Plasma Therapy Research Articles

Thromboelastography Profile of Covid-19 Patients Before and After Convalescent Plasma Therapy Administration

Thromboelastography Profile of Covid-19 Patients Before and After Convalescent Plasma Therapy Administration

The Effects of Different Treatment Methods on Blood Hematological Parameters İn COVID 19: A Retrospective Look at Patients in Pandemic İntensive Care Unit During The First Wave of the Pandemic

Introduction: In this study, we compared the pre- and post-treatment values of basic hematological parameters in severe COVID 19 patients, whose were received favipiravir, tocilizumab, methylprednisolone and convalescent plasma therapy. Methods: Hematological parameters such as eosinophyl, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet count and, neutrophil / lymphocyte, platelet/ lymphocyte ratio were investigated pre and post treatment of favipiravir, tocilizumab convalescent plasma and methylprednisolone in severe COVID 19 patients in ICU. Results: Lymphocyt values were increased after convelescent plasma theraphy and i.v. methyl prednisolon group. Eosinophil count improvement was only in the favipiravir group . We found that favipiravir, convalescent plasma andmethyl prednisolon treatment, were statistically significant increased both NLR and PLR. Conclusion : Hematologic parameters and their contribution of the respond of the treatment and clinical improvement should be taken into account.

Impedance‐based monitoring of titration and neutralization assays with VSV‐G and SARS‐CoV‐2‐spike pseudoviruses

AbstractSince cell‐based virus neutralization assays are still the gold standard to assess a patient's immune protection against a given virus, they are of utmost importance for serodiagnosis, convalescent plasma therapy, and vaccine development. Monitoring the emergence and characteristics of neutralizing antibodies in an outbreak situation, confirming neutralizing antibodies as correlates of protection from infection and testing vaccine‐induced potency of neutralizing antibody responses, quests for automated, fast, and parallel neutralization assays. We developed an impedance‐based sensor platform (electric cell‐substrate impedance sensing, ECIS) providing time‐resolved monitoring of the host cell response to viral pseudotypes. For validation, the impedance assay was compared with state‐of‐the‐art quantification of virus‐induced reporter protein expression as an independent indicator of virus infection and neutralization. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) derived pseudoviruses encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as reporter and the autologous G protein (VSV‐G) for the initial binding to the host cell membrane were used for monitoring of HEK293T cell infection and neutralization with both, impedance and optical readout. Virus‐induced cytopathic effects (CPE) were detectable for low pseudotype concentrations (multiplicity of infection 1) in time‐resolved impedance profiles as soon as 5–10 h after infection in a concentration‐dependent manner. Neutralization efficacy of α‐VSV‐G antibodies was determined from impedance time courses and IC50 values compared favorably with fluorescence measurements of virus‐borne GFP expression. Sera of convalescent COVID‐19 patients were tested successfully for SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralizing antibodies by incubating VSV, pseudotyped with the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein, with different sera before host cell exposure and impedance recordings. In summary: (i) ECIS monitoring was successfully applied to detect virus‐mediated cell infection and neutralization; (ii) Impedance‐based monitoring allows reducing the assay time to 5–10 h; and (iii) the platform is easily adapted to other virus‐based diseases and scalable to high‐throughput.

The Successful Treatment of Multi-Resistant Colonized Burns with Large-Area Atmospheric Cold Plasma Therapy and Dermis Substitute Matrix—A Case Report

The treatment of severe burn injuries, which occur particularly in the context of armed conflicts, is based on a multimodal treatment concept. In addition to complex intensive care therapy, the surgical reconstruction options of plastic surgery and typical antiseptic wound treatment are the main focuses. In recent years, atmospheric cold plasma therapy (ACPT) has also become established for topical, antiseptic wound treatment and for the optimization of re-epithelialization. This case report shows a successful treatment of extensive burn injuries using dermal skin substitute matrix and topical treatment with a large-area cold plasma device to control multi-resistant pathogen colonization. This case report illustrates the importance of ACPT in burn surgery. However, larger case series and randomized controlled trials in specialized centers are needed to assess its place in future clinical practice.

Azoospermia: Etiology, Diagnosis and Management

Male infertility is on the rise over the past few years, and azoospermia is one of the most common causes. It has two primary subtypes: non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), where the spermatogenesis is hindered, and obstructive azoospermia (OA), when there appears to be a ductal obstruction while spermatogenesis is normal. Azoospermia is characterised by the absence of sperm in two or more ejaculates. Making the azoospermic man have his own biological child is now becoming a reality with the advent of TESE and ICSI procedures, followed by the latest advancements like the combination of imaging studies, Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography (FFOCT), stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy, and gene therapy, which are emerging as newer tools for effective treatment. The key aim of this article is to highlight the concept of azoospermia and focus on its evaluation and management through present-day developments in andrology and medically assisted reproduction (MAR). A detailed literature review is performed through Pubmed, Science Direct, the Online Library, and Scopus.

Navigating the Asia-Pacific region plasma therapies landscape: Insights from the 2023 Asia-Pacific Plasma Leaders' Network meetings.

The Asia-Pacific Plasma Leaders' Network (APPLN) plays a crucial role in addressing the regional shortage of plasma-derived medicinal products (PDMPs), particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It provides a platform for experts to share their expertise and drive multi-stakeholder collaborations. While several PDMPs are acknowledged by the World Health Organization (WHO) as life-saving therapeutics on the Model List of Essential Medicine for treating various chronic and acute life-threatening diseases, there are still many inadequacies in the availability and affordability of PDMPs. These challenges arise from insufficient domestic supplies of plasma suitable for fractionation, as well as a lack of technical and financial capabilities to implement contract or domestic plasma fractionation programmes. At two separate dialogue forums organized by the APPLN in 2023, experts discussed the unmet needs of PDMPs for individuals living with haemophilia and immunodeficiencies in the region. They also highlighted the limited access to early diagnosis and patient-centred care in several LMICs. To address these issues, there is an urgent need to increase the availability of high-quality domestic plasma for fractionation. Adopting a stepwise approach to utilize unused recovered plasma and establishing contract fractionation programmes could be viable strategies to potentially enhance PDMP availability in LMICs. However, achieving this goal requires improving existing domestic infrastructures for blood collection, implementing adequate policy reforms and fostering competent local leadership. Ultimately, there is no 'one-size-fits-all' strategy for securing safe plasma proteins for all patients in need. Collaborative efforts are essential for achieving progressive self-sufficiency in PDMPs.

A Comparative Analysis of the Advances in Scar Reduction: Techniques, Technologies, and Efficacy in Plastic Surgery.

The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest methodologies and treatments aimed at improving scar management. Scar formation results from the replacement of normal skin with fibroblasts, leading to a structured unidirectional collagen bundle, as opposed to the collagen sheet matrix found in healthy skin. This review categorizes scars into hypertrophic scars and keloids, each with distinct pathophysiological characteristics. It highlights the importance of consistent scar assessment using scales such as the Vancouver Scar Scale and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, emphasizing the need for standardized evaluation methods. The study systematically reviews various scar management techniques, ranging from traditional surgical methods to innovative treatments. Conventional approaches such as pressure garments and silicone gel sheeting are explored, noting their roles in maintaining hydration and occlusion. The efficacy of intralesional corticosteroid injections and laser therapies is discussed, with particular attention given to their combined use for optimal outcomes. The review also covers advanced techniques such as microneedling, platelet-rich plasma therapy, and stem cell-based treatments, detailing their mechanisms and potential benefits in scar remodelling. Additionally, the study underscores the emerging role of botulinum toxin A in both preventive and corrective scar treatments, offering promising results in reducing movement-induced scar exaggeration. The systematic review includes a thorough examination of existing literature, clinical trials, and meta-analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. It concludes by calling for further research to refine these techniques and enhance their application in clinical practice, aiming to achieve better aesthetic and functional outcomes for patients with scars.

The effectiveness of a combination of neodymium laser (ND:yag 1064 nm) and plasma therapy in the treatment of immature striae

Objective. Сorrection of stretch marks is a pressing problem in dermatology and cosmetology due to their widespread prevalence and negative impact on the quality of life of patients. Early treatment for stretch marks is more effective and allows you to achieve an acceptable aesthetic result in a shorter period. Purpose. To compare the effectiveness of treatment of red (young) stretch marks using a neodymium Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser, plasma therapy and their combination. Material and methods: The study included 66 people with immature striae, who were divided into three compared groups: in group I, patients were treated using a neodymium laser (Nd:YAG 1064 nm), in group II — using injections of plasma therapy (PT), in group III, a combined effect was used to correct stretch marks — the use of Nd:YAG 1064 nm and plasma therapy. The study used both integral indicators, such as the DISHS and SKINDEX-29 scales, and specialized diagnostic methods, including measuring the thickness of the dermis using ultrasound diagnostics of the skin, examining the skin using the Aramo ASW-300 apparatus, and assessing microcirculation indicators in the lesions. Results: All therapeutic approaches used in this study demonstrated significant clinical efficacy in the treatment of immature striae. If comparable improvement was observed in the Nd:YAG 1064 nm and plasma therapy groups, then their combination was more effective in all compared characteristics. At the same time, in comparison with Nd:YAG 1064 nm, the use of plasma therapy in the treatment of stretch marks showed greater effectiveness in influencing the quality characteristics of the skin — hydration and elasticity. At the same time, in the Nd:YAG 1064 nm group there was a more pronounced decrease in the size of red striae. Conclusion: A combined technique using Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser exposure and plasma therapy allows one to simultaneously influence various parts of the pathogenesis of striae, which helps to achieve a more pronounced clinical result.

The effectiveness of pulsed magnetic therapy, high-intensity magnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles and intrauterine plasma therapy to restore endometrial receptivity after intrauterine interventions in patients of different age

Abstract. Objectives. Advanced age is the cause of female infertility. Restoring endometrial receptivity, especially after intrauterine interventions in women of different reproductive ages, is an unsolved problem of modern rehabilitation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of non-drug methods for restoring endometrial receptivity after intrauterine interventions in women of different reproductive ages. Material and methods. A prospective study was conducted with the participation of 120 women planning pregnancy and undergoing various surgical interventions for endometrial diseases. All patients were randomly divided into three equal groups according to the method of exposure: group 1 — patients received combined pulsed magnetic therapy and intrauterine plasma therapy of the endometrium; group 2 — patients underwent high-intensity magnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles andintrauterine plasma therapy of the endometrium; group 3 — patients underwent pulsed magnetic therapy. Subsequently, in eachgroup, the patients were divided by age into two subgroups: up to 34 years and over 35 years. Results. According to the medical history, patients in the advanced age group were characterized by a significantly greater amount of pathology and a less active lifestyle. The pregnancy rate is twice higher in patients under 34 years of age. Normalization of the menstrual cycle and the rate of increase in blood flow through the uterine arteries occurred twice as fast in younger patients than in older ones. Endometrial thickness and normalization of pipell biopsy data after a course of treatment with high-intensity magnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles and intrauterine plasma therapy were statistically significantly higher in the group of patients under 34 years of age. An increase in the speed of blood flow through the uterine arteries in patients over 35 years of age occurs more effectively with the help of pulsed magnetic therapy and intrauterine plasma therapy of the endometrium. Conclusion. Endometrial receptivity restoration in patients underwent intrauterine interventions using combined non-pharmacological methods is safe and effective. In patients under 34 years of age, the technique of choice may be high-intensity magnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor muscles with intrauterine plasma therapy. In patients over 35 years of age, the method of pulsed magnetic therapy with intrauterine plasma therapy of the endometrium is more effective.

Platelet-Rich Plasma in Pediatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Review.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy has become a promising treatment option in pediatric surgery, offering a novel approach to tissue repair and regeneration. Obtained from the patient's own blood or umbilical cord blood (CB), PRP is a concentrated form of plasma enriched with platelets, growth factors, and cytokines essential for stimulating tissue healing. This systematic review explores the applications of PRP therapy in pediatric surgical procedures, focusing on its role in promoting wound healing, reducing postoperative complications, and enhancing patient outcomes. A systematic literature overview was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, encompassing studies published between 2004 and 2024. The research has identified different fields of application for PRP therapy in pediatric surgery, including treatment of pilonidal sinus and hypospadias repair. Key findings from clinical studies and randomized controlled trials are summarized, highlighting the efficacy of PRP therapy in accelerating wound healing, reducing pain, and improving patient recovery. Despite promising results, challenges and controversies surrounding PRP therapy persist, including variability in preparation protocols and optimal dosing regimens. The safety of PRP therapy in pediatric patients is also discussed, emphasizing its autologous nature and minimal risk of adverse reactions. In summary, this review highlights the role of PRP therapy as a safe and effective therapeutic approach in pediatric surgery, while further research to standardize protocols and elucidate optimal treatment strategies are still necessary.

Effects of Plasma Therapy on Laboratory Factors and Clinical Improvement of COVID-19 Patients

Objectives: Over 50 million confirmed cases and 1.5 million fatalities worldwide have been linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers have used convalescent plasma (CP) from recovered patients, which includes neutralizing antibodies, to develop therapeutics for virus neutralization and prevention. This study assessed the effectiveness of CP using several clinical and laboratory variables. Methods: The intervention group received two doses of CP on the day of hospitalization, while the control group received standard care. Clinical and analytical data were documented and evaluated before plasma therapy and on the third and fifth days after therapy. The results were measured in the patient’s blood using the ELISA method. Results: The present study showed that the ICU hospitalization times for the control and CP groups were similar, with a slightly lower mortality rate in the CP group (6.2% vs. 8.2%, p > 0.05). There was no significant association between COVID-19 and clinical factors such as blood pressure, heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and temperature. The blood serum urea, serum LDH, ALT, PTT, PLT, and IL-6 were significantly higher in the CP group than in the control group (p <0.05). Our results indicated that there was no difference in blood pH, PO2 , HCO3 , ESR, WBC counts, serum troponin, Na, AST, CRP, D-dimer, and PT between patients in the CP and control groups. Conclusion: Overall, in certain instances, CP therapy may help individuals with COVID-19 recover. In general, additional research is required to determine the efficacy of plasma treatment in COVID-19 patient care.

Convalescent Plasma and Other Antibody Therapies for Infectious Diseases-Lessons Learned from COVID-19 and Future Prospects.

Antiviral passive antibody therapy includes convalescent plasma, hyperimmune globulin, and monoclonal antibodies. Passive antibodies have proven effective in reducing morbidity and mortality for SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious diseases when given early in the disease course with sufficiently high specific total and neutralizing antibody levels. Convalescent plasma can be delivered to patients before vaccination implementation or novel drug production. Carefully designed and executed randomized controlled trials near the pandemic outset are important for regulatory bodies, healthcare workers, guideline committees, the public, and the government. Unfortunately, many otherwise well-designed antibody-based clinical trials in COVID-19 were futile, either because they intervened too late in the disease or provided plasma with insufficient antibodies. The need for early treatment mandates outpatient clinical trials in parallel with inpatient trials. Early outpatient COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfusion with high antibody content within 9days of symptom onset has proven effective in blunting disease progression and reducing hospitalization, thus reducing hospital overcrowding in a pandemic. Convalescent plasma offers the opportunity for hope by enabling community participation in outpatient curative therapy while monoclonal therapies, vaccines, and drugs are being developed. Maintaining the appropriate infrastructure for antibody infusion in both outpatient and inpatient facilities is critical for future pandemic readiness.

Comparing the efficacy and safety of microneedling and its combination with other treatments in patients with acne scars: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

This study aimed to analyze the efficacy and safety of microneedling (MN), both alone and in combination with other treatments, to refine the approach for treating acne scars using MN. We systematically searched Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials examining MN or its combinations in patients with acne scars. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata 18 software. A total of 24 studies involving 1546 participants were included. The analysis revealed that MN combined with chemical peels (CP) exhibited the best results in terms of degree of improvement, patient satisfaction, and treatment efficacy compared to other treatments examined, including MN alone, MN with hyaluronic acid (HA), MN with botulinum toxin‑A (TA), MN with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), PRP alone, CP, and laser therapy. The results for MN combined with additional treatments were obviously better than for MN alone. Side effects such as erythema, pain, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation showed no significant differences across all treatments assessed.

Association Between Spinopelvic Parameters and Clinical Outcomes of Patients Treated With Transforaminal Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections for Lumbar Disc Prolapse.

Introduction Lumbar disc prolapse mainly occurs in the regions involving the L4-L5 and L5-S1 vertebrae. In this context, the significance of spinopelvic parameters becomes notably prominent. Non-invasive management of lumbar disc prolapse encompasses medicinal therapy, physical therapy, exercise, and epidural injections. Because of its autologous blood origin, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has minimal risks associated with immunogenic reactions and side consequences. We evaluated the extent of pain reduction and improvement of functional outcomes in patients having discogenic low back pain with modified spinopelvic parameters before and after undergoing transforaminal autologous PRP injection interventions. Methodology An observational study was conducted between September 2022 and August 2023 on 100 patients with low back pain for six months.The study populationcomprised patients whodid not respond to conservative treatment; they were recruited from the orthopaedicward of the emergency medicine department and outpatient department at the RLJalappa Hospital and Research Centre affiliated with Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College in Kolar, India. Every patient received a thorough evaluation that comprised an extensive medical history, a clinical examination, and imaging of the lumbosacral spine from both the front and side views. After obtaining the patient's consent and confirming their readiness for surgery, a PRPinjection was administered. The injection technique followed the standardized protocol and was performed by an experienced spine surgeon in collaboration with orthopaedic residents. Pain evaluations utilizing the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and assessment of functional outcomes using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scale were conducted before and after PRPinjections at the one- and six-month follow-ups. Results The average age of the study participants was 41.82 ± 5.0 years, with 55% of them being male. A total of 39% of study samples exhibited an increased angle in spinopelvic parameters. The independent t-test revealed a statistically significant difference in the mean score of back pain, limb pain, and ODI score between patients with increased and decreased angles of spinopelvic parameters before and after injection (p=0.0001). The severity of back pain, leg pain, and functional disability was significantly reduced in patients with increased angles of spinopelvic parameters following PRP injections at the one-month follow-up (p=0.0001). However, at the six-month follow-up, patients encountered recurring symptoms and worsening back pain, leg pain, and functional disability compared to the one-month follow-up. Conversely, the severity of back pain, leg pain, and functional disability has been markedly reduced in the patients with lower spinopelvic parameter angles following PRP injections at one month (p=0.0001) and six months (p=0.0001) compared to pre-injections. Conclusion During the long-term follow-up, subjects with elevated spinopelvic parameter angles reported a lower level of improvement in functional outcome, leg pain, and back pain. The impact of spinopelvic parameterson back pain severity and functional disability is substantial, significantly affecting the functional outcome of patients with lumbar disc prolapse.

Effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma in treating female hair loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Hair loss profoundly affects women's physical appearance and psychological health. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has gained attention as a potential treatment for female hair loss. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of PRP in treating different forms of female hair loss. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov from January 2000 to May 2024. The focus was on randomized controlled trials investigating PRP treatment for various types of hair loss in women. The research protocol is registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42024556190). The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2). A total of 21 studies comprising 628 participants were included in the analysis. PRP treatment was found to significantly enhance hair density and thickness. Additionally, there was a significant reduction in the number of hairs pulled in the PRP group. Adverse effects were generally mild and transient, with no notable difference in pain or discomfort between the PRP and control groups (risk ratio: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.87-1.18). PRP therapy effectively enhances hair density and thickness in women with hair loss, with a favorable safety profile. However, the effects of PRP on hair density and thickness vary with dosage, injection duration, and ethnicity, indicating the need for tailored treatment protocols.

Myotendinous Junction Anesthesia: An Alternative Infiltration Site for Ultrasound-Guided Injections

The myotendinous junction is a highly specialized and complex structure between muscle and tendon. In recent years, various procedures have directly targeted the tendon, with corticosteroid, platelet-rich plasma, or biological therapy infiltrations being prominent. However, these interventions are painful, corticosteroids have demonstrated tendon damage, and anesthesia negatively impacts tenocyte proliferation and viability when used with platelet-rich plasma in the same injection site. There is a need to adapt the injection site to improve therapy effectiveness and pain tolerance. This article presents a proposal for an ultrasound-guided anesthetic block procedure in the myotendinous junction.

The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) in Surgery: Antibiotic Effects and PostSurgical Rehabilitation Benefits

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged as a promising adjunct in various surgical disciplines. This paper explores the multifaceted applications of PRP in surgery, focusing on its antibiotic effects and benefits during post-surgical rehabilitation. Comprehensive review and analysis of peer-reviewed studies reveal PRP’s potential in enhancing wound healing, reducing infection rates, and improving rehabilitation outcomes. The paper consolidates current evidence, addressing both the advantages and limitations of PRP therapy.

A Scoping Review of Military Combat Casualty Data on Submassive, Massive, and Supermassive Transfusions.

Blood transfusions are common during combat casualty care, aiming to address the loss of blood volume that often accompanies severe battlefield injuries. This scoping review delves into the existing military combat casualty data to analyze the efficacy, challenges, and advances in the use of massive and super-massive transfusions in the management of critically injured warfighters. We performed a scoping review of combat-related literature published between 2006 and 2023 pertaining to massive transfusions used during combat deployments. We utilized PubMed to identify relevant studies and utilized the PRISMA-ScR Checklist to conduct the review. We identified 53 studies that met the inclusion criteria with the majority being retrospective studies from registries used by the United States, British, French, and Dutch Militaries. Most of the studies focused on transfusion ratios, the movement of blood transfusions to more forward locations, implementation of massive transfusions with different fibrinogen-to-red blood cell ratios, the addition of recombinant factor VII, and the use of predictive models for transfusion. Lastly, we identified reports of improved survival for casualties with the rapid implementation of various blood products (warm fresh whole blood, cold-stored low titer group O blood, freeze-dried plasma, and component therapy) and literature relating to pediatric casualties and submassive transfusions. Notable findings include the establishment of hemodynamic and cell blood count parameters as predictors of the requirement for massive transfusions and the association of higher fibrinogen-to-red blood cell ratios with decreased mortality. We identified 53 studies focused on blood transfusions from the Global War on Terrorism conflicts. The majority were related to transfusion ratios and the movement of blood transfusions to more forward locations. We highlight key lessons learned on the battlefield that have been translated into scientific developments and changes in civilian trauma methods.

Unravelling humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2: Insights from infection and vaccination.

Following infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, humoral components of the adaptive immune system play a key role in protecting the host. Specifically, B cells generate high-affinity antibodies against various antigens of the virus. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of immunity initiation through both natural infection and vaccination, shedding light on the activation of B cell subsets in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. The innate immune system serves as the initial line of primary and nonspecific defence against viruses. However, within several days following infection or a vaccine dose, a virus-specific immune response is initiated, primarily by B cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies contribute to the resolution of the disease. Subsequently, these B cells transition into memory B cells, which play a crucial role in providing long-term immunity against the virus. CD4+ T helper cells initiate a cascade, leading to B cell somatic hypermutation, germinal center memory B cells, and the production of neutralizing antibodies. B-cell dysfunction can worsen disease severity and reduce vaccine efficacy. Notably, individuals with B cell immunodeficiency show lower IL-6 production. Furthermore, this review delves into several aspects of immune responses, such as hybrid immunity, which has shown promise in boosting broad-spectrum protection. Cross-reactive immunity is under scrutiny as well, as pre-existing antibodies can offer protection against the disease. We also decipher breakthrough infection mechanisms, especially with the novel variants of the virus. Finally, we discuss some potential therapeutic solutions regarding B cells including convalescent plasma therapy, B-1 cells, B regulatory cell (Breg) modulation, and the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in combating the infection. Ongoing research is crucial to grasp population immunity trends and assess the potential need for booster doses in maintaining effective immune responses against potential viral threats.

Promising Experimental Treatment in Animal Models and Human Studies of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) remains a mysterious and intricate urological disorder, presenting significant challenges to healthcare providers. Traditional guidelines for IC/BPS follow a hierarchical model based on symptom severity, advocating for conservative interventions as the initial step, followed by oral pharmacotherapy, intravesical treatments, and, in refractory cases, invasive surgical procedures. This approach embraces a multi-tiered strategy. However, the evolving understanding that IC/BPS represents a paroxysmal chronic pain syndrome, often involving extravesical manifestations and different subtypes, calls for a departure from this uniform approach. This review provides insights into recent advancements in experimental strategies in animal models and human studies. The identified therapeutic approaches fall into four categories: (i) anti-inflammation and anti-angiogenesis using monoclonal antibodies or immune modulation, (ii) regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma, and low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy, (iii) drug delivery systems leveraging nanotechnology, and (iv) drug delivery systems assisted by energy devices. Future investigations will require a broader range of animal models, studies on human bladder tissues, and well-designed clinical trials to establish the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic interventions.