Levels Of Plasma Constituents Research Articles

Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cytokine Secretion from In Vitro Mouse Slow and Fast Limb Muscle.

Skeletal muscles play important roles in innate immunity. However, in vitro, their sensitivity to LPS is low. In other tissues, LPS sensing is facilitated by the presence of plasma, LPS binding protein (LBP), or soluble CD14 (sCD14). This study addressed whether these are critical for LPS sensitivity in skeletal muscle and whether LPS responsiveness is different between slow versus fast muscle. Soleus (SOL) or extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from adult male C57bl/6 mice were mounted in 1 mL oxygenated baths containing: buffer only; buffer+1% mouse plasma; buffer+1 μg/mL LBP; or buffer+1% plasma from sCD14-/- mice. In each condition, muscles were exposed to LPS from 0 μg/mL to 1.0 μg/mL. Bath samples were collected at 0, 1, and 2 h, and analyzed using cytokine multiplex arrays. In both SOL and EDL the predominant responding cytokines/chemokines were KC(CXCL1), IL-6, and MCP-1(CCL2) and their average responses were amplified by ∼10-fold in the presence of 1% plasma. Overall, SOL and EDL exhibited similar secretory responses in the presence of 1% plasma, with a lower limit of sensitivity to LPS of 0.01 μg/mL. LBP supplementation did not augment secretion; however, 1% plasma from CD14-/- mice suppressed cytokine/chemokine secretion from EDL muscle. In conclusion, intact slow and fast mouse muscles have similar cytokine/chemokine responses to LPS but depend on the presence of low levels of plasma constituents. Though sCD14 plays some role in EDL muscle, neither sCD14 nor LBP can fully account for the strong effects of plasma on LPS sensitivity.

Metabolic responses of the Antarctic fishes Notothenia rossii and Notothenia coriiceps to sewage pollution.

The present study aimed to assess the sewage effects of the Brazilian Antarctic Station Comandante Ferraz, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, on the hepatic metabolism (energetic, antioxidant, and arginase levels) and levels of plasma constituents of two Antarctic fish species Notothenia rossii and N. coriiceps. The bioassays were conducted under controlled temperature (0°C) and salinity (35psu), exposing the fish for 96h, to sewage effluent diluted in seawater to 0.5% (v/v). Liver homogenates were tested for the specific activities of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase), glycogen phosphorylase (GPase), hexokinase, citrate synthase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and arginase. Plasma levels of glucose, triacylglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, chloride, magnesium, calcium, and inorganic phosphate were also determined. In N. rossii, the decrease in citrate synthase and the increase in G6Pase and GPase suggested that the sewage effluent activated glycogenolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis, whereas is N. coriiceps, only G6Pase levels were increased. In N. rossii, sewage effluent induced hypertriglyceridemia without modulating glucose plasma levels, in contrast to N. coriiceps, which developed hypoglycemia without elevating plasma triglyceride levels. The decrease in glutathione reductase levels in N. coriiceps and in superoxide dismutase and catalase in N. rossii suggest that these two species are susceptible to oxidative stress stemming from the production of reactive oxygen species. An increase in magnesium in N. rossii and a decrease in N. coriiceps showed that sewage effluent compromised the control of plasma levels of this cation. Although phylogenetically close, both species of Antarctic fish exhibited different metabolic responses to the sewage effluent, with N. coriiceps showing greater susceptibility to the toxic effects of the pollutants. The present study suggests that the biochemical responses of these two species are potential indicators of metabolic changes caused by sewage effluents.

Hazard assessment of sodium nitrite high level in some meat products

Treatment of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) by riboflavin (RB) and ultraviolet (UV) light inhibits nucleic acid replication, leading to inactivation of white blood cells (WBCs) and pathogens. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) treatment on the plasma protein content based on biochemical, immune and hemostatic characteristics in “typical” pre-storage vs. post-storage PRT-treatment setting.Following whole blood centrifugation, separated plasma units were: (a) inactivated and frozen (pre-storage setting or control group [CG]) or (b) immediately frozen (post-storage setting or study group [SG]) afterward thawed, inactivated and stored at −40 ± 5 °C (cryostorage). Plasma units were inactivated by the Mirasol PRT system (TerumoBCT, USA). Using multi-laboratory techniques and equipments, biochemistry (Advia 1800; Siemens, Germany), IgM, IgG and IgA, complement components C3 and C4 (BNA II nefelometer analyzer; Siemens, Germany), as well as CH50 activity (Behring coagulation timer; Siemens, Germany) were investigated. Procoagulant and inhibitor factors, such as antithrombin-III (AT-III), and protein C (PC) were determined by BCS XP Coagulation system (Siemens, Germany). There were neither significant changes in final protein levels, nor any differences in plasma immunoglobulin levels investigated. In the final samples CH50 activity was reduced in both investigated groups. The plasma concentration of the complement C3 following post-storage treatment was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in pre-storage setting. There was a trend of depletion of procoagulant activities in both, pre-storage and post-storage PRT-treatment (initial vs. final values), but there were no significant differences between two groups. Results confirmed that AT-III was significantly higher after post-storage inactivation.In conclusion, this study confirmed that there were not clinically relevant intergroup (pre-storage vs. post-storage PRT-treatment) differences in plasma constituent levels. Post-storage treated FFP remains, protein quantity, and activity well, and therefore can be used in clinical practice. Previously cryostored or quarantine FFP units (despite the reduced quarantine period after NAT/PCR testing) could be safely and effectively inactivated, directly prior to clinical application.

Plasma constituent integrity in pre-storage vs. post-storage riboflavin and UV-light treatment – A comparative study

Treatment of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) by riboflavin (RB) and ultraviolet (UV) light inhibits nucleic acid replication, leading to inactivation of white blood cells (WBCs) and pathogens. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) treatment on the plasma protein content based on biochemical, immune and hemostatic characteristics in "typical" pre-storage vs. post-storage PRT-treatment setting. Following whole blood centrifugation, separated plasma units were: (a) inactivated and frozen (pre-storage setting or control group [CG]) or (b) immediately frozen (post-storage setting or study group [SG]) afterward thawed, inactivated and stored at -40 ± 5°C (cryostorage). Plasma units were inactivated by the Mirasol PRT system (TerumoBCT, USA). Using multi-laboratory techniques and equipments, biochemistry (Advia 1800; Siemens, Germany), IgM, IgG and IgA, complement components C3 and C4 (BNA II nefelometer analyzer; Siemens, Germany), as well as CH50 activity (Behring coagulation timer; Siemens, Germany) were investigated. Procoagulant and inhibitor factors, such as antithrombin-III (AT-III), and protein C (PC) were determined by BCS XP Coagulation system (Siemens, Germany). There were neither significant changes in final protein levels, nor any differences in plasma immunoglobulin levels investigated. In the final samples CH50 activity was reduced in both investigated groups. The plasma concentration of the complement C3 following post-storage treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than in pre-storage setting. There was a trend of depletion of procoagulant activities in both, pre-storage and post-storage PRT-treatment (initial vs. final values), but there were no significant differences between two groups. Results confirmed that AT-III was significantly higher after post-storage inactivation. In conclusion, this study confirmed that there were not clinically relevant intergroup (pre-storage vs. post-storage PRT-treatment) differences in plasma constituent levels. Post-storage treated FFP remains, protein quantity, and activity well, and therefore can be used in clinical practice. Previously cryostored or quarantine FFP units (despite the reduced quarantine period after NAT/PCR testing) could be safely and effectively inactivated, directly prior to clinical application.

Effect of temperature, salinity and fluoride on the plasmatic constituents concentration of antarctic fish Notothenia rossii (Richardson, 1844)

The Antarctic marine environment has unique characteristics such as isolation, low and even temperatures, as well as high levels of fluoride in the trophic web. The objective of the present study is to verify the effect of temperature, salinity and dietary fluoride in the diet on the levels of plasma constituents of the fish Notothenia rossii. The sample collection and the bioassay were conducted at Antarctic scientific station Comandante Ferraz. The fish were acclimated in an aquarium at temperatures of 0 and 4 °C; salinity of 35 and 20 psu, using feed with and without fluoride. The combination of these variables resulted in 8 experimental groups. The calcium serum levels were reduced in hyposaline stress and temperature elevation reduced the plasmatic levels of magnesium and chloride. The trophic fluoride isolatedly was not capable of changing the non-protein electrolytes levels.

Simple “closed-circuit” group-specific immunoadsorption system for ABO-incompatible kidney transplants

There is a need for improvement of the detection and treatment of the antibody-mediated graft rejection for ABO-incompatible kidney transplant recipients. With the development of novel pre-conditioning protocols, which employ anti-CD20 antibody, therapeutic plasma exchange plus extracorporeal immunoadsorption and standard immunosuppression application, together with the use of more sensitive and objective assays for immunological monitoring, patients that were not candidates for kidney transplant in the past, are now being transplanted. We have designed a pre-conditioning protocol for ABO-incompatible kidney transplants based on TPE plus our own simple “closed-circuit” immunoadsorption technique – combined by anti-CD20, standard immunosuppressive treatment, and without splenectomy. The results obtained in this study strongly support our hypothesis leading to the conclusion that this protocol can be used successfully, with high-quality ABO antibody depletion ( p < 0.001) and beneficial clinical findings. The application of this protocol is safe, and not associated with alteration in normal plasma constituent levels or with occurrence of any side effects of apheresis or clinical consequences. Finally, this pre-conditioning protocol radically reduces the treatment-cost. Definitive conclusions can only be drawn from larger, randomized, controlled clinical trials.

The effects of a new soluble dietary fiber on weight gain and selected blood parameters in rats

This study was designed to investigate a new dietary fiber, α-cyclodextrin, marketed under the trade name FBCx (Wacker Biochem, Adrian, MI), for beneficial effects on weight reduction and the improvement of certain blood parameters in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and fed ad libitum for a period of 6 weeks: (1) a normal low-fat diet (LF; 4% fat wt/wt); (2) an LF diet with FBCx added; (3) a high-fat diet (HF, 40% fat wt/wt); and (4) an HF diet with FBCx. The FBCx was added at the rate of 10% (wt/wt) of the fat in the diet. Body weight and food intake were recorded 3 times per week. Plasma constituent levels and liver and fecal lipid contents, as well as body composition were determined at sacrifice. Adding FBCx to the diet significantly reduced weight gain in rats fed with an HF diet relative to rats fed with the HF control diet ( P < .05). FBCx also elicited a reduction in plasma triglyceride levels of 30%, total cholesterol of 9%, and increased the fat content of the feces in the rats fed with the HF diet with FBCx. In addition, the serum leptin levels were normalized, and the calculated insulin sensitivity was improved. No adverse effects were observed in the rats consuming FBCx. It would appear that FBCx might be effective in reducing body weight gain and improving metabolic syndrome.

Comparison of Plasma Constituents Between Japanese Quail and Chickens under Fed and Fasted Conditions

Koga, Y., Yamasaki, I., Saito, E.-S., Saito, S., Takagi, T., Tachibana, T., Kido, Y. and Furuse, M. 2003. Comparison of plasma constituents between Japanese quail and chickens under fed and fasted conditions. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 24: 1–6. Changes in plasma constituents after 24h fasting were compared between laying Japanese quail and laying chickens. Plasma levels of triacylglycerol greatly decreased during fasting, but no significant differences were detected between species. Plasma levels of free cholesterol, total cholesterol, glucose were significantly higher in Japanese quail than in chickens and rapidly decreased by fasting in both species. Plasma total protein level was not influenced by fasting, but the level was significantly higher in chickens. Plasma uric acid level increased during fasting in Japanese quail, but the reverse was true for the chicken. The relative weights for M. superficialis and M. profundus were higher in Japanese quail than in chicken. It is suggested that the levels of plasma constituents were different and the response to fasting somewhat specific between the two species.

The influence of exercise-induced plasma volume changes on the interpretation of biochemical parameters used for monitoring exercise, training and sport.

A number of studies have demonstrated considerable plasma volume changes during and after exposure to different environmental and physiological conditions. These changes are thought to result from transient fluid shifts into (haemodilution) and out of (haemoconcentration) the intravascular space. If the levels of plasma constituents are to be routinely measured for research purposes or used as indicators of training adaptation or the health of an athlete, then it is important to consider the dynamic nature of plasma volume. Controversy still exists over the relevance of plasma volume interactions with plasma constituent levels, and while some investigators have taken plasma volume shifts into account, others have chosen to ignore these changes. Bouts of acute exercise have been shown to produce a transient haemoconcentration immediately after long distance running, bicycle ergometry and both maximal and submaximal swimming exercise. While these changes are transient, lasting only a few hours, other studies have reported a longer term haemodilution following acute exercise. In addition, endurance training has been shown to cause long term expansion of the plasma volume. It would, therefore, seem important to consider the influence of plasma volume changes on plasma solutes routinely measured for research, and as markers of training adaptation, prior to arriving at conclusions and recommendations based purely on their measured plasma level. To further confound this issue, plasma volume changes are known to be associated with heat acclimatisation, hydration state, physical training and postural changes, all of which may differ from one experiment or exercise bout to the next, and should thus be taken into account.

Pathophysiological Studies on Erythrocytic Inclusion Body Syndrome in Sea-cultured Coho Salmon.

To study pathophysiological changes of sea-cultured coho salmon affected with erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS), hemochemical assessments and lipid analyses were carried out using fish from one net-pen during an outbreak of EIBS.Fish examined were grouped by hematocrit (Ht) values which indicated the disease progression. Few differences in plasma components were observed in fish that were not seriously anemic. In fish with advanced disease (Ht value l20%), values of plasma total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid were lower and potassium and GPT activity were higher. A decrease in plasma glucose and increases in plasma sodium, potassium and chlorine were observed in moribuned fish. Except for the moribund fish, blood thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were higher than 20 nmol/ml in almost all of the fish and C22 : 6 level of liver phospholipids decreased as the disease progressed.It was considered that the changes in plasma constituent levels in the diseased fish reflected the effects of anemia.

Nutritional effects of branched‐chain amino acids on injured rats in total parenteral nutrition

In this study, we investigated the optimal contents of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in a balanced amino acid infusion in laparotomized rats. The BCAA contents of four infusion solutions used were prepared to 22, 31, 40, and 49% of total amino acids, respectively. The amounts of essential amino acids except for BCAA were equal in all the solutions. Rats weighing about 240 g were infused with about 200 mg of nitrogen and 10 g of glucose daily for 7 days and evaluated for body weight change, nitrogen balance, plasma and urinary amino acid levels, and plasma constituent levels. The body weights of all the groups were approximately maintained during the infusion period. The nitrogen balance of the BCAA-31 group was more positive than that of the BCAA-22 group and was not different from those of the BCAA-40 and BCAA-49 groups. Plasma total-protein level of the BCAA-31 group was higher than that of the BCAA-22 group and was equal to those of the BCAA-40 and BCAA-49 groups. Even when the BCAA content in an amino acid infusion was increased, no abnormal elevation was observed in plasma BCAA levels. There were no differences in the other nutritional parameters among the four infusion groups. These results suggest that the BCAA contents in an amino acid infusion are enough at 31% of total amino acids for this injured rat model.

Cosmos 1887 mission overview: effects of microgravity on rat body and adrenal weights and plasma constituents

The Cosmos 1887 biosatellite carried 10 male rats and 2 rhesus monkeys on its 12.5-day mission. Upon re-entry the Vostok vehicle overshot the designated landing site, which resulted in fasting of the animals for 42 h, exposure to cage temperatures of 12-15 degrees C, and 2 days delay in death of the rats. No overt untoward effects of the delayed recovery were apparent. Tissues from the rats were harvested by Soviet scientists, appropriately preserved, and provided to U.S. investigators. Flight rats grew more slowly and had larger adrenal glands than earth gravity controls. Analysis of plasma revealed increased concentrations of hepatic alkaline phosphatase, glucose, urea nitrogen, and creatinine in flight rats. In contrast, electrolytes, total protein, albumin, corticosterone, prolactin, and immunoreactive growth hormone levels were unchanged. However, testosterone concentration was marginally decreased after flight and thyroid hormone levels were suggestive of reduced thyroid function. Due to the possible effects of reentry and the delay in recovery of the animals, it is not clear what relationship postflight levels of plasma constituents bear to their concentrations in flight.

Physiological Stress Responses in Wild and Hatchery-Reared Rainbow Trout

Stress-induced changes in plasma cortisol, glucose, and chloride were more extreme in wild rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri than in hatchery-reared fish subjected to confinement in a net and to electroshock. During 12 h of net confinement, plasma cortisol increased from resting levels of 10 ng/mL to 480 ng/mL in wild fish, and from 2 ng/mL to 155 ng/mL in hatchery fish. Plasma glucose was also higher in wild fish, increasing from 55 to 284 mg/dL, versus an increase from 58 to 196 mg/dL in hatchery fish. Plasma chloride decreased from resting levels of 132–135 meq/L to 53 meq/L in wild fish (and it continued a decline to 33 meq/L during the first 24 h after confinement), but only to 102 meq/L in hatchery fish. Both wild and hatchery-reared fish required more than 24 h after they were removed from the net to recover resting levels of plasma constituents. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, and chloride were less altered in response to electroshock than they were in response to net confinement. One hour after galvanonarcosis, plasma cortisol concentrations in wild fish peaked at 234 ng/mL and remained moderately elevated for 4 d; cortisol in hatchery fish peaked at 70 ng/mL within 0.5 h of the electrical stimulus and then returned to resting levels within 1 h. No substantial changes in plasma glucose or plasma chloride occurred in either the wild or the hatchery-reared rainbow trout after galvanonarcosis.

魚類の血液化学検査法に関する基礎的研究 ＩＸ 採血時の血液混和操作と使用器具の材質がコイの血しょう成分濃度に与える影響

The effects of blood stirring on various plasma constituent levels of blood samples collected from the caudal vessels of anesthetized (MS-222, 100mg/l) carp, Cyprinus carpio (body weight: about 500g) with a plastic syringe tipped with a 20-gauge stainless steel needle were investigated.Ten or a hundred time-stirring of blood samples by manual inverting at 60 times per minute did not affect the plasma levels of total protein, albumin (by BCG method), glucose, urea-N, total cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, GOT, GPT, LDH, LAP, CK, Al-P and Acid P. But Acid P activity was increased or decreased by 300 time-stirring.With the blood smear stained with the Leishman-Giemsa stain, effect of 5 time-stirring on morphological change of thrombocytes and leucocytes was not recognizable. But their deformity or karyolysis were observed frequently in case of 50 time-stirring.The contamination of plasma with thrombocytes or leucocytes increased plasma levels of GOT, GPT, LDH, Acid P, CK, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, especially Acid P activity.The inorganic phosphate level of plasma collected by a plastic syringe was significantly higher than that by a glass syringe. GOT and Acid P activities changed indifferently to the quality of syringe.Light blood stirring does not affect the plasma constituent levels, but caution must be taken in selecting the material of blood sampling appliances.

The effect of haemolysis on some clinical chemistry parameters in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The effect of haemolysis on the levels of commonly analysed plasma constituents was investigated in the common marmoset. Results were divided into a) low levels of extra haemolysis (less than 2 g/l plasma haemoglobin) and b) high levels of extra haemolysis (greater than 2 g/l plasma haemoglobin). Mean changes in plasma constituent levels were examined and the correlation with increased haemolysis measured. Large changes in malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were found at low levels of haemolysis. With higher levels of haemolysis there were statistically significant changes in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase. The significance of these findings is considered in relation to the interpretation of changes of plasma constituents as indicators of tissue/organ damage.

血液検査による養殖ブリの健康診断例

The hemochemical assessment was made on the yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata in July and September, 1983. The specimens examined were one year old fishes weighing about 2, 300g. They were fed on frozen sardine (groups I and II) or thawed sardine (group III), and reared in seawater of temperature about 28°C. In order to minimize the stress effects of handling, fish were angled, and then blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture with heparinized syringe within three minutes. Using these samples, various plasma constituent levels or enzyme activities were determined. In group I, some Pathological changes were observed in intestine (reddening), peritoneum (adhesion) and opercle inside (reddening) possibly resulted from feed trouble. Various blood constituent levels or enzyme activities remained within the normal limits, suggesting that feed trouble was slight. In group II, in which a few dead fish was found every day, pathological changes were similar to those in group I, but the symptoms were more serious than in group I. Alkaline Phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1.) activity and inorganic phosphorus level were lower, whereas chloride level was higher than those of group I. Reduced bony growth and feed trouble were seen. In group III, that was in worse condition, pathological changes were observed in various organs, and were parasitized by Benedenia and/or Caligus. Levels or activities of hematocrit, hemoglobin, urea-N, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), and alkaline phosphatase were lower than those of group I, whereas chloride level was higher. These results suggest that this group suffered from malmutrition, hepatic malfunction and low metabolic rate.

魚類の血液化学検査法に関する基礎的研究 ＶＩ コイ血しょう成分量に及ぼす試料保存時間の影響

As ?? a ?? fundamental step to settle the haemochemical assessment of health or disease in fish, the variation of plasma constituent levels on the storage time or temperature was investigated in carp Cyprinus carpio, of 500-1, 000g in weight. The blood samples were taken by heart puncture using sodium heparin as anticoagulant. After 10min centrifugation at 3, 000rpm immediately after sampling, plasma samples were extracted and divided into 11 or 12 small tubes and stored at 5°C or -20°C. One sample was pool plasma from 2 or 3 fishes. 6 Constituent levels and 7 enzyme activities were measured in plasma samples stored at 5°C or -20°C for 0, 1, 3, 7, 15, and 30 days. And further, 7 enzyne activities were measured in plasma samples stored at -20°C for 3 hours immediately after sampling. Activities fo GPT, CPK and LDH decreased quickly with the lapse fo stored time. GPT activity decreased to about 90% after 24 hours at 5°C, and to about 70% after only 3 hours at -20°C. CPK activity decreased to about 85% after 24 hours at both 5°C and -20°C. Therefore, it is desirable that these levels are mesured immediately after blood sampling. GOT and Al-P activities were stable for 7 days at 5°C, and for 30 days to -20°C. Acid P activity and levels of glucose and uric acid were stable for 15 days at 5°C. LAP activity and levels fo urea-N, total protein, ablumin and inorganic P were stable for 30 days at both 5°C and -20°C.

Hypoglycemia in dogs and recovery after intracisternal administration of glucose.

A standardized procedure for the production of hypoglycemia in dogs has been developed. The degree of hypoglycemia may be determined by the correlation of electroencephalographic tracings and levels of plasma constituents. During severe hypoglycemia glucose was injected either by the intravenous or intracisternal route. In the former group the brain electrical activity returned to normal within 1 minute, whereas, the latter group required 6–10 minutes. Serial sampling of arterial blood in the animals which had been given glucose directly into the cerebrospinal fluid showed that relatively large increases in plasma glucose preceded the return to normal electrical activity of the brain. It is concluded that glucose does not pass directly from the cerebrospinal fluid into the cerebral tissues but rather is transported to the general circulation before entering the brain.