in rats influenced the homeostasis of iron in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Groups of 8–10 rats received intraperitoneal injections of MnCl 2 at the dose of 6 mg Mn/kg/day or equal volume of saline for 30 days. Concentrations of manganese and iron in plasma and CSF were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Rats exposed to manganese showed a greatly elevated manganese concentration in both plasma and CSF. The magnitude of increase in CSF manganese (11-fold) was equivalent to that of plasma (10-fold). Chronic manganese exposure resulted in a 32% decrease in plasma iron ( p<0.01) and no changes in plasma total iron binding capacity (TIBC). However, it increased CSF iron by 3-fold as compared to the controls ( p<0.01). Northern blot analyses of whole brain homogenates revealed a 34% increase in the expression of glutamine synthetase ( p<0.05) with unchanged metallothionein-I in manganese-intoxicated rats. When the cultured choroidal epithelial cells derived from rat choroid plexus were incubated with MnCl 2 (100 μM) for four days, the expression of transferrin receptor mRNA appeared to exceed by 50% that of control ( p<0.002). The results indicate that chronic manganese exposure alters iron homeostasis possibly by expediting unidirectional influx of iron from the systemic circulation to cerebral compartment. The action appears likely to be mediated by manganese-facilitated iron transport at brain barrier systems.

The relationship between the percentage saturation of maternal and cord plasma transferrin and the maternal and cord blood free erythroctye protophorphyrin: haem ratio

The relationship between the percentage saturation of maternal and cord plasma transferrin and the maternal and cord blood free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem ratio were investigated in 49 healthy mothers following an uncomplicated pregnancy, and in their full term newborn infants. The variables studied were plasma iron, plasma total iron-binding capacity, percentage saturation of plasma transferrin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem ratio and haematocrit value. The same variables were also investigated in a group of 60 healthy university students. Though the measurement of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem ratio has broad application in public health studies, little information is available regarding the possible application and clinical use of this variable in the Nigerian population. The results obtained suggest that the free erythrocyte protoporphyrin:haem ratio of blood has a significant negative correlation with that of the percentage saturation of plasma transferrin of the sample. The maternal percentage saturation of plasma transferrin has a significant positive correlation with that of the corresponding fetal (cord) sample. There was no significant correlation between maternal and cord free erythrocyte protoporphyrin [FEP]:haem ratio.

Hematologic changes in chronic arthritis of mice induced by Mycoplasma arthritidis.

The arthritis caused by iv injection of M. arthritidis in mice was found to be associated with neutrophilia and lymphopenia without a change in the total WBC concentration. A mild anemia developed which was characterized by hypoferremia and plentiful RE iron but with an increased plasma total iron-binding capacity. This anemia therefore differs from the anemia of chronic disorders and indeed from any anemia which occurs in man.

Haematological data and milk iron in Malaysian women.

SummaryBreast milk iron concentrations from Malaysian women taken on the second postpartum day were comparable with those reported from Finland. The present study did not find any correlation between the total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC) of milk whey, presumed to be rich in lactoferrin, and the whole milk iron concentrations. On the average, about 30% of the whey iron‐binding proteins were saturated with iron. Again, the correlation between the milk iron values and plasma iron or plasma TIBC is not statistically proven. There were no significant differences in the haemoglobin, haematocrit, reticulocyte count, plasma iron and whey TIBC obtained from Malaysian parturient women of the 3 major ethnic groups, viz. Chinese, Malays and Indians. However, the plasma TIBC was significantly lower in Malay women and the milk iron content lower in Chinese women.

Serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, and percentage saturation in normal subjects.

The serum iron was determined in 60 normal subjects (38 males and 22 females) with a mean age of 32.0 and 36.2 years respectively. The plasma total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) was also determined in 54 of these subjects (32 males and 22 females). Serum iron and TIBC determinations were performed between 8.45 am and 9.15 am. The mean serum iron concentration is 138.3 +/- 4.3 mug/100 ml (SD +/- 32.9 mug/100 ml), and the mean TIBC is 470.1 +/- 6.8 mug/100 ml (SD +/- 50.1 mug/100 ml); the mean plasma siderophilin saturation is 30.0%. The mean values for serum iron, TIBC, and siderophilin saturation are similar in both sexes. They are normally distributed, and there is no significant correlation of serum iron and TIBC with age in either males or females.

Interrelationships Between Estrogenic Activity, Serum Iron and Ascorbic Acid Levels During the Menstrual Cycle

Plasma iron and total iron-binding capacity, hematocrit, hemoglobin and blood ascorbic acid levels were measured on alternate days throughout two complete menstrual cycles in six healthy young women. Estrogen activity was measured daily by the vaginal cornification index. Several statistically significant changes in these measured parameters were observed. The mean plasma iron levels were depressed 32 per cent during menstruation from premenstrual control levels. A paired sample analysis indicated that changes in plasma iron levels were correlated to cyclic changes in the estrogen activity and to both the hematocrit and hemoglobin changes, although the changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin,per se, were insignificant. The blood ascorbic acid levels were 13 per cent lower during menstruation and correlated statistically with changes in plasma total iron-binding capacity throughout the menstrual cycles. Mean plasma total iron-binding capacity was increased approximately 12 per cent during menstruation.

Iron and Copper Utilization in Rabbits as Affected by Diet and Germfree Status

Germfree rabbits maintained with steam-sterilized diets containing moderate amounts of iron and copper from natural ingredients but relatively high amounts of these minerals as supplemental salts, showed low hemoglobin, hematocrit and plasma iron levels, and high plasma total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) values. Plasma copper values were normal. Either conventionalization of these germfree rabbits or transfer to a steam-sterilized diet which contained more iron from natural ingredients (soybean meal) but less total amount of this mineral alleviated all symptoms of iron deficiency anemia within 4 weeks. The effect of feeding this last diet to germfree and conventional rabbits from weaning was then investigated. After the diet had been fed for 8 weeks, plasma copper, iron, TIBC, and percentage saturation of iron-binding protein levels were similar in germfree and conventional rabbits. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values were slightly lower but within normal range in germfree rabbits. The iron content of liver, spleen and kidney was lower in germfree rabbits than in conventional rabbits. There was no difference between the copper content in these organs. It is concluded that germfree rabbits utilized iron more efficiently from a natural source than from the usual mineral suuplement.

MILK IRON AND PLASMA IRON TRANSPORT IN A LACTATING MARSUPIAL DURING SHORT-TERM INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF IRON.

SummaryIn the lactating quokka (Setonix brachyurus) parenteral iron. as ferrous ammonium sulphate solution, was administered in an attempt to raise the milk iron. Following a single large intraperitoneal dose a rise in milk iron occurred within hours. There was, however, no clear relationship between the rise and the amount of iron injected and there was reason to believe the rise had been associated with unphysiologically high plasma iron cocentrations. During continuous intravenous infusion of iron at controlled rates plasma iron was elevated to maximal levels not exceeding plasma total iron binding capacity and under these conditions no significant alteration in milk iron occurred within four hours.A progressive and statistically significant rise in total plasma iron binding capacity which occurred during intravenous infusion of iron was probably the manifestation of a redistribution of intra‐ and extravascular transferrin in response to the need for more rapid removal of iron from the plasma.

FACTORS REGULATING PLASMA TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY IN THE RAT AND RABBIT

Tn order to determine which of the three factors, rate of erythropoiesis, supply of erythropoietic stimulating factor or tissue oxygen supply, was involved in the regulation of plasma total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in the rat and rabbit these three factors were varied independently of each other. The methods used to do this included X‐irradiation and starvation and the administration of phenylhydrazine, colchicine, viable erythrocytes and plasma from normal and anæmic rabbits. The changes found in TIBC suggested that the balance between tissue oxygen supply and demand may be the most important factor.

Iron storage and transport in iron-depleted rats, with notes on combined iron and copper deficiency.

SUMMARYAdult albino rats of both sexes were subjected to repeated bleeding from the tail over a period of eight weeks while being fed a standard diet or a low iron milk diet. This produced anaemia, reduction of plasma iron concentration, elevation of plasma total iron binding capacity and reduction of storage (non‐haem) iron present in liver and spleen. The sex difference for plasma iron and storage iron values was maintained in the presence of severe iron deficiency. Complete removal of all storage iron from liver and spleen was not achieved but no definite lower limit for storage iron concentrations in these organs could be demonstrated. The reduction in storage iron values was accompanied by little change in the relative distribution of the iron between ferritin and haemosiderin.