Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Treatment Research Articles

Effect of Electrolyte Temperature on Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation of Pure Aluminum

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is normally carried out under conditions with electrolyte cooling. However, the effect of the temperature of the electrolytes on the PEO behavior and properties of the resulting coatings is seldom investigated. In this study, PEO of pure Al was carried out in a dilute aluminate electrolyte with the electrolyte temperature being controlled under low (~10–30 °C), medium (~40–50 °C) and high (~70–80 °C) temperature ranges, respectively. The morphology, microstructure, composition and phase component of the coatings fabricated under the different temperature ranges were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion resistances of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical methods. The hardness of the coatings and substrate following the PEO treatment in the different electrolyte temperature ranges were also tested. It was found that a higher electrolyte temperature resulted in a higher growth rate and rougher coatings. Moreover, the α-Al2O3 content was reduced as the electrolyte temperature increased. The highest corrosion resistance was registered for the coating obtained under the lowest temperature range, whereas the corrosion resistance of the coating obtained under the highest temperature range was the worst. The higher growth rate under high electrolyte temperatures was associated with the increased kinetics of the PEO reactions. However, the temperature of the electrolyte should be controlled under a suitable range to ensure reasonable coating properties.

Durable slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces for effective corrosion protection of aluminum alloy in ethylene glycol-water solutions

Aluminum (Al) alloys are extensively utilized in liquid-cooling heat dissipation systems owing to their superior strength-to-weight performance, ease of processing, and high thermal conductivity. However, they are susceptible to corrosion in the cooling medium, such as ethylene glycol-water solutions. This study presents a straightforward and cost-effective method to create a slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS) designed to effectively prevent corrosion of the 6061 Al alloy in ethylene glycol-water solutions. Micro/nano hierarchical structures were achieved on the SLIPS through plasma electrolytic oxidation and hydrothermal treatment. Following the modification of low-surface-energy materials and the infusion of silicone oil, the SLIPS exhibited an outstanding slippery property, allowing ethylene glycol-water droplets to effortlessly slide down the inclined surface at an angle of 1.1°. Additionally, the SLIPS demonstrated remarkable anti-corrosion performance against ethylene glycol-water solutions, with a minimum corrosion current density (Icorr) of 2.4 × 10−10 A·cm−2. Crucially, long-term immersion test results on corrosion resistance revealed that the SLIPS provided reliable corrosion protection for the 6061 Al alloy, exhibiting an Icorr increased by 4 orders of magnitude compared to a smooth substrate. These findings hold significant potential for advancing the widespread application of SLIPS in liquid-cooling heat dissipation systems.

Superior MoTiN and NiMoTiN coating electrode with platinum-like catalytic activity fabricated by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Electrolyzing water is an effective and feasible technology to achieve a large-scale hydrogen production in industry. However, it is still challenging to develop an efficient approach to fabricate a superior and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrodes with low cost and outstanding catalytic efficiency. This work presents an innovative surface modification technique of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to fabricate superior MoN based coating electrodes. By simply introducing Na2MoO4 and NiAc2 into the electrolyte, a novel MoTiN and NiMoTiN coatings were successfully achieved on the surface of a titanium substrate by PEO and annealing treatments, which exhibits excellent mechanical adhesion and platinum-like catalytic properties. Importantly, it has been demonstrated that the newly formed MoTiN solid solution combined by active Mo2N and conductive TiN can contribute the superior catalytic activity and the subsequent Ni doping can effectively stabilize the structure and activity of MoTiN. Under the alkaline environment of 1 M KOH, the MoTiN and NiMoTiN coated electrodes require only 126 and 121 mV overpotential, respectively, to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Additionally, under the same test conditions, NiMoTiN can operate stably for over 24 h, demonstrating excellent HER catalytic activity and stability. This work provides new insights into the preparation of HER electrodes with superior mechanical properties and excellent catalytic performance towards industrial hydrogen production.

High-performance ceramic coatings for additive manufacturing biofunctional titanium alloy by regulating precipitation orientation

To prepare high-performance plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings with excellent wear resistance and antibacterial activity on biofunctional alloys, Ti-Cu alloy was fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) technique with controlled crystalline orientation of precipitates to enhance Cu ions release during PEO. In contrast to ingot metallurgical (IM) Ti-Cu alloy with Ti2Cu-(103)-oriented, the Ti2Cu-(110)-oriented in AM-Ti-Cu alloy exhibits a lower work function and inferior corrosion resistance due to its low atomic close-packing. This facilitates the release of Cu ions by promoting valence electron escape from the 4 s energy level during PEO to promote forming a higher content copper oxide (CuO). Subsequent to the PEO treatment, the AM-PEO coating contains more CuO (44.44 wt%) compared to the IM-PEO coating (3.6 wt%), resulting in better corrosion resistance and a lower friction coefficient (0.13 for AM-PEO and 0.34 for IM-PEO). The antibacterial efficacy of AM-PEO coating reached 99.62 %. This study highlights the advantage of regulating precipitate phase orientation in AM processes as an innovative approach to efficiently fabricate functional PEO coatings for alloys.

Hierarchically porous surface of HA-sandblasted Ti implant screw using the plasma electrolytic oxidation: Physical characterization and biological responses.

The surface topological features of bioimplants are among the key indicators for bone tissue replacement because they directly affect cell morphology, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study, we investigated the physical, electrochemical, and biological responses of sandblasted titanium (SB-Ti) surfaces with pore geometries fabricated using a plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. The PEO treatment was conducted at an applied voltage of 280V in a solution bath consisting of 0.15mol L-1 calcium acetate monohydrate and 0.02mol L-1 calcium glycerophosphate for 3 min. The surface chemistry, wettability, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of PEO-treated sandblasted Ti implants using hydroxyapatite particles (PEO-SB-Ti) were improved with the distribution of calcium phosphorous porous oxide layers, and showed a homogeneous and hierarchically porous surface with clusters of nanopores in a bath containing calcium acetate monohydrate and calcium glycerophosphate. To demonstrate the efficacy of PEO-SB-Ti, we investigated whether the implant affects biological responses. The proposed PEO-SB-Ti were evaluated with the aim of obtaining a multifunctional bone replacement model that could efficiently induce osteogenic differentiation as well as antibacterial activities. These physical and biological responses suggest that the PEO-SB-Ti may have a great potential for use an artificial bone replacement compared to that of the controls.

Analyzing PEO anodization time to monitor coatings phases, composition, morphology, thickness, and microhardness during the growth of TiO2 pores on the CP-Ti surface

The objective of this study was to develop an oxide coating on commercially pure titanium using the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique. During the surface treatment process, the time value was varied for 1, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The PEO treatment was carried out at a limited current of 2.5 A and a voltage of 300 V. The coatings exhibit the anatase and rutile crystalline structures of TiO2. The coating produced for longer treatment times has higher concentrations of rutile, resulting in surface hardening. The thickness and the roughness of the coatings increased with the increase in treatment time, but there was a reduction in the size of the pores per unit area.

Mechanical hydroxyapatite coatings on PEO-treated Ti–6Al–4V alloy for enhancing implant's surface bioactivity

In this study, to reactivate the oxide film and to secure biocompatibility, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment and hydroxyapatite (HA) deposition via mechanical coating (MC) processes were investigated. This experimental approach involved subjecting the Ti–6Al–4V alloy specimens to PEO treatment, followed by MC with HA powder for different hours as HA has the potential to increase bioactivity and surface characteristics due to its chemical composition and structural properties similar to natural bone. Therefore, the study aimed to examine the effects of MC with HA powder for 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 h on PEO-coated Ti–6Al–4V alloy discs for analyzing the surface characterization, phase analysis, surface roughness, wettability, adhesion strength, hardness, corrosion behavior, and cell proliferation properties for dental implant use. The findings demonstrate that prolonged HA milling enhances the substrate's mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and adhesion properties. The presence of prominent anatase and HA peaks, particularly in the 5 MC-PEO, 7MC-PEO, and 9 MC-PEO samples, validates the synergistic impact of the PEO oxide layer and HA milling, resulting in outstanding corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Cell culture analysis reveals a positive correlation between increased milling time and enhanced cell proliferation, particularly towards small-sized HA particles.

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) as a Promising Technology for the Development of High-Performance Coatings on Cast Al-Si Alloys: A Review

Cast Al-Si alloys, recognized for their excellent mechanical properties, constitute one of the most widely employed non-ferrous substrates in several sectors, and are particularly relevant in the transport industry. Nevertheless, these alloys also display inherent limitations that significantly restrict their use in several applications. Among these limitations, their low hardness, low wear resistance, or limited anti-corrosion properties, which are often not enough when the component is subjected to more severe environments, are particularly relevant. In this context, surface modification and the development of coatings are essential for the application of cast Al-Si alloys. This review focuses on the development of coatings to overcome the complexities associated with improving the performance of cast Al-Si alloys. Against this background, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), an advanced electrochemical treatment that has revolutionized the surface modification of several metallic alloys in recent years, emerges as a promising approach. Despite the growing recognition of PEO technology, the achievement of high-performance coatings on cast Al-Si is still a challenge nowadays, for which reason this review aims to provide an overview of the PEO treatment applied to these alloys. In particular, the impact of the electrolyte chemical composition on the properties of the coatings obtained on different alloys exposed to harsh environments has been analyzed and discussed. By addressing the existing gaps and challenges, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the intricacies associated with the development of robust PEO coatings on cast Al-Si alloys.

Growth and characterization of plasma electrolytic oxidation coating on 60%SiCp/2009 aluminum matrix composite

A ceramic coating on 60vol.%SiCP/2009 aluminum matrix composite was prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in silicate solution. The microstructure, composition and wettability of the PEO coating and its corrosion resistance were investigated. The generation mechanism of spark discharge on the SiC particles surface was also discussed. It is found that the insoluble compound (SiO2) from silicate solution is vital for the ignition of spark discharge on the SiC particles surface. The defects in the Al−Si−O compounds provide a priority path for the conduction of discharge current on the SiC particles surface. A uniform coating of 5.5 μm was fabricated after 1200 s. Moreover, with the increase of time, the surface free energy of PEO coating reached the maximum of 37.10 mJ/cm2 at 40 s, and then decreased to 25.95 mJ/cm2 at 1200 s. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the composite was greatly improved by PEO treatment.

Discharge channel structure revealed by plasma electrolytic oxidation of AZ31Mg alloy with magnetron sputtering Al layer and corrosion behaviors of treated alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of AZ31 magnesium alloy with a thin magnetron sputtering Al layer was carried out in a silicate–hexametaphosphate electrolyte to investigate the PEO mechanism and improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy. SEM and EDS were employed to examine the coating morphology and trace the Mg and Al elements in the coatings. It is found that new coating is mainly formed at the lower part of the discharge channels close to the interface of coating/metal substrate. The previously formed oxides at the upper part of discharge channels are largely kept in their original solid forms within the discharge channels. Only a small fraction of the molten oxide flows out through the micropores of the coating, reaching the top layer. The anionic species can freely access the innermost of the coatings, which are also transported through the electrolyte-filled pores. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was examined by open circuit potentials, polarization curves and EIS tests in 3.5 wt.% NaCl. Owing to its compact nature, the magnetron sputtered Al layer can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the AZ31 Mg alloy, which is even better than that of the samples after PEO treatment.

Insight into continuous growth mechanisms of ZrO2-Al2O3 composite PEO coatings with superior cavitation erosion resistance

The ZrO2-Al2O3 composite coatings were fabricated on TiB2/2024Al composite by the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment with either monoclinic (m-ZrO2) or tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) nanoparticles (NPs) addition. Such PEO coatings showed a double layer morphology due to the limited physical motion ability of ZrO2 colloidal particles into coatings. t-ZrO2 remained as the main phase in ZrO2-Al2O3 PEO composite coatings whether t-ZrO2 or m-ZrO2 NPs were added. Based on the microstructure analyses by focus ion beam plus scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, ZrO2 showed netlike morphology in the outer layer with NPs partially melted at the mesh boundary and lines-like morphology fully melted at the inner mesh in the coating. A prominent morphological transition of ZrO2 was clearly observed at the interface between outer layer and inner layer. Therefore, the continuous growth mechanisms of ZrO2-Al2O3 composite PEO coatings were proposed in terms of morphological evolution process. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements and cavitation erosion tests were conducted to study the comprehensive surface properties (corrosion and impact resistance) of ZrO2-Al2O3 composite coatings. As a result, the ZrO2-Al2O3 composite PEO coatings with m-ZrO2 addition exhibited the greatly reduced corrosion rate, and superior cavitation erosion resistance. Accordingly, the underlying mechanisms for these improved properties were intensively discussed.

Anodization and Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Treatments of AZ91D Mg Alloy in Alkaline Aqueous Solutions

Mg alloys, such as AZ91 (Mg-9mass%Al-1mass%Zn), are lightweight materials with excellent mechanical properties. The applications of Mg alloys in automobiles could significantly contribute to reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Mg alloys are fully recyclable and abundantly available, which increases their desirability in light of rising environmental consciousness. However, the low corrosion resistance of Mg alloys is one of the major limitations to further applications.In Mg alloys, corrosion behavior is known to be related to the microstructure. During the real-time in situ observation of the corrosion process under galvanostatic polarization, filiform corrosion proceeded along the outside of the β phase (in lamellar α + β microstructure and along the α-mother phase 1. Furthermore, the β phase exhibited a higher potential in the OCPs of each phase and a small area with the boundary in 0.1 M NaCl at pH 8.0 2. Thus, the surface films of β phases was thought to suppress the corrosion of Mg alloys. Mg alloys can be treated by anodic oxidation or plasma electrolytic oxidation to obtain excellent corrosion resistance. The latter is similar to anodic oxidation but applies a higher voltage, which causes a discharge on the electrode surface and the resulting plasma modifies the oxide film significantly.In this study, anodic oxidation and plasma electrolytic oxidation were performed on AZ91D Mg alloy in alkaline solutions such as sodium phosphate. This study aims to compare the two methods in the same solution and to produce an Al-rich surface film with excellent corrosion resistance.In anodic oxidation, the size of the electrode area was approximately 1 cm2. The surface of the specimen was coated with epoxy resin, followed by paraffin. The reference electrode was Ag / AgCl (3.33 M KCl). The experiments were performed at 25 ℃. The scan rate of potentiodynamic polarization was set at 23 mV min-1. The starting potential was set at 20 mV lower than the open-circuit potential. The anodic oxidation treatments were terminated at 0 V, 3 V, and 5 V. Plasma electrolytic oxidation was performed with a liquid volume of 500 mL. The sample was mounted on a resin holder. The electrode surface was approximately 50 mm2. A Pt plate was used as the counter electrode. The sample and the counter electrode were fixed at a distance of 0.5 cm. A plasma-generating power supply was used. The solution was cooled down to 20 ℃ while the voltage was applied. The frequency and the pulse interval were adjusted. The voltage and type of solution were changed to produce the film. Z. Shao, M. Nishimoto, I. Muto, and Y. Sugawara, Corrosion Science, 192, 109834 (2021).Z. Shao, M. Nishimoto, I. Muto, and Y. Sugawara, Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 11, 137-153 (2023).

Frequency Response Evaluation as Diagnostic and Optimization Tool for Pulsed Unipolar Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Process and Resultant Coatings on Zirconium.

This study aims to bridge various diagnostic tools for the development of smart plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technologies. PEO treatments of commercially pure Zr were carried out using the pulsed unipolar polarisation (PUP) regime with frequency sweep in an alkaline phosphate-silicate electrolyte. Methods of in situ impedance spectroscopy and electrical transient analysis were used for the process diagnostics under the video imaging of the PEO. Two cutoff frequencies, 170-190 Hz and 620-650 Hz, were identified for the PEO-assisted charge transfer process. An equivalent circuit for the metal-oxide-electrolyte system under PUP PEO conditions was developed; from the capacitance values, two geometrical dielectric barriers were evaluated: a thinner 0.5-1 µm inner layer of the coating and a thicker 4-6 µm outer layer. These estimates were in agreement with the coating cross-sectional morphology. Based on comparing the results obtained using different techniques, the frequencies at which the uniform coatings with the best protective properties were formed were identified. For the selected electrolyte system and polarisation regime, these frequencies ranged from 2 to 5 kHz where the overall circuit reactance was minimal; therefore, the power factor was as close to one as possible. This opens the possibilities for the optimization of the pulsed PEO process and online control of unobservable surface characteristics, e.g., the thickness of the coating layers, thus contributing towards the development of smart PEO technologies.

Magnesium-Based Biomedical Devices Degradation Control by Means of Multilayer Coatings

Sometimes, in surgical procedure following an accident or illness it is necessary to use metal prostheses or implants to ensure the functionality of bones and joint systems. From time to time, at the end of the patient's healing process, it is necessary to remove the medical device used. In these cases, it would be useful to use resorbable devices to avoid further surgery. A possible solution to the problem could be to use metal alloy devices that degrade over time, while ensuring the functionality of the system. Unfortunately, the chemical compounds generated by the corrosion processes of metal alloys used in the medical field are almost always harmful to human health. The products generated by the degradation processes of some magnesium alloys, on the other hand, are not considered toxic or harmful to human health, so that a device showing controllable degradation rate can be used, guaranteeing the functionality of the implanted device. To achieve this goal, a possible solution could include the use of one or more coatings, capable of controlling the metal degradation process. To do this, we used a first coating obtained by subjecting the samples to a direct current (DC) plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment, carried out in an alkaline solution based on silicates and sodium. Subsequently, the samples were coated with a polydopamine (PDOPA) film by dip-coating, and, at the end, a l-polylactic acid (PLLA) coating was applied on the sample by hot-pressing. The coupons were subjected to morphological characterization by Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (SEM) and to electrochemical characterization in Hank's solution at 37°C by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results obtained demonstrate that the coupling of the PEO oxide with the polydopamine and the polymeric film show properties such as to allow the creation of devices which permit the control of the metal degradation process.

Unraveling crystalline phases, morphology, hardness, and adhesion of PEO anodic coatings on Ti-15Nb alloy surface

This study aims to create a coating of oxide (with Ca, P, and Mg) on the Ti-15Nb alloy using the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique. The voltage value was varied during the surface treatment process (200, 250, and 300 V). The PEO treatment was performed using a limited current of 2.5 A for 60 s. The films have the anatase and rutile crystalline structures of TiO2, where rutile increases the hardness of the coatings. All coatings are hydrophilic in contact with distilled water and have poor adhesion to the substrate.

Alloying Element Depletion and Phase Transition in Stainless Steel 304 Induced by PEO Treatment in KOH- and TaOH-Rich Electrolyte

Due to their lower cost and good mechanical and corrosion properties, ferrous materials such as stainless steel (SS) are commonly used as bio-materials, mainly as surgical instruments and implants. Surface treatments such as plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) can be a valuable tool to increase corrosion resistance and enhance the bio-compatibility of metallic materials. In this scenario, the current study evaluated the effect of electrolyte composition on the surface of SS304 submitted to PEO treatment. The variation in the amount of KOH and Ta(OH)5 promoted significant changes in the surface characteristics, forming Fe-rich oxide plates, Ta-rich agglomerate particles, and an exposed substrate. The PEO-treated substrates were depleted of some alloying elements (Cr, Ni, and Mn), which, allied to the Ta-enrichment, affected the roughness, wettability, phase stability, micro-hardness, and corrosion resistance. All the PEO treatments presented a phase composition of single γ-Fe instead of a dual α + γ phase from the untreated substrate, which was understood in terms of the Nieq-Creq diagram. The corrosion tests indicated that the PEO treatment significantly affected the corrosion parameters, having the presence of a non-uniform oxide layer. The findings show that it is possible to control the chemical and phase composition of SS304 material employing PEO treatment.

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation on Magnesium AZ31 with Sepiolite as Inhibitor Carrier for Improved Corrosion Protection

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) in an alkaline silicate electrolyte containing nanosized sepiolite fibers was carried out on magnesium alloy AZ31. The mineral fibers were loaded with different corrosion inhibitors and incorporated in situ during the PEO treatment. The composition and microstructure of the PEO coatings were investigated by SEM. It was shown that the fibers are located on the surface as well as inside the “weak spots” of the coating, i.e., pores and discharge channels. The fixation of the particles is caused by sintering due to the heat developed during the PEO treatment. Investigations using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear sweep voltammetry in 0.01 M NaCl solution confirmed an improvement of the corrosion protection. The use of the inhibitors shifts the critical pitting potential in the anodic direction. Regarding efficiency, cerium-loaded sepiolite showed the best behavior by shifting the pitting potential by +0.9 V.

Study on Discharge Characteristics and Microstructural Evolution of PEO Coatings Based on an Al/Ti Tracer Substrate

In this study, samples underwent plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment using Al/Ti tracer substrates for 5, 10, 20, 35, and 55 min. The ionization states were determined using Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). Microstructural and elemental analyses were conducted using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The structural organization and phase composition of the coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The research findings indicate that the early discharge stage is dominated by discharge within the pre-deposited Al layer, which undergoes gradual oxidation along the thickness direction, while Ti (0.25 wt%) is found on the coating surface. The power increase was 56% of the total increase from min 5 to min 10 of discharge. As discharge time increased, the spectral peaks corresponding to Ti gradually became stronger and were accompanied by gradual enhancement of the crystallinity of the anatase and rutile phases within the coating. The coating surface displayed closed and semi-closed pores in the middle of the discharge. After 55 min of discharge, amorphous SiO2 was observed and Ti content on the coating surface increased to 4.59 wt%.

Craniofacial reconstruction using 3D personalized implants with enhanced surface properties: Technological and clinical aspects

In this study, the modification of personalized titanium implants was developed using the plasma electrolytic oxidation process. Plasma electrolytic oxidation process parameters were initially optimized using solid samples of the Ti6Al4V alloy. Oxidation was achieved in an electrolyte containing calcium and phosphorus compounds at 250 V. The oxide layer produced was characterized by the use of human osteoblasts and fibroblasts, with high biological activity of the modified titanium alloy in relation to these cells was demonstrated. Based on tomographic examinations, models were made and then personalized implants for three patients were printed from a Ti6Al4V alloy powder. These implants were subjected to plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment within the previously developed parameters and surgically placed in the craniofacial area. On the basis of postoperative studies, surgical interventions were successful, with modification of the surface using the plasma electrolytic oxidation method producing bioactive surfaces for both bone and soft tissue.

Titanium surfaces with biomimetic topography and copper incorporation to modulate behaviors of stem cells and oral bacteria.

Purpose: Insufficient osseointegration and implant-associated infection are major factors in the failure of Ti-based implants, thus spurring scientists to develop multifunctional coatings that are better suited for clinical requirements. Here, a new biomimetic micro/nanoscale topography coating combined with antibacterial copper was simultaneously designed for Ti-based implant surfaces by adopting a hybrid approach combining plasma electrolytic oxidation and hydrothermal treatment. Results: The biological interactions between this biofunctionalized material interface and stem cells promoted cellular adhesion and spreading during initial attachment and supported cellular proliferation for favorable biocompatibility. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) on the coating displayed enhanced cellular mineral deposition ability, higher alkaline phosphatase activity, and upregulated expression of osteogenic-related markers without the addition of osteoinductive chemical factors, which improved osseointegration. More interestingly, this new coating reduced the viability of oral pathogens (Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis)-the primary causes of implant-associated infections as indicated by damage of cellular structures and decreased population. This is the first study investigating the antibacterial property of dental implants modified by a hybrid approach against oral pathogens to better mimic the oral environment. Conclusion: These findings suggest that biofunctionalization of the implant coating by surface modification methods and the incorporation of antibacterial copper (Cu) offer superior osteogenesis capability and effective antibacterial activity, respectively. These strategies have great value in orthopedic and dental implant applications.