Herbal Medicinal Plants Research Articles

Evaluation and Comparison of the Effects of Low and High Doses of Herbal Medicinal Plant Emblic Myrobalan (AMLA) on Red Cell Parameters of Normal Healthy Rabbits

Objective: To study and compare the effects of low and high doses of Emblic myrobalan (Amla) on the red blood cells hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV) red cell count (RCC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) of rabbits. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, and Animal House of Baqai Medical University Karachi Pakistan, from Jul to Aug 2016. Methodology: Twenty-seven male rabbits of 1-2kg body weight were taken and equally divided into 3 groups (group A, B and C). Group A served as control group; group B (Low dose group) was administered Amla at 2g/kg body weight while group C (High dose group) was administered Amla at 4g/kg body weight. Amla was mixed with water and administered orally with syringe for 60 days. Blood samples were drawn via cardiac puncture on day 61 for red cell parameters and reports were analyzed using Statistically Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: Administration of low dose Amla resulted in significant increase in Hb (0.001) and PCV (0.001) compared to normal while high dose Amla produced significant increase in Hb (0.001), PCV (0.001), MCV (0.043), MCH (0.027) and RCC (0.001). Administration of high dose Amla showed significant improvement in red cell parameters compared to low dose Amla. Conclusions: Amla may be used to improve the red cell hemoglobin in patients of iron deficiency anemia

A Novel Approaches to Feverfew (<i>Tanacetum Prthenium</i>): A Review

Tanacetum Parthenium is a herbal medicinal plant which is known as feverfew. Asterace is the family of feverfew. It is traditionally applicable in the treatment of stomach aches, fever, arthritis, infertility, migraine, insect bites, menstruation problems, and labour pain during childbirth. Dioscorides was the first Greek physician to which uses feverfew extract for treatment of inflammation. Particularly among Greek and early European herbalists, feverfew plant has ancient historyfor traditionally used as common medicine. This plant is also known as "featherfew" due to its feathery leaves. The leaves have been used in medicinal preparation in past two decades for treatment of arthritis and migraine by both the British and Canadian government. The herbal plant of feverfew cultivated in large area of world that show medicinal importance. Plant grow substantially and show important strongly report in support of therapeutic uses. This aromatic plant look like yellow green leave and give bitter odour and give therapeutic active chemical constituents include pinenes flavonoid and glycoside. It shows various pharmacological properties, like antispasmodic, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and as an enema for worms. The colour of feverfew plant is yellow and bloom in October to July, which is also used in asthma, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Parthenolide may experience an acid-induced cyclisation in the presence of excessive moisture, resulting in a sesquiterpene lactone of the guaianolide class, which is frequently present in feverfew. If the composition satisfies pharmacopoeial microbiological quality standards, microbial degradations are unlikely to have a significant impact.

Varicosporellopsis shangrilaensis sp. nov. (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales), a new terricolous species isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Astragalus polycladus in northwestern Yunnan, China

Two fungal strains were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a Chinese medicinal herb plant, Astragalus polycladus, in northwestern Yunnan, China. Both of them were identified as a new fungal species of Varicosporellopsis based on the evidence of morphology and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU, TUB and ACT sequences data. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data revealed that strains MTF 7 and KLF 01 belong to the genus Varicosporellopsis with the highest sequence similarity (95.51%) to the type strain V. americana CBS 148257 and formed a sister lineage to V. americana CPC 40768 with high support values (100% ML, 1.00 BI). Morphologically, V. shangrilaensis is characterized by macronematous, branched conidiophores, phialidic conidiogenous cells, reniform macroconidia and spherical microconidia. This new species is the first reported of Varicosporellopsis in China. The morphological description, illustrations and phylogenetic analysis of V. shangrilaensis are provided in this study.

Spectroscopic analysis of plant trace element incorporated silver nanoparticles synthesis from Datura metel l.

Here in we report, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) prepared from leaf extract of Datura metel L. via green synthesis method. Datura metel L. is an herbal medicinal plant of solanaceae family. The as - prepared Ag NPs characterized employing UV-Vis spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) techniques. The appearance of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 415 nm suggested that creation of Ag NPs in UV-Vis spectrum. XRD pattern showed face centered cubic crystal structure of Ag NPs with organometallic complex phase. Peaks in FTIR spectrum reveal the existence of biomolecules. SEM image illustrate their clastic rock morphology and EDAX profile authenticate the company of Ag and plant trace element. The Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Choronopotentiometry, and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis were performed as prepared Ag electrode. The specific capacitance of 267.59 F/g at 0.5 A/g and cyclic retention of 83.7% after charge-discharge 5000 cycles are obtained. Hence this material could be utilized as Supercapacitor energy storage devices.

Lipase Inhibition and Amelioration of High-fat Diet-induced Obesity Potential of Cajanus Cajan (Pigeon pea) Seeds: A legume Used by Foumban and Dschang Localities of Cameroon

Introduction: High-calorie intake and an unbalanced lifestyle are the two foremost determinants of obesity incipience. Devising new pharmaceutical molecules with low adverse events is a challenging task. Herbal medicinal plants are safer drugs and offer plenty of nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Background: Cajanus cajan seeds are traditionally used by the Foumban and Dschang localities of Cameroon in the management of obesity. No scientific study depicting the role of this plant in obesity management has been reported yet. Aim: Present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-obesity effect of seeds extract of C.cajan. Methods: Anti-obesity activity of seeds extract of C.cajan. was studied by in-vitro and in-vivo methods. Phytochemical screening was also performed to ascertain the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. In-vitro lipase inhibition assay was performed using porcine pancreatic lipase enzyme in various concentrations (100-500µg/ml). In the in-vivo model, obesity was induced by a high-fat diet and seeds extract was administered orally at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Results: Phytochemical screening reported the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, and flavonoids. Seeds extract inhibited lipase enzyme in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 value 205.28µg. The extract showed a decline in weight gain, diminished hyperlipidaemia and restored hepatic biochemistry. Conclusion: C. cajan seed extract possesses anti-obesity effects, which might be due to lipase inhibitory effects.

Combined Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Extraction of Floral Fragrance Genes in Two Dendrobium Species

Many species of the Dendrobium genus are traditional Chinese herbal medicine and ornamental plants. Flower fragrance is one of the most important horticultural ornamental characters and plays a crucial role in the ecology, economy, and aesthetics of plants. However, the volatile constituents and key regulatory genes related to floral biosynthesis are poorly understood. In this experiment, the flowers from two species of Dendrobium with high-scent smells, Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw. (D. moniliforme), and light-scent smells, Dendrobium nobile “H1” (D. “H1”), were selected. The aim of this study was to explore the key gene expression profiles of floral biosynthesis by combining volatile constituent determination and transcriptome analysis in two different Dendrobium species. Physiological determination results showed that 60 volatile compounds were identified in D. moniliforme and 52 volatile compounds were identified in D. ‘H1’ flowers in four flowering stages, and the full bloom stage was the most complicated stage because there were 41 and 33 volatile compounds, respectively. These compounds belong to terpenes, aromatics, fatty acids, nitrogenous compounds, ketones, alcohols, and alkanes, respectively. The components identified in the gynandrium and petals revealed that the petals were probably the most important sites affecting the release of volatiles. The relative content of terpene compounds was the highest, with 77.25% (D. moniliforme) and 50.38% (D. “H1”), respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were highly enriched in terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and that four linalool synthetase (LIS) genes were up-regulated in high-scent smell species. This study is helpful to explore the key genes of flower fragrance and provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of the regulatory molecular functions of floral synthesis and release, as well as for the cultivation of new aromatic species.

Nanoparticle based intranasal drug delivery system of some herbal medicinal plants for Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundDiseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS) such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, meningitis, migraine, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease require delivery of the drug to the brain for effective treatment but it remains problematic area to deal with, as the central nervous system (CNS) is isolated from the whole body by the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This tight physiological barrier limits the drug diffusion towards the brain parenchyma and is considered as the bottleneck in brain drug development. Now this can be circumvented by intraventricular or intracerebral administration. Intra Nasal delivery thus attributes to non‐invasive, essentially painless, high vascularity and the permeability of the nasal mucosa, which aids the drug in bypassing the aforementioned processes of degradation. Now the increasing realization of the side effects of allopathic medicines, coupled with the growing awareness about the medicinal benefits as well as therapeutic effect of herbal products is pushing up the demand for herbal extracts and herbal‐based supplements worldwide.MethodIn this study we designed a natural compound based Nanoformulations for drug delivery via nasal route to treat Alzheimer’s conditionResultAfter various preliminary studies we prepared standard extract loaded Nanoformulations with their particle size between the range 80 – 290nm and sustained release kinetics profile. Further, the toxicity analysis (morphological, cell viability, cytotoxicity assays) of these nanoformulations was performed on RPMI2650 (Human nasal septum) and NB41A3 (Mouse hippocampus) cell lines based on the route and site of drug delivery. Lastly, in vivo experiments were performed with AD (cognitive impairment) induced mice model. There was seemingly, a significant decrease in anti ß amyloid antibody positive neurons in case of optimised nanoformulations in comparison to the galantamine. It was also found to have reduced lesions caused due to the amyloid aggregation reflecting a noted improvement in dispersing and reducing the lesions in the hippocampal tissues.ConclusionIn conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the developed nanoformulations have potential therapeutic effects on improving the pathological state of AD, and might be taken further as a promising candidate for clinical research to evaluate its efficacy in humans.

Optimization of extraction condition of Gynura procumbens extract enriched with flavonoid and antioxidant compounds using Response Surface Methodology

Gynura procumbens is known as one of the herbal medicinal plants found in Indonesia and has been used from time to time. It is claimed to have various efficacy such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypertension, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, and antioxidant. Other studies mention that G. procumbens possessed high antioxidant compounds and had been used as a natural-based medicinal supplement. However, further studies on optimizing the extraction process of Gynura procumbens in Indonesia have yet to be reported. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the extraction condition of G. procumbens leaves by maceration with three variables: solvent concentration, extraction time, and the ratio of solid-liquid used. Each of those variables contained three different levels. Determination of total flavonoid and antioxidant activity was measured using aluminium chloride colourimetric assay and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) assay, respectively. In the optimization process, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to explore the main effects and interaction between parameters and their correlations with dependent variables. The results were analyzed using the Box-Behnken method using Minitab software 17. This study shows that the most significant effect of the variable for both flavonoid and antioxidant activity was solvent concentration, with a P<0.05. The results showed that the extraction process to obtain G. procumbens extract with optimal flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (IC50) was predicted at 70% solvent concentration, 1 h maceration time, and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:9.8 w/v, with results of 17.599 mg QE/g extract and 0.211 mg/mL, respectively. This study was expected to complement other studies and can be used as an additional reference for the development of the extraction process on a larger scale.

Use Of Herbal Medicine Materials In Healing Perineal Rupture Wounds In Baros Health Center, Serang, Banten 2022

Introduction: Indonesia has many regions that still use plants as traditional medicines which are a hereditary inheritance which until now has been widely used in treating various diseases, both acute and chronic. At the Baros Health Center, data obtained on the healing of perineal wounds that experienced complications were 27% in 2020, increasing to 45% in 2021. The use of wound healing plants is widely used, including betel leaves and gotu kola leaves. In this study, it was tested which one was more effective in healing wounds among the herbal medicinal plants. Research Method: The design of this research is an analytic survey using cross sectional with chi square statistical test. Sampling was carried out by total sampling method from all samples of 30 respondents. Results: Obtained a cure rate in the group using betel leaf decoction of 68.7%, this is greater than the use of gotu kola leaves which only has a cure rate of 31.2%. The analysis obtained a p-value of 0.028 and an Odds ratio: 5.500, which means that the healing rate when using betel leaf is 5x faster than gotu kola leaves. Conclusion: Betel leaf is a plant that grows in Indonesia and is effective in helping accelerate the healing process of grade 2 perineal wounds compared to using gotu kola leaves.

Antimicrobial activity of Geranyl acetate against cell wall synthesis proteins of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus using molecular docking and simulation

Incidences of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing skin and soft tissue infections are becoming more prevalent due to repeated mutations and changes in the environment. Coriandrum sativum, a well-known Indian herbal medicinal plant, is shown to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activity. This comparative study focuses on the molecular docking (PyRx v0.9.8) of ligand binding domains of WbpE Aminotransferase involved in O-antigen assembly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3NU7) and Beta-Lactamase found in Staphylococcus aureus (1BLC) with selected phytocompounds of Coriandrum sativum along with a known binder and a clinical reference drug. This was followed by molecular dynamics simulation studies (GROMACS v2019.4) for the docked complexes (with Geranyl acetate) with the best binding affinities (-23.4304 kJ/mol with Beta-Lactamase and −28.4512 kJ/mol with WbpE Aminotransferase) and maximum hydrogen bonds. Molecular dynamics simulation studies for both the proteins demonstrated that the complex with Geranyl acetate showed stability comparable to the complex with reference drug observed via Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF) and H-bond analyses. Changes in the secondary structural elements indicated that Geranyl acetate could possibly cause improper functioning of WbpE Aminotransferase leading to disrupted cell wall formation. Further, MM/PBSA analyses showed significant binding affinity of Geranyl acetate with WbpE Aminotransferase and Beta-Lactamase. This study aims to provide rationale for further studies of Coriandrum sativum as an antimicrobial, and to contextualise the results in the current scenario of growing antimicrobial resistance. HIGHLIGHTS Phytoconstituents present in Coriandrum sativum show significant binding affinity to the proteins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Geranyl acetate exhibited the highest binding affinity with WbpE Aminotransferase involved in O-antigen assembly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID:3NU7) and Beta-Lactamase found in Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 1BLC) Molecular dynamics simulation analyses show that the phytoconstituent, Geranyl acetate has an effect similar to the clinical reference drug, thus exhibiting potential antibacterial activity. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Ergostane-type sterols and sesquiterpenes with anti-neuroinflammatory activity from a Nigrograna species associated with Clematis shensiensis

Nigrograna sp. LY66, an endophytic fungus associated with the herbal medicinal plant Clematis shensiensis, produced four undescribed steroids, nigergostanes A−D (1−4), including an unusual ketal-containing nigergostane (1), and four undescribed sesquiterpenoids decorated with cyclohexanone motifs, nigbisabolanes A−D (7−10), along with three known compounds, 23R-hydroxy-(20Z,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),20(22)-tetraen-3-one (5), ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol (6), and curculonone A (11). The structures and absolute configurations of these undescribed compounds were confirmed using spectroscopic data (NMR and HRESIMS), modified Mosher's method, and ECD experiments. Additionally, compounds 5 and 8 displayed significant inhibition of nitric oxide generation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells with IC50 values of 2.8 and 2.7 μM, respectively, and is thus more potent than that of the positive control, quercetin (IC50 = 8.77 μM). A molecular docking study revealed that 23-OH of 5 binds to the Y347 residue of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas the 2-OH and 9,10-diol moieties of 8 bind to R381 and W463 and haeme residues of iNOS, respectively, which has rarely been reported in previous studies. These findings provide a set of undescribed lead compounds that can be developed into anti-neuroinflammatory agents.

Comparison study of Beninese and Chinese herbal medicines in treating COVID-19.

The worldwide use of natural remedies is an alternative therapeutic solution to strengthen immunity, fight, and prevent this disease. The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease worldwide has promoted the search for therapeutic solutions following different approaches. China and Benin have seen the use of natural remedies such as Chinese herbal medicine and local endemic plants as alternative solutions in treating COVID-19. The present study was designed to identify the prevalence of medicinal plant use in four municipalities of Benin most affected by COVID-19 and compare them with traditional Chinese medicine and finally verify the efficacy of the main components of the six plants most frequently used, via in vitro experiments. This study targeting market herbalists and traditional healers was conducted in the form of an ethnomedicinal survey in four representative communities (Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi, Zè, and Ouidah) of southern Benin. The chemical compositions of the six most commonly used herbs were investigated using network pharmacology. Network-based global prediction of disease genes and drug, target, function, and pathway enrichment analysis of the top six herbs was conducted using databases including IPA and visualised using Cytoscape software. The natural botanical drugs involved three medicines and three formulas used in the treatment of COVID-19 in China from the published literature were compared with the top six botanical drugs used in Benin to identify similarities between them and guide the clinical medication in both countries. Finally, the efficacy of the common ingredients in six plants was verified by measuring the viability of BEAS-2B cells and the release of inflammatory factors after administration of different ingredients. Binding abilities of six components to COVID-19 related targets were verified by molecular docking. According to the medication survey investigation, the six most used herbs were Citrus aurantiifolia (13.18%), Momordica charantia (7.75%), Ocimum gratissimum (7.36%), Crateva adansonii (6.59%), Azadirachta indica (5.81%), and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (5.42%). The most represented botanical families were Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Meliaceae, and Capparaceae. The network pharmacology of these six herbal plants showed that the flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, and β-sitosterol were the main active ingredients of the Benin herbal medicine. Chinese and Beninese herbal medicine are similar in that they have the same targets and pathways in inflammation and oxidative stress relief. Mild COVID-19-related targets come from C. aurantiifolia and M. charantia, and severe COVID-19-related targets come from A. indica A. Juss. Cell viability and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results confirmed that six major compounds could protect BEAS-2B cells against injury by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, among which quercetin and isoimperatorin were more effective. Docking verified that the six compounds have good binding potential with COVID-19 related targets. These results suggest that Benin herbal medicine and Chinese herbal medicine overlap in compounds, targets, and pathways to a certain extent. Among the commonly used plants in Benin, C. aurantiifolia and M. charantia may have a good curative effect on the treatment of mild COVID-19, while for severe COVID-19, A. indica can be added on this basis.

Evaluation and Prediction of Anti-Malarial Activity by UbiquinolCytochrome-C Reductase Inhibition of Active Constituents of Ipomoea Carnea with Marketed Drug Atovaquone

Background: In 2017, 219 million cases of malaria across worldwide were estimated by World Health Organization and there were 435 thousands deaths were expected. African countries have the most number of cases and deaths due to malaria (~90%). Atovaquone is marketed drug used in the treatment of malaria. It shows inhibition of the Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity in intra erythrocytes parasitic ETC pathway. Bush Morning Glory also known as Ipomoea carnea is a herbal medicinal plant which is used from ancient times to treat various diseases. There are various reported pharmacological activities of Ipomea carnea against various disorders. In this study using in silico drug discovery tools, the anti malarial potential is evaluated and compared with Atovaquone. Method: Anti malarial activity of active chemical constituents of Ipomoea carnea was studied with the help of In-silico passonline predication tool and molecular Protein-Ligand docking tool “swissdock”. Result: The data of anti-malarial activity and Molecular Protein-Ligand docking of chemical constituents of Ipomoea carnea was compared with Atovaquone data. It was observed that chemical constituents of Ipomoea carnea have more Pa value than Atovaquone for anti malarial activity. It was also observed that Stearic acid, Linoleic acid and Hexadecanoic acid binds to Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase with high affinity and low binding affinity energy. Conclusion: It was also observed that Stearic acid, Linoleic acid and Hexadecanoic acid binds to Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase with high affinity and low binding affinity energy. Therefore, these compounds of Ipomoea carnea have potential anti-malarial activity

Sustainability Issues in Conservation of Traditional Medicinal Herbs and Their Associated Knowledge: A Case Study of District Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

Due to modernization and urbanization, traditional medicinal herbs and their associated knoweldge are under peril of being lost. The current study not only aimed to document the trend of herbal medicinal plant uitlization in District Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, but also raised alarming concerns about the conservation of these medicinal herbs and traditional knowledge linked to them. The data were collected from local people, herbalists, and gardeners by using standard ethnobotanical methods, i.e., questionnaires and interviews. Results reported that a lower number of informants possessed medicinal herb knowledge and reported only 50 medicinal herbs from the study area. This is probably due to the impact of speedy industrilaization and alterations in human life patterns in the study area. Not only the traditional knowledge is under threat but also the medicinal herbs themselves. Most of the reported medicinal herbs were rare (45.10%), while only few (9.80%) were ranked as abundant in the study area. The herbs with more medicinal importance are mostly rare. This is because of their over usage by the local people. Both conservation approaches (in situ and ex situ conservation and cultivation practices) and resource management (good agricultural practices and sustainable use solutions) should be adequately taken into account for the sustainable use of medicinal plant resources.

Preparation of monoclonal antibody and development of test strips enabling on-field detection of Botrytis cinerea infection on herbal medicinal plant Fritillaria thunbergii Miq

Preparation of monoclonal antibody and development of test strips enabling on-field detection of Botrytis cinerea infection on herbal medicinal plant Fritillaria thunbergii Miq

Detection of iodine in aqueous extract of plants through modified Mohr’s method

Abstract This article explores the extraction of iodine contents in Ipomoea pes-caprae plants using the modified Mohr’s method applied to a biological extract prepared in an aqueous solution. The plants were collected from three coastal regions of the Arabian Sea at Karachi coast, privileged as iodine resource areas. The size of the stem, leaves, and flowers of collected plants was measured after transportation into the laboratory before preparation of aqueous extract. It was found to be significantly different in size from each other. The electrical conductivity of the biological extract was recorded through a conductometer. For this purpose, the extract of different parts of the I. pes-caprae plants was prepared, followed by heating and filtration, while silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used as a precipitating agent. It was interesting to note that when filtrate was titrated with AgNO3, the precipitate started to settle down. Results showed the lowest iodine concentration in the flowers of all tested plants, followed by the highest in the leaves. Conductometric precipitation reaction was influential in determining iodine in herbal medicinal plants. It was observed that the size of the plants and collection sites impacted the iodine concentration. It was lowest in I. pes-caprae, collected from sea view Karachi, while highest in plants of Hawksbay. The endpoint of this biochemical reaction was taken when conductivity started rising. The standard curve of KI was prepared to determine the concentration of iodine in plant samples through conductometric titration. Moreover, the presence of Iodine was confirmed through a chemical testing method using HNO3, NH4OH, and H2SO4, after a complete precipitation reaction. The iodine quantification was done using a spectrophotometer through hexane solvent after being treated with H2SO4.

TOXICITY TEST OF IRONWOOD BARK EXTRACT (Eusideroxylon zwageri) TOWARD WISTAR RATS KIDNEY (Rattus norvegicus)

ABSTRACTBackground: The use of herbal medicinal plants by the community is increasing because the side effects are smaller than chemical-based drugs. One of the medicinal plants is ironwood because of its flavonoid and phenolic compounds which have the potential as antioxidants. Ironwood needs to be known for its toxicity, by performing an oral subchronic toxicity test on the kidneys of wistar rats with urea and creatinine parameters. Objective: Proving that the administration of ironwood bark extract at doses of 524.5 mg/mL, 1151.5 mg/mL, and 1775.5 mg/mL orally for 28 days had no toxic effect on the kidneys of wistar rats with parameters of urea and creatinine. Methods: Pure experimental research with posttest-only with control group design, consisting of 4 groups, each of which contained 4 wistar rats with 1 negative control group and 3 treatment groups given ironwood bark extract at a dose of 524.5 mg/mL, 1151, 5 mg/mL, and 1775.5 mg/mL. It was carried out for 28 days and on the 29th day the rats were taken blood and examined for urea and creatinine levels. Results: In the 3 treatment groups, urea values were 41, 42, and 32.35 mg/dL and creatinine was 0.725, 0.725, and 0.65 mg/dL and the results also showed that there was no significant difference in urea levels (p=0.076) and creatinine (p=0.076). 0.065) in each group. Conclusion: Ironwood bark extract dose 524.5 mg/mL, 1151.5 mg/mL, and 1775.5 mg/mL was not toxic to the kidneys of wistar rats with parameters of urea and creatinine. Keywords: Creatinine, Ironwood bark extract, Toxicity, Urea.

Education on Giving Leaflets and The Potential of Karamunting Leaves (Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa) Herbal Efficacious in Society

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly throughout the world including Indonesia. The use of herbal medicinal plants has increased since the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic, one of which is karamunting leaves. The methods used include: Field observations, we recorded the number of residents, their work and the plants that grow in the yard so that they can provide education to the community, especially in the North Landasan Ulin Village, Lianganggang District, Banjarbaru City. The results of the initial observation activities were carried out to look for problems in the community, the problems encountered by the community service team were the lack of public knowledge about plants that have the potential for traditional medicinal properties. Planting in the yard of the house has a characteristic as an herbal medicine. The conclusion from this activity was that education and giving leaflets for karamunting plants received a positive response from the community, after being given materials and leaflets as well as interactive discussions, the community realized the importance of using herbal medicines as an alternative treatment and increasing body immunity.

A REVIEW ARTICLE ON CURRENT PHARMACOLOGICAL STATUS OF CARDIOPROTECTIVE PLANT

Cardiovascular diseases involve abnormalities of the heart and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease, and are the main cause of the increase in mortality rate in the world. Herbal plants tend to be very useful to prevent cardiovascular disease. The phytoconstituents of herbal medicinal plants like tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides that have the ability to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Examples such as Nerium oleander, Amaranthus viridis, Ginkgo biloba, Daucus carota, Gingerol, Tinospora cordifolia etc. Many studies investigated the cardioprotective effect of these natural products against experimentally-induced myocardial damage, and their results revealed that their potential phytochemicals exhibited significant antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic activities. The review highlights the promising mechanisms and probable applications of various herbal plants, and their phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The cardioprotective plants contain a wide- variety of bioactive compound involve with diosgenin, isoflavones, sulforaphane, carotinized, catechin and quercetin are increasing the cardio protection and decreases the chances of cardiac abnormalities. KEYWORDS: Cardiovascular diseases, herbal products, phytochemicals, cardioprotective plant, Trichopus zeylanicus, cardiotoxicity

Hepatoprotective Effect of Herbal Medicinal Plant Extract against Paracetamol Induced Liver Injury in Rats

The purpose of this study was to examine the hepatoprotective efficacy of Whole plant extract of Adiantum capillus against Paracetamol induced liver damage in rats. Wistar albino rats were orally fed 500 mg/kg of body weight of Methanolic and Acetonic extract of Adiantum capillus Whole plant, with Silymarin serving as the reference. By restoring functional parameters, physical parameters, biochemical parameters, and decreasing blood enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TBL) in the selected animal, the methanolic and Acetonic extracts exhibited a potent hepatoprotective effect. The plant's chemical composition includes, among others, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics, and saponins. The overall experimental data suggest that bioactive phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, present in the Methanolic and Acetonic extracts of Adiantum capillus plant may be responsible for the plant's significant hepatoprotective effect. The results thus support the use of Adiantum capillus plant as a hepatoprotectant.