Plasma Creatine Kinase Levels Research Articles

Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on the Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness after Cycling High Intensity Interval Training in Overweight or Obese Males.

People with overweight or obesity preferred high-intensity interval training (HIIT) due to the time-efficiency and pleasure. However, HIIT leads to delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The present study aimed to investigate the effects of omega-3 supplementation on DOMS, muscle damage, and acute inflammatory markers induced by cycling HIIT in untrained males with overweight or obesity. A randomized, double-blinded study was used in the present study. Twenty-four males with a sedentary lifestyle were randomly assigned to either receive omega-3 (O3) (4 g fish oil) or placebo (Con). Subjects consumed the capsules for 4 weeks and performed cycling HIIT at the 4th week. After 4 weeks-intervention, the omega-3 index of O3 group increased by 52.51% compared to the baseline. All subjects performed HIIT at 4th week. The plasma creatine kinase (CK) level of Con group increased throughout 48h after HIIT. While the CK level of O3 group increased only immediately and 24h after HIIT and decreased at 48h after HIIT. The white blood cell count (WBC) of Con group increased immediately after the HIIT, while O3 group did not show such increase. There was no change of CRP in both groups. O3 group had a higher reduction of calf pain score compared to Con group. O3 group also showed a recovery of leg strength faster than Con group. Omega-3 supplementation for 4 weeks lower increased CK level, reduced calf pain score, and recovery leg strength, DOMS markers after cycling HIIT.

Oral administration of glutathione modulates exercise-related metabolic and oxidative factors in skeletal muscles of mice

Exercise activates the metabolic system in skeletal muscles, which is modulated by antioxidant supplementation. Some antioxidants such as glutathione accelerate metabolic adaptation induced by exercise training, whereas other antioxidants such as vitamin C suppress it. Thus, the present study aimed to elucidate the effects of oral administration of glutathione and vitamin C on metabolic and redox responses after acute exercise in mice. ICR mice were randomly divided into sedentary, exercise, exercise with glutathione, and exercise with vitamin C groups. In the exercise groups, mice were subjected to treadmill running at 30 m/min for 30 min. Immediately after exercise, glutathione (2% w/v, 5uL/g body weight) or vitamin C (10% w/v, 5uL/g body weight) were administered. Gastrocnemius muscle and plasma samples were collected at 3 h post-exercise. We found that plasma creatine kinase levels were only elevated in the exercise group. Malondialdehyde levels in skeletal muscle were elevated after exercise, but this elevation was suppressed by glutathione administration. PGC-1α expression was increased in both the exercise and glutathione groups compared with the sedentary group; however, the expressions of its downstream proteins were only increased in the glutathione group. Reduced glutathione form was notably increased in the mitochondria, whereas oxidized glutathione was significantly increased in the cytosol of the glutathione administration group compared with the exercise group. Thioredoxin reductase activity was also higher in the glutathione group than in the sedentary and exercise groups. Thus, this study demonstrates that post-exercise glutathione administration accelerates the exercise-induced responses of mitochondrial factors in skeletal muscle, which may be mediated by the modulation of the redox system.

Renal denervation ameliorated salt-induced hypertension by improving cardiac work, cardiac enzyme and oxidative balance in Sprague-Dawley rats

BackgroundHypertension is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, dysregulation of the antioxidant system and alteration of the level of some enzymes in the metabolic pathway. The possible modulatory effect of acute renal denervation (ARD) on cardiovascular function and the antioxidant system is still a subject of intense debate. This study sought to ascertain the ameliorative effects of ARD on cardiovascular parameters, antioxidant system, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels. MethodsThirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats (5–6 weeks old) were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each consisting of Normal Salt, High Salt, Normal Salt + Sham Denervation, High Salt + Sham Denervation, Normal Salt + Renal Denervation and High Salt + Renal Denervation. Induction of hypertension with 8 % salt in the diet lasted for 8 weeks. Renal or Sham denervation was thereafter done on selected groups. At the end of the experimental period, cardiovascular parameters, plasma antioxidant status, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were assessed. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. ResultsSalt-loading significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), rate pressure product (RPP) while reducing superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT). Acute renal denervation significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced SBP, DBP, MABP, RPP, LDH and norepinephrine level while increasing SOD, GSH and CAT. ARD did not significantly alter CK level. ConclusionAcute renal denervation, by reducing sympathetic activity, ameliorates cardiovascular and antioxidant functions as well as reduces LDH level without significantly altering CK level in salt-induced hypertension.

The effects of highly bioavailable curcumin in downhill running-induced muscle damage model

ABSTRACT Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound exerting antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on various tissues, including muscles. Nevertheless, its clinical usage has been limited because of its poor bioavailability. Thus, highly bioavailable curcumin, such as Theracurmin (CR-033P) composed of 36% crystalline curcumin, has been developed. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and muscle-protective effect of Theracurmin Super (TS-P1), a new formulation with 36% amorphous curcumin. TS-P1 and CR-033P demonstrated antioxidant activity in vitro. Compared with pure curcumin, orally administered TS-P1 or CR-033P (16.7 or 50 mg per kg of body weight) at one-third dose inhibited the elevation of plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels in a mouse downhill running model, indicating superior muscle-protective effect. Particularly, TS-P1 showed better or equivalent effectiveness in restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase and catalase, and in suppressing inflammatory responses. Therefore, formulation with amorphous curcumin is a promising strategy for curcumin-based supplements.

Preoperative low plasma creatine kinase levels predict worse survival outcomes in bladder cancer after radical cystectomy.

To evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative creatine kinase (CK) levels in bladder cancer (BCa) patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC). 570 BCa patients with RC were identified between 2010 and 2020. 108.5U/L of CK levels were defined as the cutoff value. Logistic regression analysis and Cox regression models were performed to evaluate the association between CK levels and oncologic outcomes. Subgroup analyses were performed to address cofounding factors. Preoperative low CK levels were associated with worse recurrence-free survival (RFS, log-rank P = 0.001) and overall survival (OS, log-rank P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative low CK levels were an independent predictor for worse RFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.683; P < 0.001) and OS (HR: 1.567; P = 0.002). The preoperative low CK level independently predicts worse survival outcomes in BCa after RC. Incorporating it into prediction models might be valuable to assist risk stratification.

Modification of Peripheral Blood Flow and Angiogenesis by CO2 Water-Bath Therapy in Diabetic Skeletal Muscle with or without Ischemia.

Previously, it was shown that both blood flow and angiogenesis in the ischemic hind limb of diabetic rats were increased upon CO2 treatment for 4 weeks. In the present study, we have compared the effects of 6 weeks CO2 therapy in diabetic rats with or without peripheral ischemia. Diabetes was induced in rats by a tail vein injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body weight), whereas peripheral ischemia was produced by occluding the femoral artery at 2 weeks of inducing diabetes. Both diabetic and diabetic-ischemic animals were treated with or without CO2 water-bath at 37 °C for 6 weeks (30 min/day; 5 days/week) starting at 2 weeks, after the induction of ischemia. CO2 treatment did not affect heart rate and R-R interval as well as plasma levels of creatine kinase, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoproteins. Unlike the levels of plasma Ox-LDL, MDA and TNF-α, the levels of NO in diabetic group were increased by CO2 water-bath treatment. On the other hand, the levels of plasma Ox-LDL and MDA were decreased whereas that of NO was increased without any changes in TNF-α level in diabetic-ischemic animals upon CO2 therapy. Treatment of diabetic animals with CO2 increased peak, mean and minimal blood flow by 20, 49 and 43% whereas these values were increased by 53, 26 and 80% in the diabetic-ischemic group by CO2 therapy, respectively. Blood vessel count in diabetic and diabetic-ischemic skeletal muscles was increased by 73 and 136% by CO2 therapy, respectively. These data indicate that peripheral ischemia augmented the increase in blood flow and development of angiogenesis in diabetic skeletal muscle upon CO2 therapy. It is suggested that greater beneficial effects of CO2 therapy in diabetic-ischemic animals in comparison to diabetic group may be a consequence of difference of changes in the redox-sensitive signal transduction mechanisms.

Rhabdomyolysis aggravates renal iron accumulation and acute kidney injury in a humanized mouse model of sickle cell disease

Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at greater risk of rhabdomyolysis, a potentially life-threatening condition resulting from the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most severe complications of rhabdomyolysis. Chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease, which account for SCD mortality, are long-term consequences of AKI. Although SCD elevates the risks of rhabdomyolysis-induced sudden death, the mechanisms that underlie rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in SCD are unclear. In the present study, we show that, unlike their control non-sickling (AA) counterparts, transgenic homozygous SCD (SS; Townes model) mice exhibited 100% mortality 8–24 h after intramuscular glycerol injection. Five hours after glycerol injection, SS mice showed a more significant increase in myoglobinuria and plasma creatine kinase levels than AA mice. Basal plasma heme and kidney tissue iron levels were significantly higher in SS than in AA mice. In contrast to AA, glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis aggravated these parameters in SS mice. Rhabdomyolysis also amplified oxidative stress in SS compared to AA mice. Glycerol-treated SS mice exhibited worse renal function, exemplified by a reduction in GFR with a corresponding increase in plasma and urinary biomarkers of early AKI and renal tubular damage. The free radical scavenger and Fenton chemistry inhibitor, TEMPOL, ameliorated rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in the SS mice. These findings demonstrate that oxidative stress driven by renal iron accumulation amplifies rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI in SCD mice.

Butyrate alleviates renal inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of polycystic ovarian syndrome by suppression of SDF-1

BackgroundPolycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial condition with metabolic-related complications, such as diabetic nephropathy and chronic renal disorder, which are the leading cause of renal transplant globally. Protective effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) have been documented in metabolic-linked pathologies. Nonetheless, the current study investigated the restorative role of HDACi, butyrate in experimental PCOS-induced renal disorder.Materials and methodsFemale Wistar rats (8-week-old) were divided into groups; control, butyrate-treated, letrozole and letrozole + butyrate-treated groups. To induce PCOS, 1 mg/kg of letrozole was given (oral gavage) for 21 days. After confirmation of PCOS, 200 mg/kg of butyrate (oral gavage) was administered for 6 weeks.ResultsRats with PCOS revealed disruption in glucose homeostasis (hyperinsulinemia and impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance) and presented with the phenotypes of PCOS (hyperandrogenism, multiple ovarian cysts and elevated LH/FSH ratio). Increased plasma and renal triglycerides and inflammatory (TNF-α/SDF-1/NF-κB) markers were observed with elevated levels of TGFβ-1, renal lipid peroxidation and redox imbalance (GGT, GSH, HIF-1α). Interestingly, animals with PCOS reported increased body weight as well as renal mass. Whereas, heightened levels of plasma urea, creatinine and creatine kinase indicating renal dysfunction, characterized by renal apoptosis (Caspase-6) and increased HDAC2 levels. Notwithstanding, administration of butyrate averted the alterations.ConclusionThe present investigation demonstrates that PCOS declines renal function, which is accompanied by renal inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis. The study further suggests that butyrate, an HDAC2i restores renal function by suppressing renal SDF-1 with subsequent attenuation of renal inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis.

Phosphorylated tau in plasma could be a biomarker of lower motor neuron impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Plasma levels of phosphorylated tau (P-tau181) have been recently reported to be increased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and associated with lower motor neuron (LMN) impairment. We quantified plasma P-tau181 (pP-tau181) in a cohort of 29 deeply phenotyped ALS patients using the new fully automated Lumipulse assay and analysed phenotype-biomarker correlations. pP-tau181 levels correlated positively with a clinical LMN score (r = 0.3803) and negatively, albeit not significantly, with a composite index of muscle strength (r = - 0.3416; p = 0.0811), but not with Penn Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Score. Accordingly, pP-tau181 correlated with electromyographic indices of spinal active and chronic denervation (r = 0.4507 and r = 0.3864, respectively) but not with transcranial magnetic stimulation parameters of UMN dysfunction. pP-tau181 levels did not correlate with those in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum NFL, serum GFAP, CSF/serum albumin ratio, or estimated glomerular filtration rate, but correlated with plasma creatine kinase levels (r = 0.4661). Finally, while not being associated with neuropsychological phenotype, pP-tau181 correlated negatively with pH (r = - 0.5632) and positively with partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2; r = 0.7092), bicarbonate (sHCO3-; r = 0.6667) and base excess (r = 0.6611) on arterial blood gas analysis. pP-tau181 has potential as ALS biomarker and could be associated with LMN impairment. Its raised levels might reflect pathophysiological processes (tau hyperphosphorylation and/or release) occurring in the axons of LMNs distantly from the CNS and the CSF. pP-tau181 could also be associated with respiratory dysfunction.

Growth performance, organ weight, and plasma metabolites in broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal diet containing berry pomaces and fed without or with multienzymes supplement

This study evaluated effects of feeding low-bush wild blueberry (LBP) and organic American cranberry (CRP) pomaces without or with multienzyme supplement (ENZ) on growth performance, organ weight and plasma metabolites in broiler chickens. Nonenzyme-fed (no-ENZ: n=1,575) and enzyme-fed (ENZ: n=1,575) day-old male Cobb500 broilers were placed in floor pens (45 chicks/pen) and allocated to five corn-soybean meal-based diets: a basal diet supplemented with either bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD, 55 mg/kg), 0.5 or 1% of CRP or LBP in a 2×5 factorial design for 35-day experiment. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and mortality were recorded whereas BW gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Birds were sampled at days 21 and 35 for organ weights and plasma metabolites. There were no interactions between diet and ENZ on any parameter (P > 0.05) and no effect of ENZ on overall (d 0-35) growth performance and organ weights (P > 0.05). Birds fed BMD were heavier (P < 0.05) at d 35 and had better overall FCR than berry-supplemented birds. Birds fed 1% LBP had poor FCR than birds fed 0.5% CRP. Birds fed LBP exhibited heavier liver (P < 0.05) than birds fed BMD or 1% CRP. The highest plasma concentrations of aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) at d 28 and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) at d 35 were found in ENZ-fed birds (P < 0.05). At d 28, birds fed 0.5% LBP showed higher plasma AST and CK concentrations (P < 0.05). However, CRP feeding resulted in a lower plasma CK level compared with BMD feeding (P < 0.05). The lowest cholesterol level was detected in 1% CRP-fed birds. In conclusion, this study showed no ENZ effects to potentiate berry pomaces on the overall growth performance of broilers (P < 0.05. However, plasma profiles revealed the potential of ENZ to modulate the metabolism of pomace-fed broilers. LBP increased BW during the starter phase, while CRP increased BW during the grower phase.

Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of acute episodes of rhabdomyolysis in lipin-1-deficient patients.

Mutations in the LPIN1 gene constitute a major cause of severe rhabdomyolysis (RM). The TLR9 activation prompted us to treat patients with corticosteroids in acute conditions. In patients with LPIN1 mutations, RM and at-risk situations that can trigger RM have been treated in a uniform manner. Since 2015, these patients have also received intravenous corticosteroids. We retrospectively compared data on hospital stays by corticosteroid-treated patients vs. patients not treated with corticosteroids. Nineteen patients were hospitalized. The median number of admissions per patient was 21 overall and did not differ when comparing the 10 corticosteroid-treated patients with the 9 patients not treated with corticosteroids. Four patients in the non-corticosteroid group died during a RM (mean age at death: 5.6 years). There were no deaths in the corticosteroid group. The two groups did not differ significantly in the number of RM episodes. However, for the six patients who had RM and occasionally been treated with corticosteroids, the median number of RM episodes was significantly lower when intravenous steroids had been administered. The peak plasma creatine kinase level and the area under the curve were or tended to be higher in patients treated with corticosteroids-even after the exclusion of deceased patients or focusing on the period after 2015. The median length of stay (10 days overall) was significantly longer for corticosteroid-treated patients but was similar after the exclusion of deceased patients. The absence of deaths and the higher severity of RM observed among corticosteroid-treated patients could suggest that corticotherapy is associated with greater survival.

PS-B13-6: AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA LEAVES AND PERSEA AMERICANA LEAVES AND SEEDS ON ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION PRODUCED IN PREECLAMPSIA.

Objective: this study was conducted to determine the ameliorative effect of Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaves), Persea americana (Avogado) Leaves and Seeds on endothelial dysfunction produced in preeclampsia. Design and method: Female Rats after mated with male rats and confirmed pregnant were randomly grouped into nine and induced with Lipopolysaccharide (0.1 ml per Kg body weight) at gestational day 14 except for group one which served as the normal control. Other groups were treated with low and high doses of V. amygdalina, P. americana (Leaves and Seeds) except group two that were not treated (negative control) and group three that were treated with standard drug; Aldoment (positive control). Inducement, which was stopped after four days were done concurrently with treatment. Blood pressure and urinalysis were carried out before, during and after inducement and treatment. Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction: Nitric Oxide (NO), Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS), Soluble Endoglin (sEng), Cardiac Troponin I, Creatine Kinase (CK), Triglyceride (TG) were determined in plasma while histological analysis was done on the harvested organ (heart). Data were analysed using Graph pad at significant less than 0.05. Results: In preeclamptic animals, there was a significant decrease in the plasma level of NO, eNOS and increase in the plasma level of sEng, Cardiac Troponin I, and TG compared with the normal control. There was no significant change in the plasma level of CK compared with the normal control animals. In addition, histopathological evaluation of cardiac muscle showed evidence of myocardiac picnotic changes and myLcytolysis compared with normal cardiac histology in the control animals. However, treatment with ethanoic extract of V. amygdalina (Bitter Leaves), P. americana (Avogado) Leaces and Seeds at high doses (200 mL per Kg body weight) significantly reverse this alterations at almost the same level with the standard drug. Conclusions: The present study suggest that preeclampsia is associated with endothelial dysfunction which is evident in NO, eNOS deficiencies as well as myocardiac apoptosis and this is ameliorated with supplementation of Vernonia amygdalina, Persea americana leaves and seeds. This effect is dose dependent.

Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Consumption Reduces Oxidative Stress and Markers of Muscle Damage after Combat Readiness Tests in Soldiers.

Military activities often involve high-intensity exercise that can disrupt antioxidant capacity. We investigated the effects of oregano supplementation on muscle damage, oxidative stress, and plasma antioxidant markers of soldiers performing the army combat readiness test (ACRT). Twenty-four healthy male soldiers (age: 24 ± 3 years, height: 167 ± 14 cm, mass: 66 ± 3 kg) were randomized into a placebo group (n = 12) or an oregano supplementation group (n = 12). The participants consumed a capsule containing 500 mg Origanum vulgare immediately after completing the ACRT. Blood sampling was taken before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 60 and 120 min after oregano consumption. Plasma levels of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured at the four time points. The time × group interactions were found for CK (p &lt; 0.0001, d = 3.64), LDH (p &lt; 0.0001, d = 1.64), MDA (p &lt; 0.0001, d = 9.94), SOD (p &lt; 0.0001, d = 1.88), TAC (p &lt; 0.0001, d = 5.68) and GPX (p &lt; 0.0001, d = 2.38). In all variables, the difference between placebo and oregano groups were significant at 60 (p &lt; 0.0001) and 120 (p &lt; 0.0001) minutes after ACRT test. The main effect of time was also significant for all the variables (p &lt; 0.0001). Our results suggest that oregano supplementation has the potential to reduce muscle damage and increase oxidative capacity following ACRT. Supplementation with oregano may serve as a dietary strategy to increase preparedness and promote recovery in military recruits.

The diversity of hereditary neuromuscular diseases: Experiences from molecular diagnosis

Hereditary neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are a group of rare disorders, and the diagnosis of these diseases is a substantial burden for referral centers. Although next-generation sequencing (NGS) has identified a large number of genes associated with hereditary NMDs, the diagnostic rates still vary across centers. Patients with a suspected hereditary NMD were referred to neuromuscular specialists at the National Taiwan University Hospital. Molecular diagnoses were performed by employing a capture panel containing 194 genes associated with NMDs. Among the 50 patients referred, 43 had a suspicion of myopathy, and seven had polyneuropathy. The overall diagnostic rate was 58%. Pathogenic variants in 19 genes were observed; the most frequent pathogenic variant found in this cohort (DYSF) was observed in only four patients, and 10 pathogenic variants were observed in one patient each. One case of motor neuron disease was clinically mistaken for myopathy. A positive family history increased the diagnostic rate (positive: 72.7% vs. negative: 56.3%). Fourteen patients with elevated plasma creatine kinase levels remained without a diagnosis. The application of NGS in this single-center study proves the great diversity of hereditary NMDs. A capture panel is essential, but high-quality clinical and laboratory evaluations of patients are also indispensable.

Royal jelly plus coenzyme Q10 supplementation improves high-intensity interval exercise performance via changes in plasmatic and salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in swimmers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial.

ABSTRACTBackgroundExcessive production of free radicals caused by many types of exercise results in oxidative stress, which leads to muscle damage, fatigue, and impaired performance. Supplementation with royal jelly (RJ) or coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has been shown to attenuate exercise-induced oxidant stress in damaged muscle and improve various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Nevertheless, the effects of treatments based on RJ plus CoQ10 supplementation, which may be potentially beneficial for reducing oxidative stress and enhancing athletic performance, remain unexplored. This study aimed to examine whether oral RJ and CoQ10 co-supplementation could improve high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) performance in swimmers, inhibiting exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage.MethodsTwenty high-level swimmers were randomly allocated to receive either 400 mg of RJ and 60 mg of CoQ10 (RJQ) or matching placebo (PLA) once daily for 10 days. Exercise performance was evaluated at baseline, and then reassessed at day 10 of intervention, using a HIIE protocol. Diene conjugates (DC), Schiff bases (SB), and creatine kinase (CK) were also measured in blood plasma and saliva before and immediately after HIIE in both groups.ResultsHIIE performance expressed as number of points according to a single assessment system developed and approved by the International Swimming Federation (FINA points) significantly improved in RJQ group (p = 0.013) compared to PLA group. Exercise-induced increase in DC, SB, and CK levels in plasma and saliva significantly diminished only in RJQ group (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that oral RJQ administration for 10 days was significantly associated with reductions in HIIE-induced increases in plasmatic and salivary DC, SB, and CK levels compared to PLA. Principal component analysis revealed that swimmers treated with RJQ are grouped by both plasmatic and salivary principal components (PC) into a separate cluster compared to PLA. Strong negative correlation between the number of FINA points and plasmatic and salivary PC1 values was observed in both intervention groups.ConclusionThe improvements in swimmers’ HIIE performance were due in significant part to RJQ-induced reducing in lipid peroxidation and muscle damage in response to exercise. These findings suggest that RJQ supplementation for 10 days is potentially effective for enhancing HIIE performance and alleviating oxidant stress.AbbreviationsRJ, royal jelly; CoQ10, coenzyme Q10; HIIE, high-intensity interval exercise; DC, diene conjugates; SB, Schiff bases; CK, creatine kinase; RJQ, royal jelly plus coenzyme Q10; PLA, placebo; FINA points, points according to a single assessment system developed and approved by the International Swimming Federation; ROS, reactive oxygen species; 10H2DA, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid; AMPK, 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; MnSOD, manganese-superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; E, optical densities; PCA, principal component analysis; PC, principal component; MCFAs, medium-chain fatty acids; CaMKKβ, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase β; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA, malondialdehyde.

Creatine Kinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzymes Response to Lactate Tolerance Exercise Test

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess alterations in serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels after performing a lactate tolerance exercise test (LTET) in elite male swimmers.METHODS: Fourteen male adolescent swimmers participated in this study. All subjects performed LTET (8×100-meter swimming) with a 1-minute recovery interval between eight trainings. Plasma CK and LDH (markers of muscle damage) levels were measured 30 minute before and 24 hours after the test. A paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of data.RESULTS: Plasma CK and LDH levels increased immediately after LTET as compared to the values 30 minutes prior to exercise (188.91±34.04 vs. 148.83±29.63 mg/dL, p=.029; 318.17±53.89 vs. 272.08±52.93 mg/dL, p=.010, respectively). Both CK and LDH levels displayed a decreasing trend 24 hours post-LTET; however, there was no significant difference immediately after the test.CONCLUSIONS: Plasma CK and LDH levels increased following LTET, which is representative of muscle damage.

Initial Muscle Quality Affects Individual Responsiveness of Interleukin-6 and Creatine Kinase following Acute Eccentric Exercise in Sedentary Obese Older Women.

Simple SummaryMuscle health should be prioritized in individuals with conditions who may be at risk of obesity accompanied by sarcopenia. In this context, muscle quality is a novel index of functional capacity that is increasingly relied upon as a critical biomarker of muscle health in low-functioning aging. However, there is scarce evidence regarding which muscle phenotype elicits a more robust effect on important molecules responsible for muscle regeneration and energy homeostasis. Hence, in this study, we evaluated the time-course responses on interleukin-6 and creatine kinase levels following acute eccentric resistance exercise in sedentary obese elderly women with muscle quality differences. This issue is valuable because eccentric exercise may be a particularly promising approach for older adults to efficiently improve muscle mass, strength, and functional performance. We observed that obese older women with high baseline muscle quality display significant increases of interleukin-6 and creatine kinase following an acute eccentric exercise intervention. Such individuals are commonly termed “high-responders”. In contrast, the participants with low muscle quality showed exceptionally small responses (“low responders”) for these molecules compared to individuals with high baseline muscle quality. Muscle phenotype can potentially contribute to individual variation in exercise responses. This phenomenon of responsiveness may clarify important training adaptations.This study aimed to evaluate the time course and responsiveness of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and creatine kinase (CK) levels following acute eccentric resistance exercise in sedentary obese older women with a different muscle quality index (MQI). Eighty-eight participants (69.4 ± 6.06 years) completed an acute eccentric resistance exercise (7 sets of 10 repetitions at 110% of 10-repetition maximum with 3 min rest interval). Participants were divided into two groups: high or low MQI according to 50th percentile cut-off. The responsiveness was based on minimal clinical important difference. There were no differences between groups and time on IL-6 and CK levels (p > 0.05). However, the high MQI group displayed a lower proportion of low responders (1 for laboratory and 2 for field-based vs. 5 and 4) and a higher proportion of high responders for IL-6 (7 for laboratory and 6 for field-based vs. 4 and 5) compared to low MQI group. In addition, the high MQI group showed a higher proportion of high responders for CK (11 for laboratory and 9 for field-based vs. 6 and 6) compared to low MQI. A prior MQI screening can provide feedback to understand the magnitude response. Individual responsiveness should be taken into consideration for maximizing eccentric exercise prescription.

Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant supplementation does not affect muscle soreness or recovery of maximal voluntary isometric contraction force following muscle-damaging exercise in untrained men: a randomized clinical trial.

Unaccustomed exercise causes muscle damage resulting in loss of muscle function, which may be attributable to exercise-induced increases in skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species. This study examined the effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant supplementation on recovery of muscle function following exercise. Thirty-two untrained men received MitoQ (20mg/day) or a placebo for 14 days before performing 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles of 1 leg. Muscle function was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after exercise. Muscle soreness was assessed using a visual analogue scale 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after exercise. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 2, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after exercise and urine samples were collected before and during the 48 hours after exercise. The reduction in maximal voluntary isometric contraction force and peak concentric torque following exercise was unaffected by MitoQ while recovery of peak eccentric torque was delayed in the MitoQ group. Exercise-induced increases in urine F2-isoprostanes were unaffected by MitoQ. MitoQ augmented exercise-induced increases in plasma creatine kinase levels, while plasma IL-6 was similar between groups. Muscle soreness was not affected by MitoQ. These results indicate that MitoQ does not attenuate post-exercise muscle soreness and may delay recovery of muscle function following eccentric exercise. Trial registration number: ACTRN12620001089921. Novelty: Post-exercise recovery of maximal voluntary isometric contraction force and peak concentric torque were unaffected by MitoQ. MitoQ delayed post-exercise recovery of peak eccentric torque. Post-exercise muscle soreness was unaffected by MitoQ.

Measuring the barrier function of skeletal muscle in individuals with muscular dystrophy

A pilot study (NCT:01851447) was conducted to identify predictive biomarkers of decreasing barrier function of skeletal muscle membranes associated with the pathophysiology and clinical severity of fragile sarcolemmal muscular dystrophies. Membrane barrier function was evaluated over five days using plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, before and after routine morning activities and motor function testing in eleven ambulatory subjects with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD).

High-Acceleration Movement, Muscle Damage, and Perceived Exertion in Basketball Games.

To evaluate the effect of the number of high-acceleration movements on muscle damage and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in basketball games. Twenty-one male collegiate basketball players (mean age, 20.0 [1.0]y) were included. A triaxial accelerometer was used to measure acceleration in basketball-simulated scrimmages. To detect higher physical load during the actual game, the resultant acceleration was calculated, and 3 thresholds were set: >4G, >6G, and >8G resultant accelerations. The number of the extracted movements was calculated at each acceleration threshold. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) levels (marker of muscle damage) were estimated before and 24hours after the match, and the session-RPE load was calculated within 30minutes after the match. Pearson product-moment correlations with 95% confidence intervals were used to determine the relationships between the number of high-acceleration movements and plasma CK and session-RPE load. Significant correlations were observed between the number of high-acceleration movements >8G and CK level (r = .74; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.89; P < .0001). Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between acceleration and CK increased with increased acceleration threshold (>4G: r = .65; >6G: r = .69). Contrastingly, the correlation coefficient between acceleration and the session-RPE load decreased with increased acceleration threshold (>4G: r = .72; >6G: r = .52; >8G: r = .43). The session-RPE reflects the total amount of movement, while the high-acceleration movement reflects the momentary large impact load or intensity, and they evaluated different factors. Basketball coaching and conditioning professionals recommended combining acceleration and session-RPE when monitoring the load of athletes.