Plasma Inorganic Phosphorus Concentrations Research Articles

Health and mineral nutrition status of yaks in southern Mustang, Nepal.

Biochemical values and mineral concentrations in blood plasma were investigated to evaluate the statuses of health and mineral nutrition among yaks in Mustang District, Nepal. In total, 118 plasma samples of female yaks collected in April and September/October of 2013-2015 were offered. Seventy-four percent of yaks showed lower plasma total-cholesterol concentrations than the lowest limit of reference range (100mg/dL) and the values in spring (83.41mg/dL) were lower (P<0.05) than those in autumn (95.05mg/dL). All the yaks had lower plasma albumin concentrations than the lowest limit of reference range (3.0g/dL) and 66% of yaks showed lower plasma inorganic phosphorus concentrations than the critical level of phosphorus deficiency (4.5mg/dL). Thirty-five percent of yaks showed lower plasma calcium concentrations than the lowest limit of normal range (8mg/dL) and the concentrations were lower in spring than in autumn (P<0.01). Seventy-five percent of yaks presented lower copper concentrations than the critical level (0.65mg/L) and the concentrations were lower in spring than in autumn (P<0.01). Since the low plasma total-cholesterol might have indicated shortage of dry matter and energy intake, attention should be paid to the nutritional statuses of energy, phosphorus, calcium and copper in winter and early spring.

Bone mineral density in the tail-bones of cattle: effect of dietary phosphorus status, liveweight, age and physiological status

In three grazing experiments in the seasonally dry tropics of Australia, growing steers (Experiment 1), first-calf cows (Experiment 2) and mature breeder cows (Experiment 3), ingested diets for 12–17 months, which were either adequate or severely deficient in phosphorus (P) (Padeq and Pdefic, respectively). Bone mineral density (BMD) at the proximal end of the ninth coccygeal vertebra (Cy9) was measured at intervals using single photon absorptiometry (SPA). Liveweight (LW) and plasma inorganic phosphorus (PIP) concentrations were monitored at intervals and rib-bone cortical bone thickness (CBT) of biopsy samples was measured at the end of Experiments 1 and 3. Measurements of LW change, PIP concentrations and CBT confirmed that diet P intakes of cattle in the Padeq treatments were adequate whereas there was severe and chronic P deficiency in the Pdefic treatments. In Experiment 1 BMD in Padeq steers increased with LW and age from ~0.25–0.27 g/cc (8 months, 200 kg LW) to ~0.34 g/cc (32 months, 490 kg LW), whereas in Pdefic steers BMD decreased progressively to ~0.23–0.24 g/cc. Although BMD decreased in the Pdefic steers bone volume of Cy9 (calculated from tail-bone thickness) increased, and some net bone deposition in the Cy9 continued. Rib-bone CBT and tail-bone BMD at the end of Experiment 1 were closely correlated (r = 0.93). In Experiment 2 BMD was initially 0.33 g/cc (~25 months, 400 kg LW) and did not change through pregnancy and lactation in Padeq cows. However, in the Pdefic cows there was a gradual decline in BMD to ~0.25 g/cc. There was no change in dimensions of the Cy9 so the decreases in BMD involved net demineralisation of bone. In Experiment 3 BMD was less responsive to P deficiency than in Experiments 1 and 2. Only after ~11 months was BMD reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in the Pdefic cows, and then only by 15%. In contrast, rib-bone CBT decreased by 30% due to P deficiency, and BMD was poorly correlated with CBT (r = 0.4). The effects of animal weight, age and maturity on tailbone BMD of P-adequate animals, and the different responses to P deficiency observed in young growing steers, first-calf cows and mature breeders are discussed in relation to the use of SPA measured tail-bone BMD to diagnose P deficiency in grazing cattle.

Influence of dietary phosphorus levels on growth, metabolic response and body composition of juvenile silver perch ( Bidyanus bidyanus)

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the phosphorus requirement of juvenile silver perch. Effects of dietary phosphorus levels on the selected minerals in plasma, vertebrae and whole body, liver lipid classes and postprandial accumulated ammonia excretion of the fish were also examined. Eight semipurified (casein–gelatin based) diets were formulated to contain 42% crude protein, 15.74 MJ digestible energy/kg diet and phosphorus (monobasic sodium phosphate) levels ranging from 0.24% to 1.08%. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 12 fish (initial average weight of 2.27 g) over 8 weeks. At the end of the trial, percent weight gain increased significantly ( P < 0.05) with increasing dietary phosphorus from 0.24% to 0.72%; the value slightly decreased thereafter. A similar trend was observed in the feed efficiency. The result of broken line regression indicated that phosphorus requirement of juvenile silver perch for maximal growth was satisfied with a diet containing 0.71% phosphorus (about 0.45 mg phosphorus per MJ digestible energy). The amount of postprandial ammonia excretion in fish fed lower dietary phosphorus levels was higher than that of fish fed diets with sufficient phosphorus. Lipid contents in the whole body and liver were higher in fish received lower dietary phosphorus levels. A similar tendency was also found in triacyglycerols, while phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine levels were significantly higher in fish fed diets with sufficient phosphorus. Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentrations increased with increasing dietary phosphorus levels and reached a plateau within 0.72–1.08% levels, but dietary treatment had no effects on plasma calcium, magnesium or zinc, and the activity of plasma alkaline phosphatase was higher in fish fed diets with insufficient phosphorus. The ash contents of the fish body and vertebrae were lower in fish fed lower dietary phosphorus levels. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations in the whole body and vertebrae increased with increasing dietary phosphorus levels, and reached a plateau or even slightly decreased at phosphorus levels from 0.72% to 1.08%. However, concentrations of zinc in both body and vertebrae were not affected by dietary treatments. Signs of phosphorus deficiency were characterized by poor growth, loss of appetite, dark coloration, lower physical activity, poor bone mineralization and an increase in lipid content of fish body and liver.

Dietary phosphorus supply, egg-shell deposition and plasma inorganic phosphorus in laying hens

1. In 2 experiments the effects of dietary phosphorus on relationships between plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration (P i ), shell and egg production and depletion states were measured in brown laying hens. 2. In a 12-week experiment dietary phosphorus concentrations from conventionally deficient (1.6 g non-phytate-phosphorus (P NP )/kg) to moderate excess (3.9 g P NP /kg) had little effect on egg and shell production, although there was evidence that plasma P i concentration, when not influenced strongly by shell formation, reflected dietary phosphorus content. 3. Among birds at each dietary phosphorus concentration there was a negative linear relationship between shell weight of early eggs in the sequence and plasma P i concentration. The relationship was apparently not affected by dietary phosphorus concentration. 4. Continued feeding of the deficient diet to 61 weeks of age did not have effects on body weight, egg and shell production, other than those associated with age, but plasma P i and bone measurements indicated marginal phosphorus depletion. 5. In another experiment excessive dietary phosphorus (11.9 g P NP /kg) fed in a cross-over design caused small adverse effects on shell production, increased food intake and body weight and increased plasma P content, while there was no relationship between shell weight and plasma P i concentration. i 6. The results are consistent with an indirect effect of plasma phosphorus accumulation on shell formation, probably via an inhibitory effect on skeletal calcium release, in addition to any effect of excess dietary phosphorus on intestinal calcium availability. 7. Phosphorus requirement and status in the laying hen are complicated by the failure to recognise the contribution of digestible phytate-phosphorus to the available phosphorus supply.

Egg-shell deposition and blood plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration in individual laying hens.

1. The relationship between plasma inorganic phosphorus measured at the end of the dark period and the weight of the next egg shell produced was investigated in 30 Hisex Brown hens. 2. Hens received an adequate conventional layers' diet and the lighting pattern was conventional (17 L: 7 D). Observations were made early (31 to 40 weeks) and late (62 to 68 weeks of age) in the laying period. 3. Eggs were classified by position in the clutch sequence and significant negative correlations were found between shell weights of early eggs in the sequence and plasma phosphate at the end of the dark period. 4. No significant trends were found in plasma total calcium. 5. No significant differences were found in bone compositions of birds producing consistently more or less than average shell weight during the laying period. 6. The negative correlations between plasma phosphate and shell weight are consistent with the observations of Sauveur and Mongin (1983) and show that impairment of shell deposition is associated with skeletal mobilisation as indicated by increase in plasma phosphate. This is consistent with the observations on bone composition and indicates that selection for shell quality will tend to select birds which are not dependent on excessive skeletal mobilisation during shell formation.

Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration during eggshell formation. II. — Inverse relationships with intestinal calcium content and eggshell weight

Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration during eggshell formation. II. — Inverse relationships with intestinal calcium content and eggshell weight

Availability of Phosphorus Contained in Poultry Litter for Lambs

Percentage net phosphorus availability (NPHA) and net phosphorus utilization (NPHU) of the phosphorus contained in heat-sterilized poultry litter (PL) as compared to feed grade dicalcium phosphate (DCP) for lambs was assessed by the “slope” method. The method was based on the evaluation of the function of apparent phosphorus absorption (NPHA), or retention (NPHU), on phosphorus intake. Nitrogen retention was also evaluated. Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration as a function of phosphorus intake was evaluated and compared to NPHA and NPHU. The percentage of NPHA was found to be 63.7 and 39, and that of NPHU was 63 and 38 for the phosphorus supplied by DCP and PL, respectively. Thus, the NPHA or NPHU for the phosphorus contained in PL is 60.9 and 60.3% of that of DCP, respectively. The slope ratio between the two phosphate supplements as observed for plasma inorganic phosphorus concentrations was similar to those found for NPHA and NPHU but the coefficient of variation was 5 times higher. Nitrogen digestibility was not affected by the level of phosphorus in the diets. Correlation between nitrogen retention and NPHA or NPHU was, however, significant (P < 0.05). The slopes of dependence of N retention upon phosphorus intake were 2.81 and 1.6 (P < 0.05) for DCP and PL treatments, respectively, and the ratio between the slopes was 0.57, close to the ratio of NPHU in PL to DCP-supplemented diets.phosphorus availability poultry litter lambs

Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration during egg‐shell formation: Effect of the physical form of the dietary calcium

1. Four experiments were carried out with Warren laying hens to elucidate the changes in plasma inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration during egg formation. 2. In hens receiving a normal diet containing a calcium supplement in a powdery form Pi increased from 25 to 42 mg/1 during an entire shell formation cycle (from 10 to 22 h after oviposition of the previous egg), while in cockerels Pi decreased slightly during the night. 3. This increase in Pi in hens, was not related to cessation of feeding at the onset of darkness but was specifically connected with the beginning of shell secretion. 4. When hens received calcium as crushed sea‐shells separately from the diet, the nocturnal peak in Pi virtually disappeared and only a temporary increase of 4 mg/1 between 10 and 14 h after oviposition remained. 5. These results indicate that the beginning of shell secretion is always accompanied by an increase in Pi and that a separate presentation of dietary calcium reduces the bone mobilisation at night.

Intravenous Infusion of Prostaglandin E2Raises Plasma Calcium Concentration in the Rat*

Constant intravenous infusion (65 to 260 ng/min) of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced an elevation of the plasma calcium concentration in unanesthetized rats in a period of 4 h. The increase in plasma calcium was related to the amount of PGE2 infused, and the hypercalcemia persisted for at least 10 h during continuous infusion. There was also a small increase in plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration. The increase in plasma calcium was not due to hemoconcentration; in fact, there was a small decrease in hematocrit during infusion of PGE2, and no change in total plasma protein concentration was detected. Infusion of PGF2, did not raise plasma calcium concentration. We conclude that under appropriate conditions, the exogenous administration of PGE2 can cause an elevation of plasma calcium in the intact rat.

Phosphorus nutrition of beef cattle. 4. The use of faecal and blood phosphorus for the estimation of phosphorus intake

In two experiments measurements were made of the phosphorus content of faeces and blood of penned Angus steers which received diets containing different amounts of phosphorus. In experiment 1, mature carpet grass (Axonopus affinis) hay was supplemented with different amounts of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and in experiment 2, different mixtures of carpet grass hay and lucerne hay were given. Phosphorus intake (X) was related to total daily faecal phosphorus excretion (YT) by the equation: YT= 2.442 + 0.289 � 0.234 (r2 = 0.96; P &lt; 0.001) It is therefore possible to estimate phosphorus intake (X) from total daily faecal phosphorus excretion from the equation : X = 3.460 YT- 8.450 Because the constant 8.450 will vary with the size of the cattle, both variables should be expressed in units of metabolic body weight SO that the prediction equation then is : Xc = 3.401 Yc - 0.1 73 When the regression equation calculated for cattle from these experiments was compared with that calculated for sheep the differences in the slopes of the two regressions suggested that sheep may be more efficient than cattle in retaining phosphorus when intakes of this nutrient are low. Regressions relating phosphorus intake to phosphorus content of faecal dry matter and organic matter differed for the two experiments (P &lt; 0.05) but residual variability was significantly reduced when dry matter digestibility was included as a second independent variable. Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration was significantly related to phosphorus intake (P &lt; 0.05) but the relationship varied (P &lt; 0.05) depending on the time of day at which samples were collected.

Correction - Phosphorus nutrition of beef cattle. 3. Effect of supplementation on the phosphorus content of blood and on the phosphorus and calcium contents of hair and bone of grazing steers

The effect of phosphorus supplements of 35 and 70 g per head per week on the calcium and phosphorus contents of bone and hair and on plasma inorganic phosphorus levels of steers was compared with those of unsupplemented steers which grazed carpet grass (Axonopus affinis) pasture of low phosphorus content at Grafton, New South Wales. The supplements had no effect on plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration. Hair phosphorus content was not affected by either dietary phosphorus or season. Hair calcium was not influenced by pasture calcium but was related to season, with highest levels in summer and lowest in winter. Supplementation increased the amount of phosphorus in dry fat-free rib-bone (P &lt; 0.05) but this effect was not apparent in the first three months of supplementation. The amount of calcium in bone (Y) was influenced by pasture calcium content (X1) and bone phosphorus content (X2). This relationship was described by the equation: Y = 51.0 + 140.81X2 - 3.33X2(R2 = 0.71; P &lt; 0.001) It is suggested that bone phosphorus levels below 14.3, 13.5, and 12.7 per cent of dry fat-free bone may represent a phosphorus deficiency state in 15-27-month-old steers when pasture calcium levels are 0.18, 0.15, and 0.12 per cent respectively. Further, when estimates of the calcium status of beef steers are made from measurements of bone calcium content, corrections should be applied for bone phosphorus content. It is concluded that measurement of bone phosphorus and calcium provides the most sensitive indication of the phosphorus and calcium status of beef cattle and that when phosphorus supplementation has no effect on liveweight of beef steers its effect on mineralization of bone tissue may justify its use, particularly in areas where poor bone development and lameness occur.

Phosphorus nutrition of beef cattle. 3. Effect of supplementation on the phosphorus content of blood and on the phosphorus and calcium contents of hair and bone of grazing steers

The effect of phosphorus supplements of 35 and 70 g per head per week on the calcium and phosphorus contents of bone and hair and on plasma inorganic phosphorus levels of steers was compared with those of unsupplemented steers which grazed carpet grass (Axonopus affinis) pasture of low phosphorus content at Grafton, New South Wales. The supplements had no effect on plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration. Hair phosphorus content was not affected by either dietary phosphorus or season. Hair calcium was not influenced by pasture calcium but was related to season, with highest levels in summer and lowest in winter. Supplementation increased the amount of phosphorus in dry fat-free rib-bone (P &lt; 0.05) but this effect was not apparent in the first three months of supplementation. The amount of calcium in bone (Y) was influenced by pasture calcium content (X1) and bone phosphorus content (X2). This relationship was described by the equation: Y = 51.0 + 140.81X1 - 3.33X2(R2 = 0.71; P &lt; 0.001) It is suggested that bone phosphorus levels below 14.3, 13.5, and 12.7 per cent of dry fat-free bone may represent a phosphorus deficiency state in 15-27-month-old steers when pasture calcium levels are 0.18, 0.15, and 0.12 per cent respectively. Further, when estimates of the calcium status of beef steers are made from measurements of bone calcium content, corrections should be applied for bone phosphorus content. It is concluded that measurement of bone phosphorus and calcium provides the most sensitive indication of the phosphorus and calcium status of beef cattle and that when phosphorus supplementation has no effect on liveweight of beef steers its effect on mineralization of bone tissue may justify its use, particularly in areas where poor bone development and lameness occur.

Parathyroid Influences upon Phosphorus Balance and Homeostasis in Cows

Phosphorus balance studies were conducted on 4 cows during periods of experimentally altered parathyroid status. Parathyroid extract administration to intact and parathyroidectomized cows was accompanied by an increase of urinary phosphorus and a decrease in fecal phosphorus. Parathyroidectomy was followed by a decline in urinary phosphorus output and a rise in fecal phosphorus. The reciprocal changes between urinary and fecal phosphorus excretion during periods of altered parathyroid status resulted in minimal changes in plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration and phosphorus balance. Phosphorus homeostasis during parathyroid extract administration appeared to be preserved principally through a reduction of fecal phosphorus output rather than by liberation of phosphorus from bone. Although the changes in fecal phosphorus excretion are compatible with a parathyroid hormone-induced enhancement of phosphorus absorption, the data do not permit a definitive conclusion regarding such an effect.

Cobalt deficiency in New York State.

Feeding trials with lambs have clearly shown that New York State contains areas that are deficient in cobalt. Lambs fed a low-cobalt ration developed a deficiency of this element in 4–7 months characterized by loss of appetite, loss of weight, a simple anemia and death. Cobalt salts given to cobalt-deficient lambs by mouth resulted in a return of appetite within about a week. This was quickly followed by increased weight gains. Hemoglobin levels started to rise sometime later, about six weeks. Cobalt salts injected into cobalt-deficient lambs were completely ineffective in altering the course of the deficiency. As compared to cobalt-fed lambs, cobalt-deficient lambs showed a slightly lower concentration of blood plasma proteins; a slightly lower blood plasma calcium concentration; a lower blood plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and about the same blood plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration. Autopsy and microscopic tissue studies showed that cobalt-deficient lambs had fatty degeneration of the livers and a marked hemosiderosis of the spleens.