Plasma Concentrations Of Hormones Research Articles

Low Fasting Concentrations of Glucagon in Patients with Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency.

(1) Background: Deficiencies of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) define a subgroup of inborn errors of metabolism, with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) and very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) being two of the most common. Hypoketotic hypoglycemia is a feared clinical complication and the treatment focuses on avoiding hypoglycemia. In contrast, carnitine uptake deficiency (CUD) is treated as a mild disease without significant effects on FAO. Impaired FAO has experimentally been shown to impair glucagon secretion. Glucagon is an important glucose-mobilizing hormone. If and how glucagon is affected in patients with VLCAD or MCAD remains unknown. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with plasma hormone concentrations quantified after four hours of fasting. Patients with VLCAD (n = 10), MCAD (n = 7) and CUD (n = 6) were included. (3) Results: The groups were similar in age, sex, weight, and height. The glucagon and insulin levels were significantly lower in the VLCAD group compared to the CUD group (p < 0.05, respectively). The patients with CUD had glucagon concentrations similar to the normative data. No significant differences were seen in GLP-1, glicentin, glucose, amino acids, or NEFAs. (4) Conclusions: Low fasting concentrations of glucagon are present in patients with VLCAD and cannot be explained by altered stimuli in plasma.

Pathogenetic characteristics of the hormonal profile in rats subjected to restraint stress of different duration

The aim of the work is to ascertain the character of changes in the hormonal profile (concentrations of corticosterone, insulin, and adrenocorticotropic hormone) in conjunction with metabolic alterations and elevated blood pressure, which are induced in rats by restraint stress at 6th, 15th and 21st weeks of environmental space restriction.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A total of 55 normotensive male Wistar rats, aged 6–10 months, were assigned into 4 experimental groups (1 – intact control (10 rats); 2, 3 and 4 (15 rats each exposed to restricted space allowance)). All the animals were subjected to blood pressure (BP), blood glucose level and body weight measurements twice: at the stage of forming groups and at the 6th, 15th and 21st weeks. Plasma hormone concentrations (insulin, corticosterone, and ACTH) were examined by the immunoenzymatic method using commercial kits (Monobind, USA).&#x0D; Results. The body weight of the animals was significantly reduced by 20.72 % after 6 weeks of space allowance restriction, it was restored to baselines by the 15th week and exceeded control values by 26.1 % at the 21st week. BP levels showed an increasing trend, a dynamic increase in systolic pressure by 7 %, 17 % and 26 % was detected, respectively, as well as diastolic from the 15th week to the 21st week by 21.4 % and 37.0 %, respectively. Glucose concentration was within the euglycemic range. Changes in the hormonal profile showed an increase in the concentration of ACTH by more than 50 % and a decrease in insulin – by 34 % at the 6th week with a subsequent twofold decrease in the insulin concentration (at week 15) and a further more than twofold increase in ACTH at the 21st week. As for changes in the concentration of corticosterone, a peak increase of 3.77 times was noticed at the 15th week, followed by a decrease and restoration to the normative values by the 21st week.&#x0D; Conclusions. Even minor and unremarkable continuously acting stressors, which cannot be coped, become important triggers for hormonal profile and carbohydrate metabolism alterations as well as for a persistent increase in blood pressure, which manifest first by hypoinsulinemia, an increase in the level of ACTH, and a constant concentration of corticosterone. Long-term stress exposure contributes to a transient “peak” increase in the corticosterone level, a significant increase in insulin and a sustained increase in ACTH. Multidirectional changes in the levels of the studied hormones occur amidst a gradual increase in blood pressure and a stable increase in the level of glycemia.

&lt;i&gt;Corrigendum to&lt;/i&gt;: Effects of supplementation with different concentrations of L-citrulline on the plasma amino acid concentration, reproductive hormone concentrations, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive performance of Hu ewes

&lt;sec&gt; Context &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-citrulline (&lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit) does not degrade in the rumen and has the ability to form peptide bonds in the body; however, it does not participate in protein synthesis. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt; Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effects of &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit on the reproductive performance of Hu ewes. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt; Methods In total, 30 ewes were randomly categorised into five groups. The control group was fed with a basic diet, whereas the Experimental Groups I, II, III, and IV were provided feed supplemented with 5, 10, 15, and 20g/day of &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit respectively. Blood samples of ewes were collected 4h after feeding on Day 21 of the experiment and before feeding on Day 30. The optimal supplementary feeding dose was selected on the basis of blood biochemical indexes. Overall, ninety 2-year-old ewes were classified into two groups. The control group was fed with a basic diet and the experimental group was fed with a diet supplemented with 10g/day of &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit. After 30days of supplementary feeding, reproductive performance of ewes was determined. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt; Key results The plasma concentrations of Cit, ornithine, and arginine in ewes increased linearly with an increase in the level of &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit supplementation. The plasma concentrations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinising hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in the experimental group increased significantly compared with those in the control group. The plasma total antioxidant capacity and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas the concentrations of malondialdehyde in all experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. The conception, lambing, and double lambing rates of the experimental group were increased by 28.76%, 15.90%, and 40.21% respectively. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt; Conclusions Supplementation with different doses of &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit can improve the concentrations of some plasma amino acids and reproductive hormones as well as antioxidant capacity of ewes. Supplementary feeding with 10g/day of &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit could increase the lambing and double lambing rates of ewes. &lt;/sec&gt; &lt;sec&gt; Implication &lt;sc&gt;L&lt;/sc&gt;-Cit can improve the reproductive performance of ewes. &lt;/sec&gt;

Effect of Ca-octanoate supplementation on concentrations of ghrelin and ghrelin-related hormones in plasma and milk of beef cattle

We aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca)-octanoate supplementation on concentrations of ghrelin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin in plasma and milk of beef cattle during late gestation and early postpartum. Twelve Japanese Black cattle were offered concentrate without (CON, n = 6) or with Ca-octanoate supplementation at 1.5% of dietary dry matter (OCT, n = 6). Blood samples were collected at −60, −30, and −7 d relative to the expected parturition date and daily from d 0 to 3 after parturition. Milk samples were collected daily postpartum. Compared to the CON group, concentrations of acylated ghrelin increased in plasma as parturition approached in the OCT group (P = 0.02). However, concentrations of GH, IGF-1, and insulin in plasma and milk were not affected by treatment groups throughout the study. Additionally, we showed for the first time that bovine colostrum and transition milk contain acylated ghrelin at a significantly higher concentration than plasma (P = 0.01). Interestingly, concentrations of acylated ghrelin in milk were negatively correlated with those in plasma postpartum (r = −0.50, P < 0.01). Feeding Ca-octanoate increased concentrations of total cholesterol (T-cho) in plasma and milk (P < 0.05), tended to increase those of glucose in plasma at postpartum and milk (P < 0.1). We conclude that feeding Ca-octanoate in late gestation and early postpartum may contribute to increased concentrations of glucose and T-cho in plasma and milk without affecting concentrations of ghrelin, GH, IGF-1, and insulin in plasma and milk.

Effects of medium-chain fatty acids and tributyrin supplementation in milk replacers on growth performance, blood metabolites, and hormone concentrations in Holstein dairy calves

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of triglycerides containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCT) and tributyrin (TB) supplementation in a milk replacer (MR) on growth performance, plasma metabolites, and hormone concentrations in dairy calves. Sixty-three Holstein heifer calves (body weight at 8 d of age, 41.1 ± 2.91 kg; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental MR (28% crude protein and 18% fat): (1) containing 3.2% C8:0 and 2.8% C10:0 (in fat basis) without TB supplementation (CONT; n = 15), (2) containing 6.7% C8:0 and 6.4% C10:0 without TB supplementation (MCT; n = 16), (3) containing 3.2% C8:0 and 2.8% C10:0 with 0.6% (dry matter basis) TB supplementation (CONT+TB; n = 16), (4) containing 6.7% C8:0 and 6.4% C10:0 with 0.6% TB supplementation (MCT+TB; n = 16). The MR were offered at 600 g/d (powder basis) from 8 to 14 d, up to 1,300 g/d from 15 to 21 d, 1,400 g/d from 22 to 49 d, down to 700 g/d from 50 to 56 d, 600 g/d from 57 to 63 d, and weaned at 64 d of age. All calves were fed calf starter, chopped hay, and water ad libitum. The data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA via the fit model procedure of JMP Pro 16 (SAS Institute Inc.). Medium-chain fatty acid supplementation did not affect the total dry matter intake. However, calves that were fed MCT had greater feed efficiency (gain/feed) before weaning (0.74 ± 0.098 vs. 0.71 ± 0.010 kg/kg) compared with non-MCT calves. The MCT calves also had a lower incidence of diarrhea compared with non-MCT calves during 23 to 49 d of age and the weaning period (50 to 63 d of age; 9.2% vs. 18.5% and 10.5% vs. 17.2%, respectively). Calves fed with TB had a greater total dry matter intake during postweaning (3,465 vs. 3,232 g/d). Calves fed TB also had greater body weight during the weaning (90.7 ± 0.97 vs. 87.9 ± 1.01 kg) and postweaning period (116.5 ± 1.47 vs. 112.1 ± 1.50 kg) compared with that of non-TB calves. The plasma metabolites and hormone concentrations were not affected by MCT or TB. These results suggest that MCT and TB supplementation in the MR may improve the growth performance and gut health of dairy calves.

Using reproductive hormones extracted from archived muscle tissue to assess maturity and reproductive status in porbeagles Lamna nasus

While lethal sampling can be the most effective technique to collect critical reproductive data for elasmobranchs, non-lethal techniques need to be validated for future use. Concentrations of reproductive hormones in plasma and muscle have been found to correlate to sexual maturity and/or reproductive cycles in oviparous as well as yolk-sac, placental, and histotrophic viviparous elasmobranchs, offering a potentially non-lethal technique to study reproduction. However, reproductive hormone analysis is scant for oophagous sharks. This study utilized muscle tissues from porbeagles Lamna nasus that were dissected for other life history studies and were stored frozen for up to 37 years to quantify testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) concentrations in relation to previously-known maturity and reproductive stage. A total of 207 samples (92 males, 115 females) from porbeagles ranging in size from 80 to 256.5 cm fork length were analyzed. Muscle T and E2 concentrations were related to maturity and reproductive stage in porbeagles, with the highest T concentrations found in mature males during the spermatogenic season (summer) and the highest E2 concentrations found in gravid females. These results suggest muscle hormone concentrations have the potential to serve as a non-lethal proxy of reproductive stage in oophagous sharks. This study also demonstrates the value of specimen sharing and the potential for continued use of stored vertebral muscle tissue for reproductive hormone analysis in order to optimize the amount of data gained from biological samples. Future use of these methods would be particularly valuable for threatened species for which lethal sampling is restricted.

Cytokine Profile and Concentrations of Metabolic Hormones in the Blood of Overweight Men with Coronary Arteriosclerosis.

Plasma concentrations of cytokines and metabolic hormones and their association with vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques were studied in 36 overweight men (age 40-77 years; BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) with coronary atherosclerosis who underwent coronary endarterectomy. According to histological analysis, the patients were divided into two groups: with stable (17 (47.2%) men) and vulnerable (19 (52.8%) men) plaques in the coronary arteries. The plasma levels of cytokines and metabolic hormones were measured by multiplex analysis: C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon, IL-6, insulin, leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and TNFα. In overweight patients with vulnerable plaques, the level of glucagon was lower by 4.17 times, GIP - by 2.47 times, and insulin - by 2.1 times. At the same time, the risk of occurrence of a vulnerable plaque increases by 5.4% with a decrease in GIP concentration by 1 pg/ml irrespectively of age, as well as by 3.1% with an increase in insulin concentration by 10 pg/ml, without achieving statistical significance when included in the age model. Overweight men with coronary atherosclerosis and vulnerable plaques have lower levels of insulin, glucagon, and GIP. The levels of GIP and insulin are inversely associated with the risk of having vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque.

Intact GR dimerization is critical for restraining plasma ACTH levels during chronic psychosocial stress

Male C57BL/6N mice exposed to the chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC; 19 days) paradigm, a preclinically validated model of chronic psychosocial stress, are characterized by unaffected basal morning plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentrations despite adrenal and pituitary hyperplasia and increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plasma concentrations, compared with single-housed control (SHC) mice. However, as CSC mice are still able to show an increased CORT secretion towards novel heterotypic stressors, these effects might reflect an adaptation rather than a functional breakdown of general hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functionality. In the present study we used male mice of a genetically modified mouse line, to investigate whether genetically-driven ACTH overexpression compromises adaptational processes occurring at the level of the adrenals during CSC exposure. Experimental mice carried a point mutation in the DNA binding domain of the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR), attenuating dimerization of GR (GRdim), resulting in a congenially compromised negative feedback inhibition at the level of the pituitary.In line with previous studies, CSC mice in both the wild type (WT; GR+/+) and GRdim group developed adrenal enlargement. Moreover, compared with respective SHC and WT mice, CSC GRdim mice show increased basal morning plasma ACTH and CORT concentrations. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis revealed neither a genotype effect, nor a CSC effect on pituitary mRNA expression of the ACTH precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Finally, CSC increased anxiety-related behavior, active coping and splenocyte in vitro (re)activity in both WT and GRdim mice, while a CSC-induced increase in adrenal lipid vesicles and splenic GC resistance was detectable only in WT mice. Of note, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated splenocytes of GRdim mice were resistant to the inhibitory effects of CORT.Together our findings support the hypothesis that pituitary ACTH protein concentration is negatively controlled by GR dimerization under conditions of chronic psychosocial stress, while POMC gene transcription is not dependent on intact GR dimerization under both basal and chronic stress conditions. Finally, our data suggest that adrenal adaptations during chronic psychosocial stress (i.e., ACTH desensitization), aiming at the prevention of prolonged hypercorticism, are protective only to a certain threshold of plasma ACTH levels.

Prolactin-secreting Pituitary Macro-adenoma Presenting with Mass Effects, Hormonal Deficiencies, and Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus: A Case Report and Review of Literature

To report and review a case of prolactin-producing pituitary tumor presenting with mass effects, hormonal deficiency, and neurogenic diabetes insipidus in a nulliparous woman of Afro-Caribbean descent. The patient presented with dull-aching headaches associated with worsening vision, nausea, and vomiting. The patient also complained of polyuria, nocturia, thirst, polydipsia, and weight gain. Physical examination showed bilateral visual field defects, while investigations revealed hypernatremia and elevated plasma osmolality but decreased urine sodium concentration, osmolality, and specific gravity.&#x0D; Results of the hormonal profile showed high plasma prolactin levels, a low plasma concentration of the antidiuretic hormone, and decreased levels of other anterior pituitary hormones. Imaging revealed a large, uncalcified, cystic pituitary mass extending into adjacent structures and compressing the optic chiasm and internal carotid artery. The outcome of the water deprivation and desmopressin administration tests were consistent with neurogenic diabetes insipidus, and a diagnosis of prolactin-producing pituitary macroadenoma with mass effects, hormonal deficiencies, and neurogenic diabetes insipidus was made. The patient was commenced on medical treatment and referred for histopathological diagnosis and definitive treatment. This report highlights the coexistence of neurogenic diabetes insipidus with a prolactin-producing pituitary macroadenoma presenting with mass effects.

Comparing the responses of grain fed feedlot cattle under moderate heat load and during subsequent recovery with those of feed restricted thermoneutral counterparts: metabolic hormones

We set out to determine the impact of moderate heat load on the plasma concentrations of a suite of hormones involved in regulating energy metabolism and feed intake. The responses of the thermally challenged (TC) feedlot steers were compared to those of feed restricted thermoneutral (FRTN) steers. Two sequential cohorts of twelve 518 ± 23 kg Black Angus steers on finisher grain ration were housed in climate-controlled rooms (CCR) for 18 days and returned to outdoor pens for 40 days. The TC group was subjected to a diurnal range of 28–35 °C for 7 days (Challenge) but held in thermoneutral conditions beforehand (PreChallenge), and in Recovery (after Challenge). The FRTN group was held in thermoneutral conditions and feed restricted throughout. Blood was collected over the three periods in CCR and two periods in outdoor pens for 40 days (PENS and Late PENS). Plasma concentrations of prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and thyroxine (T4) were determined during the five periods. Whilst the pituitary hormones were relatively stable, there were differences in plasma leptin, adiponectin and T4 between the two groups during Challenge and Recovery, and occasionally in PENS. The interaction of the plasma hormone concentrations and rumen temperature and DMI were also investigated. Whilst the positive relationship between DMI and leptin was confirmed, we found a strong negative relationship between adiponectin and rumen temperature, and a strong positive relationship between adiponectin and dry matter intake (DMI) in the TC steers only.

Low estradiol production of non-laying whooping cranes (Grus americana) is associated with the failure of small follicles to enter follicular hierarchy

For endangered species managed ex situ, production of offspring is a key factor to ensure healthy and self-sustaining populations. However, current breeding goals for the whooping crane (Grus americana) are impeded by poor reproduction. Our study sought to better understand mechanisms regulating ovarian function in ex situ managed whooping cranes and the regulatory function of the hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis in relation to follicle formation and egg laying. To characterize hormonal regulation of follicular development and ovulation, we collected weekly blood samples from six female whooping cranes during two breeding seasons, for a total of 11 reproductive cycles. The plasma samples were assessed for follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone and the yolk precursors vitellogenin and very low-density lipoprotein. Ultrasonographic examination of the ovary was conducted at the time of blood collection. Preovulatory follicles (>12 mm) were present in laying cycles (n = 6) but absent in non-laying cycles (n = 5). The patterns of plasma hormone and yolk precursor concentrations corresponded to the stage of follicle development. Specifically, gonadotropin and yolk precursor concentrations increased as follicles transitioned from the non-yolky to yolky stage but did not increase further as the follicle advanced to preovulatory and ovulatory stages. Estrogen and progesterone concentrations increased as follicle size increased and reached peak concentrations (P < 0.05) when follicles developed to ovulatory and preovulatory stages, respectively. While overall mean circulating gonadotropin, progesterone, and yolk precursor concentrations did not differ for laying versus non-laying cycles, mean plasma estradiol in laying cycles was significantly higher than that in non-laying cycles. In summary, the findings suggested that disruption of mechanisms regulating follicle recruitment is likely responsible for the oviposition failure of the captive female whooping crane.

The influence of manual semen collection in male trained dogs (Canis familiaris), in the presence or absence of a female in estrus, on the concentrations of cortisol, oxytocin, prolactin and testosterone.

Sex pheromones are chemical substances secreted into the environment that affect the physiology and behavior of recipients. Females use these compounds during oestrus to attract males, which leads to attempts of mating. This study evaluates the influence of manual semen collection in male dogs, in the presence or absence of a female in estrus, on the blood concentrations of cortisol (CRT), oxytocin (OXT), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T), as hormones involved both in the physiology of reproduction and stress. Ten male dogs were used in Experiment 1 to measure the serum and plasma concentrations of the aforementioned hormones in the absence of semen collection. Subsequently in the same animals, the concentrations of these hormones were evaluated before and after semen collection in the presence (Exp. 2) or in absence of a female in estrus (Exp. 3). No significant changes in hormone concentration caused by the semen collection were found, either with, or without the presence of female in estrus. Obtained results suggest that the procedure of manual semen collection in dogs, probably due to its passive character, does not stimulate endocrine glands to secrete hormones, and the process of ejaculation is probably controlled by neural pathway. The lack of effect of semiochemical stimulation to the CRT, PRL, OXT and T level, could be caused by a short contact with female during semen collection. Further studies on involvement of the hormones during the process of natural mating, especially preceded by long courtships, similar to that observed under natural conditions, should shed a light on the physiology of mating and the connection between the endocrine system and semiochemical stimulation in dogs.

The 13C-bicarbonate technique as a tool for measurement of energy expenditure in overweight dogs undergoing body weight reduction and the effect of different dietary composition.

Changes in body size and composition, i.e., body weight (BW) gain or loss, affect the daily energy expenditure (EE). To ensure an appropriate BW reduction and to find an efficient strategy to reduce and maintain a target BW, regular evaluations and adjustments of energy allowance are important. This study aimed to provide a detailed knowledge about the possible changes in resting EE using the oral 13C-bicarbonate technique (o13CBT) as a research tool in 16 overweight pet dogs undergoing BW reduction. Dietary composition (i.e., in % of dry matter [DM] being a high protein [33.3], low fat [9.6], and high crude fiber [18.0] diet [LFHFibre], and a high protein [37.9], high fat [52.0], carbohydrate-free diet [HFat]) during 16 wk of energy restriction were evaluated regarding effects on resting EE, rate of BW reduction, body composition, and plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones involved in energy metabolism and appetite regulation. The mean BW loss was higher (P < 0.05) for the dogs fed the LFHFibre diet (1.1%/wk) than that for dogs fed the HFat diet (0.8%/wk), but the total BW reduction of 14.6% and 12.0% of initial BW did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Resting EE was lower (P < 0.02) after the BW reduction; 414 kJ (99 kcal)/kg BW0.75/d at the start (week 0) and 326 kJ (78 kcal)/kg BW0.75/d at the end (week 16) of the study. The BW reduction in both groups (P > 0.05) consisted of both fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM). Energy expenditure, calculated in relation to amount of FFM, was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by BW reduction. Dietary composition did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) plasma concentrations of insulin, leptin, and ghrelin, and no effect (P > 0.05) of BW reduction was observed on hormone concentrations. In conclusion, the o13CBT proved to be a useful research method for studying short-term EE in overweight dogs. Even though all dogs lost BW, most dogs were still overweight at the end of the study. Due to a high individual variation among dogs, a longer experimental period with a larger sample size would be desirable.

Effects of supplementation with different concentrations of L-citrulline on the plasma amino acid concentration, reproductive hormone concentrations, antioxidant capacity, and reproductive performance of Hu ewes

Context L-citrulline (L-Cit) does not degrade in the rumen and has the ability to form peptide bonds in the body; however, it does not participate in protein synthesis. Aims This study aimed to evaluate the effects of L-Cit on the reproductive performance of Hu ewes. Methods In total, 30 ewes were randomly categorised into five groups. The control group was fed with a basic diet, whereas the Experimental Groups I, II, III, and IV were provided feed supplemented with 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/day of L-Cit respectively. Blood samples of ewes were collected 4 h after feeding on Day 21 of the experiment and before feeding on Day 30. The optimal supplementary feeding dose was selected on the basis of blood biochemical indexes. Overall, ninety 2-year-old ewes were classified into two groups. The control group was fed with a basic diet and the experimental group was fed with a diet supplemented with 10 g/day of L-Cit. After 30 days of supplementary feeding, reproductive performance of ewes was determined. Key results The plasma concentrations of Cit, ornithine, and arginine in ewes increased linearly with an increase in the level of L-Cit supplementation. The plasma concentrations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinising hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in the experimental group increased significantly compared with those in the control group. The plasma total antioxidant capacity and catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, whereas the concentrations of malondialdehyde in all experimental groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. The conception, lambing, and double lambing rates of the experimental group were increased by 28.76%, 15.90%, and 40.21% respectively. Conclusions Supplementation with different doses of L-Cit can improve the concentrations of some plasma amino acids and reproductive hormones as well as antioxidant capacity of ewes. Supplementary feeding with 10 g/day of L-Cit could increase the lambing and double lambing rates of ewes. Implication L-Cit can improve the reproductive performance of ewes.

Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction in Women with Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding in Kano, North-Western Nigeria

Context: Thyroid hormones play a key role in the menstrual and reproductive functions of women. Thyroid dysfunction is marked by a large number of menstrual aberrations. Objective: To determine the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and its correlation with menstrual patterns. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 64 DUB patients aged between 19 and 45 years and an equal number of age-matched women with a normal menstrual cycle. Plasma concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4), and free triiodothyronine (T3) of the participants were measured. Laboratory analyses were conducted on Elecsys 2010 immunology analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel software, and the data were transferred into IBM SPSS version 21.0 for processing. A P-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 64 women with DUB, 21.9% had thyroid dysfunction, of which 14.1% had overt hypothyroidism, 6.2% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 1.5% had overt hyperthyroidism. The main menstrual complaint among hypothyroid DUB patients was menorrhagia. The only presentation in hyperthyroidism was oligomenorrhea. Conclusion: The prevalence of abnormal thyroid function in this study was high; therefore, screening of DUB patients for thyroid function abnormalities is suggested.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to ovine corticotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation tests in healthy and hospitalized foals.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPAA) response to sepsis can be impaired in critical illness. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test might assess HPAA function in foals. To evaluate plasma cortisol, ACTH, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and endogenous CRH (eCRH) response to different doses of ovine CRH (oCRH). Healthy (n=14) and hospitalized (n=15) foals <7 days of age. In this prospective randomized study, oCRH (0.1, 0.3, and 1μg/kg) was administered intravenously and blood samples were collected before, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes after administration of oCRH to determine plasma hormone concentrations. The hormonal response was evaluated as the difference (Delta; μg/dL or pg/mL) or percent change between baseline hormone concentration and each time point after oCRH stimulation. Cortisol concentrations increased from baseline at 15 minutes with 0.1 and 0.3μg/kg and at 30 and 60 minutes from baseline with 1μg/kg oCRH (P < .05) in healthy and hospitalized foals. ACTH concentrations increased from baseline at 15 minutes with 0.1μg/kg and at 30 minutes with 1μg/kg oCRH (P < .05) in hospitalized foals. Delta cortisol 0 - 30, ACTH 0 - 30, and eCRH 0 - 30 was higher for the 1μg/kg compared with 0.1μg/kg oCRH in healthy foals (P < .05). Delta ACTH 0 - 15 and eCRH 0 - 30 was higher for the 1μg/kg compared with the lower doses of oCRH in hospitalized foals (P < .05). Cortisol, ACTH, and eCRH concentrations increased in response to administration of all doses of oCRH. One microgram per kilogram of oCRH appears to be optimal for the assessment of HPAA in healthy and hospitalized foals.

Features of gynecological pathology in women with infertility and pathology of the thyroid gland

The objective: to study the structure of gynecological pathology and the hormonal background in women with infertility and various types of thyroid pathology. Materials and methods. The anamnesis of infertile patients was studied. The women, depending on the pathology of the thyroid gland and the method of fertilization were divided into the following groups: the 1st group included 119 women with infertility without thyroid pathology who became pregnant after the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART); the 2nd group – 47 patients who became pregnant with the help of ART and in whom antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO antibodies) were detected; the 3rd group – 30 women with compensated hypothyroidism, whose pregnancy occurred with ART; the 4th group – 39 women without thyroid pathology and with spontaneous pregnancy; the 5th group – 128 patients with compensated hypothyroidism and spontaneous pregnancy. The concentrations of the following hormones in the blood plasma in the early follicular phase were determined in all the patients: luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, prolactin, testosterone, cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.Results. There were no significant differences between the women with infertility and thyroid pathology and the patients with spontaneous pregnancy without thyroid pathology regarding the age of menarche onset, the period of regularity onset of the menstrual cycle after menarche. The most frequent disorder of the menstrual cycle in patients of the 1st (26.9 %), 2nd (25.5 %) and 3rd (26.6 %) groups was dysmenorrhea. Oligomenorrhea was more often detected in women with infertility and thyroid pathology who became pregnant with the help of ART (25.5 % of patients in the 2nd group and 23.3% – in the 3rd group), compared to women with spontaneous pregnancy. The endocrine factor of infertility was most often determined in women with infertility who became pregnant after ART and had thyroid pathology: in the presence of anti-TPO antibodies, this factor was found in 29.8 % of women, hypothyroidism – 23.3 %. External genital endometriosis as a cause of infertility prevailed among patients with infertility without thyroid pathology, who became pregnant after ART (34.4 %), and women with compensated hypothyroidism, whose pregnancy occurred with the help of ART (26.6 %). In patients with infertility and anti-TPO antibodies, who became pregnant after ART, a significant increase of LH concentration was found compared to the patients with spontaneous pregnancy without thyroid diseases. A significant increase of FSH level was also determined in women of the 1st group compared to healthy patients with spontaneous pregnancy. Conclusions. In women with infertility and various types of thyroid pathology the disorders of the ovarian-menstrual cycle such as dysmenorrhea and oligomenorrhea are typical. The main factor of infertility in patients without thyroid diseases is external genital endometriosis, in persons with thyroid pathology – an endocrine factor. In women with infertility and various types of thyroid pathology, a significant increase of luteinizing hormone concentration in the blood plasma in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was established.

Effects of protein intake from an energy-restricted diet on the skeletal muscle composition of overweight and obese rats

Excess weight and obesity are often associated with ectopic adipose tissue accumulation in skeletal muscles. Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) impairs muscle quality and reduces insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Although energy restriction and high protein intake can decrease IMAT, the effects and mechanisms of protein intake from an energy-restricted diet on protein and fat masses in skeletal muscle have received little attention. After establishing a diet-induced overweight and obese Sprague-Dawley rat model (half male and half female), rats were divided into five groups: normal control (NC; normal weight, general maintenance diet), model control (MC; overweight and obesity, high-fat diet), energy-restricted low protein (LP; overweight and obesity, 60% energy intake of NC, general maintenance diet), energy-restricted normal protein (NP; overweight and obesity, 60% energy intake of NC, high-protein diet 1), and energy-restricted high protein (HP; overweight and obesity, 60% energy intake of NC, high-protein diet 2). After 8 weeks, plasma and skeletal muscle (quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius) samples were collected. Plasma levels of glucose, triglycerides, and hormones were analyzed, while contents of protein, fat, and factors associated with their synthesis and degradation were evaluated in skeletal muscles. Plasma concentrations of hormones contrasted protein and fat contents in skeletal muscles. Fat weights and contents of quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles in the NP group were significantly lower compared with LP and HP groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, concentrations of factors associated with the degradation of muscle fat were significantly higher in the NP group compared with LP and HP groups (P < 0.05). During energy restriction, protein intake equal to that of a normal protein diet increased lipolysis of quadriceps femoris and gastrocnemius muscles in rats of both sexes.

Effect of stocking density and vitamin E or zinc supplementation on growth, physiology, gene expression, and economic efficiency of growing broiler chicks

A total of 636 1-day-old male Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to seven treatments. The chicks were offered feed and water ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The first three groups included different stocking densities of broiler birds (low stocking density, LSD: 23 kg/m2; medium stocking density, MSD: 34 kg birds/m2; and high stocking density HSD: 39 kg birds/m2). The LSD group was considered a control group. The other four groups included MSD or HSD broiler birds supplemented with either Vit E (100 mg/kg DM diet; MSDVE and HSDVE) or Zn (100 mg/kg DM diet; MSDZn and HSDZn) in their basal diet. The main findings indicated that HSD and MSD negatively affected (p < 0.05) all variables under investigation compared with LSD. Compared with LSD, broiler birds in the MSD and HSD groups had lower body weights and higher feed conversion ratios, higher concentrations of blood plasma hormones (triiodothyronine thyroxine and corticosterone), and downregulated expression levels of hepatic growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-l. In addition, broiler birds stocked at medium or high densities resulted in less economic return and profit. Vit E or Zn supplementation to broiler birds stocked at medium or high densities significantly reversed all adverse effects of HSD (> 23 kg/m2) on growth performance, hormones, and gene expression. It could be recommended that adding Zn at a level of 100 mg/kg per DM diet allows increasing the stocking density of broiler birds from 23 kg/m2 to 34 birds/m2 while maintaining the birds, welfare and economic profit.

Advances in the crosstalk between maternal separation and voluntary ethanol consumption and effects on reproduction

Maternal separation (SM) is an event caused by early stress and may be associated with behavioral changes and vulnerabilities, enhancing ethanol consumption in adulthood. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether MS potentiates the effects of ethanol ingestion on physiological hormone regulation and its interference in testicular and epididymal morphofunctional aspects in voluntary ethanol-consuming rats. Therefore, for the first time, we investigated the effect of maternal separation and ethanol consumption in adulthood and for this we used free choice ethanol-consuming strains. Responses of metabolic and hormonal parameters were also addressed, as well as their effects on reproductive function. In summary, MS promoted an increase in voluntary ethanol consumption in UChA and UChB animals. There was an influence of MS on the increase of circulating corticosterone and testosterone in UChB animals (high-ethanol-preferring 10 % v/v). MS performed in the hyporesponsive period to stress promoted an increase in glucose and circulating lipids, as well as a reduction in lactate dehydrogenase levels. Daily sperm production and transit time through the epididymis in UChB animals were increased by MS. Together, these findings show that MS potentiates the effects of ethanol ingestion and promotes an imbalance in plasma hormone concentrations, interfering with the reproductive functional imbalance of ethanol-consuming rats.