Plasma Catestatin Levels Research Articles

Catestatin as a predictor for cardiac death in heart failure with mildly reduced and preserved ejection fraction.

Endogenous catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin has been associated with heart failure (HF). This subgroup analysis of our cohort of HF compared the different effects of catestatin as a predictor for cardiac outcomes in patients with HF with reduced (HFrEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF) or preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction. Plasma catestatin was measured in the HF patient cohort of 228 cases with a whole spectrum of ejection fraction. The cardiac deaths were analysed according to prespecified subgroups. Over a median follow-up of 52.5months, the association between plasma catestatin and cardiac death was different in patients with HFrEF, HFmrEF or HFpEF [hazard ratio (HR) 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-2.37 and HR 2.73, 95% CI 1.56-4.75, respectively; interaction P=0.022]. Patients with HFmrEF/HFpEF were older and more likely to be female, with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation but lower levels of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Similar adverse cardiac events occurred in patients with HFmrEF/HFpEF as in HFrEF. Plasma catestatin was a better predictor for cardiovascular death in the HFmrEF/HFpEF patients [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)=0.72, 95% CI 0.45-0.74] than in the HFrEF patients (AUC=0.59, 95% CI 0.587-0.849). The optimal cut point of plasma catestatin level of 0.86ng/mL predicted a 2.80-fold elevated risk for cardiac death in HFmrEF/HFpEF. Elevated plasma catestatin might be a more sensitive predictor for cardiac outcome in patients with HFmrEF/HFpEF than in HFrEF.

Plasma catestatin levels are related to metabolic parameters in patients with essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Catestatin (CST) is a pleiotropic peptide with cardioprotective and metabolic effects. CST is involved in the pathogenesis of both arterial hypertension (AH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which are the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the plasma CST levels in hypertensive patients, especially with T2DM, as well as compare those with healthy volunteers, and explore the relationship between CST levels and clinical, anthropometric and laboratory parameters. 106 Hypertensive patients, 55 of which had comorbidity T2DM, and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent clinical examination, including vital signs and anthropometric data assessment, medical history interview, and blood sample collection. Plasma CST levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using a commercial diagnostic kit. The plasma CST levels were significantly lower in hypertensive patients (N = 106) compared with healthy subjects (N = 30) (5.02 ± 1.09 vs. 6.64 ± 0.72; p < 0.001). Furthermore, hypertensive patients with T2DM (N = 55) have significantly reduced CST levels in comparison with those without T2DM (N = 51) (4.47 ± 1.16 vs. 5.61 ± 0.61; p < 0.001). CST significantly correlated with anthropometric characteristics, in particular, weight (r = -0.344; p < 0.001), BMI (r = -0.42; p < 0.001), neck (r = -0.358; p < 0.001), waist (r = -0.487; p < 0.001), hip (r = -0.312; p < 0.001), wrist circumferences (r = -0.264; p = 0.002), and waist-to-hip ratio (r = -0.395; p < 0.001). Due to its antihypertensive effect, CST has significant associations with systolic BP (r = -0.475; p < 0.001) and duration of AH (r = -0.26; p = 0.007). CST also has an inverse relationship with insulin (r = -0.382; p < 0.001), glucose (r = -0.45; p < 0.001), index HOMA-IR (r = -0.481; p < 0.001) and HbA1c (r = -0.525; p < 0.001), that indicate its involvement in T2DM development. Besides, CST has significant correlations with uric acid levels (r = -0.412; p < 0.001) as well as lipid parameters, especially HDL-C (r = 0.480; p < 0.001), VLDL-C (r = -0.238; p = 0.005), TG (r = -0.4; p < 0.001), non-HDL-C/HDL-C (r = -0.499; p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated BMI (β = -0.22; p = 0.007), AH duration (β = -0.25; p = 0.008), HbA1c (β = -0.43; p = 0.019) and HDL-C levels (β = 0.27; p = 0.001) as independent predictors of CST levels. The hypertensive patients have significantly decreased CST levels that are even more reduced in the presence of comorbid T2DM. The established correlations with anthropometric and laboratory parameters indicate not only antihypertensive but also metabolic effects of CST. Our results suggest the probable role of CST in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases and the development of cardiovascular complications.

Serum Catestatin Level as a Stratification Assessment Tool in Non-Critical COVID-19 Patients.

Catestatin (CST) is a peptide with immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. There are only a few studies that have investigated plasma CST levels in COVID-19 patients (mostly in ICU patients). In our work, the aim was to demonstrate serum CST levels and their correlation with clinical outcomes in a group of severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the non-ICU department. The subjects were 32 patients (25 females, 7 males) admitted to the non-ICU unit for COVID-19 patients. CST levels in our cohort were higher (8.91 ± 7.00) than previously reported CST levels in control subjects. We found a significant positive correlation between serum CST levels and C-reactive protein (r = 0.423, p = 0.008), D-dimers (r = 0.395, p = 0.013), hsTNT (high-sensitivity troponin T) (r = 0.603, p &lt; 0.001), proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide) (r = 0.569, p &lt; 0.001), and hospitalization days (r = 0.388, p = 0.014). There was a difference between groups of participants with SOFA &lt;3 (n = 18) and SOFA &gt;=3 (n = 14) in catestatin serum levels (7.25 ± 3.66 vs. 11.05 ± 9.52 ng/mL), but the difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.065). We considered plasma CST level at hospital admission as a possible tool for early risk assessment in non-critical COVID-19 patients. This study is an attempt to clarify the complex pathophysiological mechanisms present in the development of severe forms of SARS-CoV2 infection.

Plasma catestatin importance and correlation in patients with dipper and non-dipper hypertension patients

Catestatin (CST) is a metabolite of chromogranin A, a soluble protein in catecholamine storage vesicles acting as a feedback inhibitor of catecholamine secretion. This study aims to investigate the correlation of catestatin with dipper and non-dipper status in hypertensive patients. Hypertensive (n=355) and healthy subjects (n=129) were randomly selected at an outpatient clinic. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured according to relevant guidelines. Plasma catestatin level, plasma glucose, lipid levels were measured. An ambulatory blood pressure monitor was performed to determine the dipping patterns in hypertensive subjects. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess factors affecting catestatin levels. Left ventricular mass was higher among hypertensives compared with healthy controls (178±47 g versus 213±52 g in healthy controls and hypertensives, p&lt;0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two hypertensive groups 205±43 g versus 228±77 g in dippers versus non-dippers, p=0.54). Average systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the percentage of systolic blood pressure dipping were statistically significantly negative correlated with CST (r=-0.316, p&lt;0.05 for systolic dipping%, r=-0.283, p&lt;0.05 for ASBP). In multivariate analysis for the prediction of catestatin levels, systolic dipping % and mean SBP were found to be independent predictors of plasma catestatin level. Plasma catestatin levels were lower among hypertensives compared to healthy controls and modest inverse correlations between catestatin and dipping percentage of systolic blood pressure and also between catestatin and average systolic blood pressure were noted. In hypertensive subjects, lower plasma catestatin levels may alert clinicians to the non-dipping status of the blood pressure.

Prognostic differences of catestatin among young and elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between catestatin and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of catestatin for long-term outcomes in patients with AMI. One hundred and sixty-five patients with AMI were enrolled in this series. The plasma catestatin levels at baseline and clinical data were collected. All patients were followed up for four years to investigate whether there were major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including cardiovascular death, recurrent AMI, rehospitalization for heart failure, and revascularization. There were 24 patients who had MACEs during the follow-up period. The MACEs group had significantly lower plasma catestatin levels (0.74±0.49 ng/mL vs. 1.10±0.79 ng/mL, P=0.033) and were older (59.0±11.4 years old vs. 53.2±12.8 years old, P=0.036). The rate of MACEs was significantly higher in the elderly group (≥60 years old) than in the young group (<60 years old) (23.8% [15/63] vs. 8.8% [9/102], P=0.008). The catestatin level was significantly lower in the MACEs group than that in the non-MACEs group (0.76±0.50 ng/mL vs. 1.31±0.77 ng/mL, P=0.012), and catestatin was significantly associated with MACEs (Kaplan Meier, P=0.007) among the elderly group, but not in the young group (Kaplan Meier, P=0.893). In the Cox proportional hazards regression, high catestatin was one of the independent factors for predicting MACEs after adjustment for other risk factors (hazard ratio 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.06-0.62, P=0.006) among elderly patients. Elderly AMI patients with lower plasma catestatin levels are more likely to develop MACEs. Catestatin may be a novel marker for the long-term prognosis of AMI, especially in elderly patients.

Plasma Catestatin Levels and Advanced Glycation End Products in Patients on Hemodialysis.

Catestatin (CST) is a pleiotropic peptide involved in cardiovascular protection with its antihypertensive and angiogenic effects. Considering that patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are undergoing hemodialysis (HD) are associated with higher cardiovascular risk, the aim of this study was to investigate plasma CST levels in HD patients, compare them to healthy controls and evaluate possible CST associations with advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and laboratory, anthropometric and clinical parameters. The study included 91 patients on HD and 70 healthy controls. Plasma CST levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a commercially available diagnostic kit, while AGEs were determined using skin autofluorescence. Plasma CST levels were significantly higher in the HD group compared to the controls (32.85 ± 20.18 vs. 5.39 ± 1.24 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and there was a significant positive correlation between CST and AGEs (r = 0.492, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between plasma CST levels with both the Dialysis Malnutrition Score (r = 0.295, p = 0.004) and Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (r = 0.290, p = 0.005). These results suggest that CST could be playing a role in the complex pathophysiology of ESRD/HD and that it could affect the higher cardiovascular risk of patients on HD.

The associations between anxiety/depression and plasma chromogranin A among healthy workers: Results from EHOP study.

ObjectivesChromogranin A (CgA) is regarded as an indicator of sympathetic tone and adrenomedullary system activity. Catestatin is one of CgA‐derived fragments through proteolytic processing. Many studies have confirmed the correlation between anxiety/depression and the salivary CgA level. The study was to investigate the associations between anxiety/depression and plasma CgA/catestatin levels in healthy workers without cardiovascular disease.MethodsThe study included 263 healthy workers (175 men and 88 women). The symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Plasma CgA and catestatin levels were measured by ELISA kits.ResultsIn bivariate correlation analysis, anxiety and depression were positively associated with plasma CgA level, respectively (r = 0.298, P < .001; r = 0.304, P < .001), but not significantly associated with plasma catestatin level.The anxiety group had significantly higher plasma CgA level than that in the no‐anxiety group (median 158.60 vs 70.90, P < .001). The similar results were found for depression scales. The depression group had significantly higher plasma CgA level (median 145.60 vs 82.40, P < .001).In the multiple linear regression model, after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI, anxiety was positively correlated with plasma CgA level (β = 0.359, P < .001), while anxiety was negatively correlated with plasma catestatin level (β = −0.128, P = .044), depression was also positively correlated with plasma CgA level (β = 0.343, P < .001).ConclusionsPlasma CgA was associated with anxiety and depression in healthy workers. It can be considered as the blood indicator for the evaluation of anxiety and depression.

Plasma catestatin level predicts sPESI score and mortality in acute pulmonary embolism.

IntroductionAcute pulmonary embolism (APE) is an emergent cardiothoracic disorder. The PESI score is used to estimate 30-day mortality in patients diagnosed with non-high-risk APE. Also, there are biomarkers for predicting prognosis and mortality in APE. Catestatin (CST) is accepted as a marker ofsympathetic nervous system activity which has been shown that the sympathetic nervous system activation can contribute pathogenesis in APE. So, we attempt herein to investigate the correlation of PE diagnosis and prognostic determination with plasma CST levels in PE patients.Material and methodsBlood samples were drawn at admission for laboratory assays and CST measurements. Plasma levels of CST were measured by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed for the assessment of RV dysfunction using a Toshiba Applio 500 echocardiographic system within 24 h of the admission.ResultsPlasma CST levels were higher in patients with APE than in the control group (17.5 ±6.1 ng/ml vs. 27.3 ±5.7 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Plasma CST levels were higher in the sPESI ≥ 1 (n = 72) than in the patients with sPESI < 1 (37.3 ±6.1 vs. 24.2 ±5.3 ng/ml, p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between CST level and sPESI score (±0.581, p < 0.001). Mortality occurred in 20 patients with sPESI ≥ 1 (27.7%) and in 9 patients with sPESI < 1 (10.2%) (p = 0.010). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using a cut-off level of 31.2 ng/ml, and the CST level predicted mortality with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 52.6% (AUC = 0.883, 95% CI: 0.689–0.921). Furthermore, the CST level was correlated with right ventricular dysfunction.ConclusionsCST can predict sPESI score and mortality in patients with APE.

Evaluation of plasma catestatin levels in patient with coronary slow flow

Objectives: Coronary slow flow (CSF) is characterized by delayed opasification of the coronary arteries in the absence of obstructive coronary disease. Catestatin has several cardiovasculer actions, in addition to diminihed sympato-adrenal flow. The study was to investigated associations between CSF and plasma catestatin levels. Method:. This study included 45 CSF patients (37 male, mean age 48 ± 9.5 years) and 30 control individuals (24 male, mean age 48.4 ± 9 years). Coronary flow was quantified according to the TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) frame count method for coronary arteries. Serum catestatin levels taken from blood samples were measured by ELISA method. These parameters were compared between the groups. Results: When compared with to the control group the serum catestatin levels was found higher in the CSF group. In addition to this, mean platelet volume was also significantly higher in patients with coronary slow flow. Conclusions: Our study revealed that catestatin levels are increased in patients with CSF. Coronary slow flow that increased catecholaminergic sympathetic system activities seem to be among the reasons of endothelial dysfunction.

Catestatin-A Novel Predictor of Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction

Catestatin was discovered as a potent inhibitor of catecholamine secretion and plays important roles in the cardiovascular system. Our previous study demonstrates a close relationship between catestatin levels and prognosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Using the same population, the goal of this study is to investigate the ability of catestatin to predict left ventricular (LV) remodeling in STEMI patients. 72 patients and 30 controls were included. Catestatin was sampled after admission to the emergency room (ER), at day3 (D3), and day7 (D7) after STEMI. Echocardiography was performed at D3 and after 65 months for evaluation of LVEDD, EF, IVS, LVPW, E, A, E’, E/A, and E/E’. The changes of these parameters from D3 to 65 months were used to reflect the changes of ventricular structure and function. We found that plasma catestatin levels at D3 were highly correlated with the changes of LVEDD, EF, E, A, E’, E/A, as well as E/E’. Patients with higher catestatin levels developed worse ventricular function during the follow-up period. Single-point catestatin was effective to predict LVEDD change. And concurrently increasing catestatin and NT-proBNP levels predicted the highest risk of LV remodeling. This study suggests an important prognostic information of catestatin on LV remodeling.

Increased plasma level of catestatin might be associated with poor prognosis in hemodialysis patients

Cardiac complication is a major cause of death in hemodialysis patients. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between plasma catestatin level and cardiac death in those people. A total of 330 maintenance hemodialysis patients were included. Blood samples were collected. Plasma catestatin level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fluid status of each patient was expressed by overhydration to total body weight ratio and daily diuresis. Each patient was followed-up for 36months, unless some of them died in the follow-up period. In the follow-up period, only one hemodialysis patient was lost, 29 patients were died of cardiovascular diseases, 28 patients were died of other diseases and remaining 272 patients survived. Logistic multivariate regression analysis revealed that patients with plasma catestatin level ≥1.9ng/ml were associated with increased cardiac death risk (RR 6.13, 95% CI 2.54, 18.45), and survival analysis also showed that cardiac death rate in patients with plasma catestatin level ≥1.9ng/ml was elevated than that in patients with plasma catestatin level <1.9ng/ml (P<0.001). In addition, overhydration to total body weight ratio and daily diuresis both had significant linear correlations with plasma catestatin level (r=0.502, P<0.001 and r=-0.338, P<0.001). Circulating catestatin concentration might be an independent cardiac prognostic indicator in hemodialysis patients. Fluid status might be involved in the prognostic forecasting process.

The predictive value of plasma catestatin for all-cause and cardiac deaths in chronic heart failure patients

Catestatin (CST) is a proteolytic fragment of Chromogranin A with a broad spectrum of activities in the cardiovascular system. The level of plasma CST increases in chronic heart failure patients, but its potential relationship to patient prognosis is unknown. In this study, we measured plasma CST levels in 202 chronic heart failure patients and followed them for a median of 52.5 months. The plasma CST level was higher in patients with all-cause death and cardiac death than in survivors. According to univariate COX regression, higher plasma CST levels predicted increased risk of all-cause and cardiac death. After adjustment for other confounding factors, plasma CST was an independent risk factor for both outcomes, and the hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.84 (95% CI: 1.02–3.32, p=0.042) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.26–4.62, p=0.008) for all-cause death and cardiac death, respectively. The new risk-predictive model considering CST was superior to the previous model for both outcomes by ANOVA and likelihood ratio tests (p=0.040 and p=0.008, respectively). Concurrent increases in plasma BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) and CST levels predicted the highest risk for both all-cause and cardiac deaths [HR=5.18 (95% CI: 1.94–13.87, p=0.001) and HR=9.19 (95% CI: 2.75–30.78, p<0.001), respectively]. Large-scale studies are needed to further assess the value of plasma CST in predicting heart failure prognosis.

Plasma Catestatin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Objectives: To measure plasma catestatin levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome and investigate whether there is an association between catestatin levels and long-term outcome. Methods: Patients (n = 170) with suspected acute coronary syndrome who underwent emergency coronary angiography were enrolled, including 46 with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 89 with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 35 without coronary artery disease (CAD). All patients were followed for 2 years to measure the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including death from a cardiovascular cause, recurrent acute myocardial infarction, or hospital admission for heart failure or revascularization. Results: On average, the plasma catestatin levels in patients with STEMI (0.80 ± 0.62 ng/ml) and UAP (0.99 ± 0.63 ng/ml) were significantly lower than the levels seen in the control group with no evidence of CAD (1.38 ± 0.98 ng/ml; p = 0.001). In multivariable linear regression, body mass index, presence of hypertension, and type of CAD were independently related to the plasma catestatin level. However, there were no significant differences in MACEs between patients with high and low levels of catestatin. Conclusions: The plasma catestatin levels in patients with STEMI and UAP were lower than the levels seen in patients without CAD.

Plasma Catestatin: A Useful Biomarker for Coronary Collateral Development with Chronic Myocardial Ischemia.

BackgroundsCatestatin is an endogenous multifunctional neuroendocrinepeptide. Recently, catestatin was discovered as a novel angiogenic cytokine. The study was to investigate the associations between endogenous catestatin and coronary collateral development among the patients with chronic myocardial ischemia.MethodsThirty-eight patients with coronary artery chronic total occlusions (CTO) (CTO group) and 38 patients with normal coronary arteries (normal group) were enrolled in the series. Among the patients with CTO, coronary collateral development was graded according to the Rentrop score method. Rentrop score 0–1 collateral development was regarded as poor collateral group and 2–3 collateral development was regarded as good collateral group. Plasma catestatin level and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured by ELISA kits.ResultsThe plasma catestatin levels in CTO group were significantly higher than that in normal group (1.97±1.01 vs 1.36±0.97ng/ml, p = 0.009). In the CTO group, the patients with good collateral development had significantly higher catestatin and VEGF levels than those with poor collateral development (2.36±0.73 vs 1.61±1.12 ng/ml, p = 0.018; 425.23±140.10 vs 238.48±101.00pg/mL, p<0.001). There is a positive correlation between plasma catestatin levels and Rentrop scores (r = 0.40, p = 0.013) among the patients with CTO. However, there is no correlations between plasma catestatin levels and VEGF (r = -0.06, p = 0.744). In the multiple linear regression models, plasma catestatin level was one of the independent factors of coronary collateral development after adjustment for confounders.ConclusionsPlasma catestatin was associated with coronary collateral developments. It may be a useful biomarker for coronary collateral development and potential target for therapeutic angiogenesis in patients with CTO.

GW26-e4582 Plasma catestatin: a biomarker for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina pectoris?

The aim of this study was to investigate plasma catestatin levels among patients with acute STEMI or unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and to explore the associations between catestatin and the long-term outcome of STEMI and UAP. The study enrolled 46 acute STEMI patients and 89 UAP patients who

A counterview of 'An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of p-values' by Colquhoun (2014).

A counterview of 'An investigation of the false discovery rate and the misinterpretation of p-values' by Colquhoun (2014).

Correlation of plasma catestatin level and the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Catestatin is a peptide which is a potent inhibitor of catecholamine secretion and played essential functions in the cardiovascular system. Previous research found that dramatic changes of catestatin were associated with hemodynamics in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the first week after the AMI symptoms onset, but whether catestatin is also involved in the pathophysiological progression after AMI and then a predictor for outcomes is not clear. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation of plasma catestatin levels at different time points and the prognosis of AMI. 100 participants recruited were all patients with AMI, all of who received successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 12h from the AMI symptom onset in our center; the concentrations of plasma catestatin were evaluated from blood samples of those 100 participants. Subsequent 65 months' follow-up was performed after discharging to evaluate cardiac adverse events and the association between catestatin levels and prognosis of AMI was examined. We confirmed the dramatic change of catestatin concentrations in the first week of AMI, and the levels of catestatin on D3 were much higher in adverse events group than those in non-adverse events group (p<0.0001), but the ratio of D7/D3 was significantly lower. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the groups in which the levels on D3 were higher (p<0.0001) and the ratios of D7/D3 were lower (p<0.0001), patients trended to be more susceptive to adverse events after AMI. Furthermore, according to the analysis, we surmised catestatin level on D3 as an appropriate predictor for outcomes in patients with AMI with good specificity as well as sensitivity. All of the evidence confirmed that catestatin plays an important role in the progress of AMI, and may act as a promising target for prognostic prediction.

The relationship of plasma catestatin concentrations with metabolic and vascular parameters in untreated hypertensive patients: Influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Objective:Catestatin has several cardiovascular actions, in addition to diminished sympatho-adrenal flow. Decreased plasma catestatin levels may reflect a predisposition for the development of hypertension and metabolic disorders. We planned to investigate the possible roles of catestatin in untreated hypertensive patients. As a secondary objective, we compared catestatin concentrations of healthy subjects with those of hypertensive patients in order to understand whether catestatin is increased reactively or diminished at onset.Methods:Our study was cross-sectional and observational. The patient group, comprising 109 consecutive untreated hypertensive patients without additional systemic or coronary heart disease, underwent evaluations of plasma catestatin, waist circumference, lipid parameters, left ventricular mass, carotid intima-media thickness, and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Additionally, we measured catestatin concentrations of 38 apparently healthy subjects without any disease using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.Results:We documented increased catestatin concentrations in previously untreated hypertensive patients compared to healthy controls (2.27±0.83 vs. 1.92±0.49 ng/mL, p=0.004). However, this association became insignificant after adjustments for age, gender, height, and weight. Within the patient group, catestatin levels were significantly higher in females. Among all study parameters, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated positively to plasma catestatin, whereas triglycerides, hemoglobin, and left ventricular mass correlated negatively to plasma catestatin. We could not detect an association between vascular parameters and catestatin. Catestatin levels were significantly elevated with increasing HDL-C (1.91±0.37, 2.26±0.79, and 3.1±1.23 ng/mL in patients with HDL-C <40, 40-60, and >60 mg/dL, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed age (beta: 0.201, p=0.041) and HDL-C (beta: 0.390, p<0.001) as independent correlates of plasma catestatin concentration. Additionally, male gender (beta:-0.330, p=0.001) and plasma catestatin (beta: 0.299, p=0.002) were significantly associated with HDL-C concentrations.Conclusion:We documented that plasma catestatin is an independent predictor of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition to antihypertensive effects, catestatin appears to be related to improved lipid and metabolic profiles. Coexistence of low catestatin levels with low HDL-C may provide a probable mechanism for the predictive value of low HDL-C for increased hypertension and cardiovascular events.

Plasma levels and potential roles of catestatin in patients with coronary heart disease

Objectives. Catestatin (CST) is a new endogenous neuropeptide with a potent catecholamine release-inhibitory activity. This study was to investigate plasma CST levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and to determine the clinical significance of plasma CST in cardiovascular events. Methods. A total of 120 CHD patients and 30 age/sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Plasma CST level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and norepinephrine (NE) level was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Clinical and laboratory data during hospitalization were collected, and a follow-up of 1045 days was carried out. Results. Compared with controls, CHD patients had significantly higher plasma CST and NE levels on admission. ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients had higher CST levels than angina pectoris patients had, but CST/NE ratios were unchanged among controls and different CHD subgroups. Plasma NE was the only independent factor associated with CST. As a dichotomous variable divided by the median value, plasma CST on admission was not associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Conclusions. Plasma CST level was positively correlated with that of NE and was elevated in parallel with that of NE in the different myocardial ischemia states. Plasma CST on admission was neither associated with adverse cardiac events nor was there any significant relationship between plasma CST and onset of new cardiovascular events. The pathophysiological role of CST in CHD needs further studies.

Plasma levels and diagnostic value of catestatin in patients with heart failure

Catestatin (CST) is an endogenous neuropeptide with multiple cardiovascular activities. The study is to investigate circulating CST levels in heart failure (HF) patients and to evaluate the role of CST as a biomarker for HF. Plasma CST concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 228 HF patients and 172 controls. Plasma CST gradually increased in patients from NYHA class I to class IV. No significant differences in CST were found among NYHA I, NYHA II patients and controls. Plasma CST in NYHA III and IV patients was higher compared to other groups. Plasma CST levels in HF patients after treatment were similar to admission, but still higher than controls. In a subgroup analysis among the patients with NYHA class III or IV, patients with ischemic etiology had significantly higher CST. Plasma CST levels were similar between patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Multivariable analysis showed that NYHA classes, the etiology of HF (ischemic or not) and estimated glomerular filtration rate independently predicted plasma LogCST levels (P<0.05). The area under ROC for CST and BNP in moderate to severe HF diagnosis was 0.626 and 0.831, respectively, combining CST and BNP did not improve the accuracy.