Bedding Plants Research Articles

EKF-based observers for multi-leak diagnosis in branched pipeline systems

The present work deals with the multi-leak diagnosis problem in a branched pipeline configuration as in water distribution systems. Here, it is assumed that the flow rate and pressure head measurements are available upstream and at all delivering points of the network. The proposed Leak Detection and Isolation (LDI) scheme basically involves two essential steps: leak region identification based on flow-rate residuals with a related k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifier, and then leak parameter identification (magnitude and position) via the use of the so-called Extended Kalman Filters (EKFs) for each leak based on a simple generic model and fed with pressure head estimations provided by an initial EKF. For the sake of illustration, successful experimental results of a two sequential leak scenario are provided using databases generated by a test bed plant with two branchings built at the Tuxtla Gutiérrez Institute of Technology.

Agro-economical Evaluation for Intercropping Sugar Beet and Barley under Combinations of Barley Cutting and Nitrogen Level Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the agro-economic effect of intercropping sugar beet and barley under combinations of barley cutting and Nitrogen levels. Field trials conducted using a split plot design with three replications at the Farm of Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, Egypt during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. Sugar beet planted on both sides of the bed and barley plant on the top of all beds at the rate of 25%of the sole culture. Sugar beet with companion barley under three cut treatments (no cut, cut before heading (C1) and cut after heading (C2)) and three nitrogen fertilization levels (80, 100 and 120kgN/feddan (feddan=4200m2)) were studied, as well as to study competitive relationships land equivalent ratio (LER). Results from this study revealed that cut and nitrogen treatments had significant (0.05%) effects on most traits of sugar beet and barley in both seasons. Significant cuts*N interaction effects were found for sugar beet and barley traits in both seasons. LER. were greater than unit (1.15 and 1.16) by intercropping sugar beet with barley under N fertilizer rate 120kg N/feddan with both no cut and C1. The effect of cuts and nitrogen interaction on LER across the two seasons increase the land usage. The highest yield advantage for RCC (89.49 and 73.54) was recorded with C1 at 120Kg N/feddan in both seasons respectively, indicating the effect of barley cuts and N fertilizer rates on yield and aggressivity (AG) values of sugar beet and barely. The highest values Total income (L.E.), Net return and economic return (L.E.) obtained from sugar beet under 120kgN rate * no cut or C1 treatments in both seasons. Agro-economically biplot graph recommended that intercropping barley with sugar beet under 120kg N rate * no cut or C1 drive the maximum values of productivity of sugar beet and competitive relationships and yield of both crops.

EFFECTS ON CROP AND SOIL AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES IN EXCESS WATER STRESS -A Review

The excess rainfall (excess moisture stress) hampers crop production often more serious. The proper soil management measures, such as bed planting of crops, contour plowing, bonding, broad bed and furrows, water retention ponds, growing of cover crops, residue mulching and agroforestry can reduce the surface runoff and slow down the rate of runoff from the fields help manage excess and deficit water stress and sustain crop production.

Impact of Ridge and Furrow Method of Planting on Groundnut Yield Attributes in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Climate change is putting increasing pressure on India's farmers' land and natural resources, which they rely on not just to feed the country but also to support their livelihoods. Approximately 30% of land is currently degraded, and rising temperatures mean agriculture will require 30% more water. Innovative approaches are emerging across India to assist farmers in adapting to climate change challenges and mitigating the effects of their farming practises. An innovative ridge and furrow planting pattern and its impact on ground nut crop production was carried out. The field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive Rabi and Kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 to study ridge and furrow in-situ conservation system for Groundnut crop at farmer’s fields in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh under Southern agro-climatic region. Raised bed planting involves sowing of crops using raised bed maker alternated with furrows for irrigation. Bed width depends upon crop spacing usually ranging from 30 cm, and accommodates crop on raised bed. Raised beds require reshaping each year preferably before Kharif season. Bed planting reduces cost, and saves seed, fertilizer and irrigation water. It also increases water-use efficiency both under rainfed and irrigated scenarios because water moves laterally from furrows into beds thereby reducing evaporation losses. Further lesser incidence of pest and diseases as well as better aeration within furrows. Weed population reduced on ridge and furrow method of planting. The ridge-furrow method of planting groundnut has been reported to save seed and water by 25-30% and fertilizer by 25%, yield enhancement to the extent of 8-23% higher compared to the normal flatbed sowing method. Economic analysis revealed that the net profit was recorded higher under ridge and furrow system compared to normal flatbed sowing. Benefit–cost ratio (BCR) ratio was recorded under ridge and furrow system (5.13) while under flat sowing system (2.20) for the consecutive years respectively.

RICE WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEMS-CONSTRAINTS AND STRATEGIES : A REVIEW

The rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of South Asia with the help of Green Revolution in the early 1970’s greatly contributed to India's food self-sufficiency and livelihood of millions of peoplethus, became the country's primary source of food-grain production. However, deterioration of soil health and quality, ground water depletion, water stress, labour shortage, introduction of new weeds and pests particularly Phalaris minor, Scirpophaga incertulas and climate change have all contributed to a major production standstill and deterioration in recent years by which the sustainability of rice wheat cropping system is now at jeopardy. Traditional agronomic practices had various negative implications on the sustainability of rice wheat cropping system with the introduction of HYVs. So, a paradigm shift is required to achieve long-term productivity, sustainability and allow farmers to minimise inputs, optimise yields, enhance profitability, maintain the natural resource base and reduce risk owing to both environmental and economic issues through resource-conserving technologies (RCTs) including zero/minimaltillage, PUSA decomposer, bed planting, crop residue management, mechanical rice transplanter (MRT) and crop diversification. This article focuses some of the issues that need to be addressed in the RWCS in order to achieve the goal of increasing regional productivity and assuring food security while maximising the effective use of natural resources, enhancing rural livelihoods and aiding in poverty alleviation.

Solução de aminoácidos no crescimento da planta ornamental Impatiens walleriana sob estresse de restrição de desenvolvimento radicular

Abstract The use of amino acid solutions as bio-fertilizers was introduced in the food and ornamental plant industry about two decades ago. Sprays containing amino acids either alone or combined have been proven effective to increase plant growth. However, many of the new commercial solutions including amino acids as bio-fertilizers have no published data available on bedding plants. Thus, the aims of this study were to determine the changes in fresh weight accumulation in the bedding pot plant Impatiens walleriana and the physiological mechanism involved in plants sprayed with different amino acid solutions and to characterize the responses to root restrictions under nursery with non-limited nitrogen supply. The experiment was carried out inside a greenhouse in the campus of the Faculty of Agronomy of the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. To reach the objectives, Impatiens walleriana ‘Xtreme White’ seeds were grown in 50-cell (55.7 cm3 cell-1) and 288-cell (6.18 cm3 cell-1) plug trays and then transplanted and grown at 3-L pots. Eleven solutions (100 mg L-1) containing an equal amount of each of the following amino acids: alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and valine, a control without amino acids, and a solution containing all amino acids (Mix) (9.1 mg L-1 of each amino acid) were sprayed when the first true leaf pair was developed. Our results showed that the different synthetic amino acids tested, alone or combined, had additive and antagonistic effects on the leaf area and fresh-dry weight in Impatiens walleriana plants.

An Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and miRNA Sequencing Provides Insights into the Dynamic Regulations during Flower Morphogenesis in Petunia

Published genome sequences can facilitate multiple genome sequencing studies of flower development, which can serve as the basis for later analysis of variation in flower phenotypes. To identify potential regulators related to flower morphology, we captured dynamic expression patterns under five different developmental stages of petunia flowers, a popular bedding plant, using transcriptome and miRNA sequencing. The significant transcription factor (TF) families, including MYB, MADS, and bHLH, were elucidated. MADS-box genes exhibited co-expression patterns with BBR-BPC, GATA, and Dof genes in different modules according to a weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Through miRNA sequencing, a total of 45 conserved and 26 novel miRNAs were identified. According to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, the carbohydrate metabolic process, photosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism were significant at the transcriptomic level, while the response to hormone pathways was significantly enriched by DEmiR-targeted genes. Finally, an miRNA–RNA network was constructed, which suggested the possibility of novel miRNA-mediated regulation pathways being activated during flower development. Overall, the expression data in the present study provide novel insights into the developmental gene regulatory network facilitated by TFs, miRNA, and their target genes.

Study on Double-Layer Stereo Ecological Cultivation Technology of Greenhouse Gardening Fruit Trees

Global food demand can be met by agricultural technology. But the increase in demand also needs effective planting and sufficient illumination in order for crops to grow. In order to solve the problems of low planting efficiency and insufficient illumination in traditional greenhouse horticultural fruit tree planting, we propose a three-dimensional double-layer ecological cultivation technology for greenhouse horticultural fruit trees. The design is a double-layered three-dimensional cultivation model. After the growth rate of horticultural fruit trees is determined, the optimal distance between the two-dimensional cultivation layers is determined by weighted Euclidean distance, and the double-layer three-dimensional ecological cultivation mode of greenhouse horticultural fruit trees is designed. Through the analysis of the irradiance of the double bed planting mode, the design of the light environment in horticultural fruit tree planting is completed. A principal component analysis was used to determine the amount of soil components in double-layer three-dimensional ecological cultivation of greenhouse horticultural fruit trees, and the technology of double-layer three-dimensional ecological cultivation was developed. The results show that the planting efficiency of horticultural fruit trees planted by the technology is always higher than 90%, and the illumination in the planting environment is sufficient.

Conservation agriculture practice influences soil organic carbon pools in intensive rice‐based systems of the Eastern Indo‐Gangetic Plain

AbstractStudies of rice‐based systems in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Conservation Agriculture on soil organic carbon (SOC) status, along with increased soil health and crop productivity. However, it remains unclear as to the time for such treatments to have a positive effect. In this study of lentil‐mung bean‐rice and wheat‐mung‐rice rotations in Bangladesh positive effects of strip planting or bed planting, along with residue return, on SOC pools were apparent after 1.5 years, compared with intensive conventional tillage and limited residue return. Conventional tillage resulted in higher CO2 emission compared with strip planting or bed planting as did high residue return. In the cereal‐dominated rotation, the strip planting system sequestered carbon at a rate of 0.24–0.53 Mg C ha−1 year−1 (at 0–0.15 m depth) while conventional tillage was associated with a carbon loss of 0.52–0.82 Mg C ha−1 year−1. In the legume‐dominated rotation, neither practice sequestered SOC. Under strip planting, a minimum annual crop residue input of 1.7 Mg C ha−1 for the cereal‐dominated system and 5.2 Mg C ha−1 for the legume‐dominated system was required to maintain SOC at equilibrium. We conclude that strip planting with high levels of crop residue return can be an effective and quick strategy in either slowing the loss of SOC or improving C sequestration in the intensive rice‐based systems of the Eastern IGP.

Resource Conservation Technologies in Era of Climate Change: A Review

Declining per capita land, water and other resources triggered by changing climate and increasing population need resource conservation technologies (RCTs) for agricultural sustainability. This paper has presented findings from recent research on resource conservation technologies that have been attempted in different regions of India. The superiority of resource conservation technologies (RCTs) such as laser land leveling, zero tillage, bed planting, direct seeded rice, leaf colour chart, green seeker and crop diversification over conventional methods of cultivation practices is evaluated in terms of saving of energy, water and labour, increase in crop yield, water productivity, nutrient-use efficiency, net returns and making agriculture climate smart. Zero tillage with residue retention increase soil organic carbon sequestration, conserve soil moisture and lower soil temperature thus making agriculture climate smart. Direct seeded rice is solution for labour scarcity, excessive water and fuel use in transplanted rice. Use of leaf colour chart saves nitrogenous fertilizers. Laser land leveling and bed planting practices increase water productivity and crop yield over conventional practices. But the machinery required for adoption of RCTs are heavy and costly, so the study has suggested the use of machines on co-operative basis and also the wider scale testing of new technologies under diverse production systems.

Effect of Raised Bed, Mulching and Training System on Soil Temperature and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Background: The use of crop improvement practices in vegetable cultivation has increased during the last years. Methods: A field experiment was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at Research Farm of Vegetable Science, Dr YSP UHF Nauni, Solan in the year 2018-2019 in a randomized complete block design with three replications in order to evaluate the effects of planting methods, mulching and training system on soil temperature and yield of tomato. Treatments consisted of planting methods (raised bed, flat bed), mulching treatments (black mulch, silver/black mulch and no mulch) and training systems (two stem training and three stem training). Result: Results of the study indicated highest values of plant height, fruit weight,yield and soil temperature were observed under raised bed planting methods, black mulch along with two stem trained plants. Also black coloured mulch had significantly higher values of marketable yield. The highest soil temperature was found to be higher by about 1 to 10oC as compared to no mulch plot. It can be concluded that use of black colour mulch significantly increased the growth, yield and yield contributing characters of tomato under the open field conditions.

Effects of suspended ecological beds on phytoplankton community structure in Baiyangdian Lake, China

To address the issues of submerged vegetation restoration in the deep-water area of Baiyangdian Lake, a type of suspended ecological bed was developed, which was constructed with aquatic plants, ropes and supporting poles. The depth of a suspended ecological bed could be adjusted based on the water level. From July to November 2019, the phytoplankton community structure in the water around the suspended beds was continually monitored, and the effects of the submerged plants present in the suspended beds on the phytoplankton community structure in the deep-water area of the lake were studied. The results showed that Myriophyllum spicatum L. grew well in the suspended beds, with 95% survival after 60 d. The maximum biomass was reached in 55 d, and the water surface coverage reached 23%. There were 71 species of phytoplankton belonging to seven phyla in the water surrounding the suspended ecological beds. Over half (36 species) were members of Prochlorophyta, and the average density and biomass of phytoplankton gradually decreased month by month. The proportion of cyanobacteria in the community showed a downwards trend, while the proportions of other phytoplankton phyla showed upwards trends. The annual average Shannon–Wiener diversity index was 0.88, the annual average Pielou evenness index was 0.32, and the annual average Margalef richness index was 1.21. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index and Pielou's evenness index both showed increasing trends. This comprehensive analysis shows that planting submerged plants in suspended beds can improve the phytoplankton community structure of the surrounding water and increase the biodiversity of phytoplankton, making this an effective measure for restoring submerged vegetation in algae-dominated northern lakes.

Leaf color formation mechanisms in Alternanthera bettzickiana elucidated by metabolite and transcriptome analyses.

The difference in leaf color among the three cultivars of A. bettzickiana is due to different chloroplast morphology and chlorophyll-to-anthocyanin ratios. Alternanthera bettzickiana is one of the most important ornamental plants in modern flower beds because of its colorful leaves. The present study examined the mechanism of leaf color formation in A. bettzickiana. Three cultivars of A. bettzickiana (red, green, and mixed red and green) were selected for comprehensive analyses of leaf color formation by examining cellular and subcellular structures and pigment biosynthesis and metabolism. The difference in leaf colors between the three cultivars of A. bettzickiana was due to different chlorophyll-to-anthocyanin ratios. A. bettzickiana 'Green' showed very low expression of CHS, F3H, and DFR, the key genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and a low anthocyanin content but had mature chloroplasts and a green color. A. bettzickiana 'Red' exhibited a low chlorophyll content and deformed chloroplasts but a high cyanidin content and, thus, a red color. A. bettzickiana 'Variegated' presented high anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents and exhibited red and green variegation, indicating a balance between coloration and photosynthetic efficiency. These data provide a good explanation for the coloration of different cultivars of A. bettzickiana and an important reference for better explaining the color formation mechanisms of plant leaves.

Influence of land leveling and planting pattern on productivity, water use efficiency and economic of sorghum (Sorghum bicolar)

This study was conducted at Engineering farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India, during winter 2016-17 using sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolar) to examine the effect of three land leveling (control or unleveled, conventional land leveling and leveling with laser guided land leveler) and three planting systems (ridge and furrow, double row bed planting and triple row bed planting). The laser guided land leveler significantly improved the growth attributes of sorghum as compared to the control whereas the growth attributes were recorded highest under double row bed planting. The highest yield attributes were recorded in laser guided land leveler. The best results of sorghum yield attributes were recorded under double row bed planting. In land leveling, laser guided land leveler significantly improved yield of sorghum (grain and fodder) as compared to control. Whereas, maximum sorghum yield was obtained under double row bed planting over rest planting system. The soil moisture distribution, water saving and water use efficiency were improved under laser guided land leveler with double row bed planting over rest of the treatments. The highest gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio were obtained under laser guided land leveler with double row bed planting over rest of the treatments.

Influence of land leveling and planting pattern on productivity, water use efficiency and economic of sorghum (Sorghum bicolar)

This study was conducted at Engineering farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India, during winter 2016-17 using sorghum crop (Sorghum bicolar) to examine the effect of three land leveling (control or unleveled, conventional land leveling and leveling with laser guided land leveler) and three planting systems (ridge and furrow, double row bed planting and triple row bed planting). The laser guided land leveler significantly improved the growth attributes of sorghum as compared to the control whereas the growth attributes were recorded highest under double row bed planting. The highest yield attributes were recorded in laser guided land leveler. The best results of sorghum yield attributes were recorded under double row bed planting. In land leveling, laser guided land leveler significantly improved yield of sorghum (grain and fodder) as compared to control. Whereas, maximum sorghum yield was obtained under double row bed planting over rest planting system. The soil moisture distribution, water saving and water use efficiency were improved under laser guided land leveler with double row bed planting over rest of the treatments. The highest gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio were obtained under laser guided land leveler with double row bed planting over rest of the treatments.

Effect of Land Configuration and Moisture Regimes on Productivity of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) in Summer Season

An experiment was conducted on “Effect of land configuration and moisture regimes on productivity of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in summer season.” during 2018-19 at Agronomy Research Farm, ANDUA and T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.). The experiment accomplished of 12 treatment combinations and laid out in split plot design, replicated three times. The Experiment consisted of three land configuration viz. flat bed planting (P1), ridge planting (P2) and paired row planting on raised bed (P3) were kept in main plots and four moisture regimes viz.0.5 IW/CPE ratio, 0.7 IW/CPE ratios, 0.9 IW/CPE ratios and 1.1 IW/CPE ratios were allotted in sub plots. The experimental results revealed that growth parameters, such as plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, days to 50 percent ear emergence and days to50 percent maturity and yield were obtained maximum with the paired row planting methods followed by ridge planting and flat bed planting and yield attributes such as number of cobs plant-1 , number grains row-1, number of grains cob-1, cob length (cm), cob girth (cm), grains weight cob-1(g), cob weight (g), shelling percentage (%), grain yield (q ha-1), stover yield (q ha-1), and biological yield (q ha-1) were also increased similarity in same treatment. In case of moisture regimes, the same trends were observed maximum when applied irrigation at 1.1 IW/CPE ratios as compared to other moisture regimes.

Raised bed planting increases economic efficiency and energy use efficiency while reducing the environmental footprint for wheat after rice production

Finding sustainable ways to produce more grain while minimizing negative environmental impacts is critical. The raised bed planting (RBP) pattern was shown to be an effective measure to enhance the productivity of wheat after rice production in areas vulnerable to waterlogging. However, comprehensive evaluations from environmental, economic and ecosystem benefit perspectives have rarely been performed. In this study, a consecutive 5-year field experiment was conducted in the Yangtze River Plain, China, with two planting patterns, flat planting (FP) and RBP, to assess the environmental footprint, energy balance and cost-benefit analysis for wheat after rice production. The results showed that the RBP pattern generated significant effects—increased grain yield, net return and energy use efficiency and a decreased carbon footprint per unit of yield/biomass—compared with the FP pattern. The advantages of the RBP pattern over the FP pattern were ascribed mainly to the 13.6% reduction in production costs, 10.1% lower energy inputs, and 10.0% reduction in indirect greenhouse gas emissions benefiting from saved machinery, diesel and seed inputs. The energy output and gross crop value for the RBP pattern were 13.3% and 15.1% higher than those for the FP pattern. Therefore, the RBP pattern reduced production costs and energy inputs but increased wheat production, energy use efficiency, and economic benefits and minimized the environmental impact. In conclusion, the RBP pattern is promising for wheat after rice cultivation from the perspective of achieving sustainable agricultural development and ensuring national food security.

Root GS and NADH-GDH Play Important Roles in Enhancing the Ammonium Tolerance in Three Bedding Plants.

Ammonium is a paradoxical nutrient because it is more metabolically efficient than nitrate, but also causes plant stresses in excess, i.e., ammonium toxicity. Current knowledge indicates that ammonium tolerance is species-specific and related to the ammonium assimilation enzyme activities. However, the mechanisms underlying the ammonium tolerance in bedding plants remain to be elucidated. The study described herein explores the primary traits contributing to the ammonium tolerance in three bedding plants. Three NH4+:NO3− ratios (0:100, 50:50, 100:0) were supplied to salvia, petunia, and ageratum. We determined that they possessed distinct ammonium tolerances: salvia and petunia were, respectively, extremely sensitive and moderately sensitive to high NH4+ concentrations, whereas ageratum was tolerant to NH4+, as characterized by the responses of the shoot and root growth, photosynthetic capacity, and nitrogen (amino acid and soluble protein)-carbohydrate (starch) distributions. An analysis of the major nitrogen assimilation enzymes showed that the root GS (glutamine synthetase) and NADH-GDH (glutamate dehydrogenase) activities in ageratum exhibited a dose-response relationship (reinforced by 25.24% and 6.64%, respectively) as the NH4+ level was raised from 50% to 100%; but both enzyme activities were significantly diminished in salvia. Besides, negligible changes of GS activities monitored in leaves revealed that only the root GS and NADH-GDH underpin the ammonium tolerances of the three bedding plants.

Conservation agriculture effects on yield and profitability of rice-based systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain

Abstract Sustaining productivity of the rice-based cropping systems in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (EIGP) requires practices to reverse declining soil fertility resulting from excessive tillage and crop residue removal, while decreasing production costs and increasing farm profits. We hypothesize that the adoption of conservation agriculture (CA), involving minimum tillage, crop residue retention and crop rotation, can address most of these challenges. Therefore, the effects of crop establishment methods – strip planting (SP), bed planting (BP) and conventional tillage (CT); and levels of crop residue retention – high residue (HR) and low residue (LR) on individual crop yield, system yield and profitability were evaluated in a split-plot design over three cropping seasons in two field experiments (Alipur and Digram sites) with contrasting crops and soil types in the EIGP. The SP and BP of non-rice crops were rotated with non-puddled rice establishment; CT of non-rice crops was rotated with puddled transplanted rice. In the legume-dominated system (rice-lentil-mung bean), lentil yields were similar in SP and CT, while lower in BP in crop season 1. A positive effect of high residue over low residue was apparent by crop season 2 and persisted in crop season 3. In crop season 3, the lentil yield increased by 18–23% in SP and BP compared to CT. In the cereal-dominated system (rice-wheat-mung bean), significant yield increases of wheat in SP and BP (7–10%) over CT, and of HR (1–3%) over LR, were detected by crop season 3 but not before. Rice yields under CA practices (non-puddled and HR) were comparable with CT (puddled and LR) in both systems. Improved yield of lentil and wheat with CA was correlated with higher soil water content. The net income of SP increased by 25–28% for dry season crops as compared to CT and was equal with CT for rice cropping systems. Conservation agriculture practices provide opportunities for enhancing crop yield and profitability in intensive rice-based systems of the EIGP of Bangladesh.

Exploration and morphologic variation of Iris wild species with ornamental potential

Abstract Nowadays, the flower industry is growing so fast that its development requires introducing new varieties to the flower market. Iran is the habitat of numerous species of wild plants that are among the valuable genetics in the breeding process. The identification of native Iris species, investigation of morphological diversity, and distribution method have a significant effect on the introduction of this flower as new and superior cultivars cut flower and bedding plant. The documentation of the most important habitats of Iris in Arak province, identification of morphological characteristics and correlation determination of morphological traits are the most important aims of this research. The results showed that there is a correlation between some of the traits. The highest positive correlation was related to the height of flower and length of the leaf, length of the flowering stem and the length of the leaf and the height of the flower and the length of the flowering stem. The ecotypes of Iris sp. were divided into six groups. Based on the results of the cluster diagram, the bulbous species were separated from rhizome species. Generally, due to the color diversity of Iris sp. and unique beauty of the flowers and the resistance of the native species, they can be used as native foundations. Due to the prominent traits such as high durability of Iris meda, odor of I. hymernospatha Subsp. leptoneura and color diversity of I. persica, I. songarica and height of I. spuria, they can be used to introduce new ornamental species. Iris spuria is the most suitable genotype because of the high height, large flower, high durability, and beautiful flower.