Plant Extracts Research Articles

Potential role of the methanolic extract for Olea europaea (stem and leaves) on sporulation of Eimeria papillata oocysts: In vitro study.

Many plants are efficient anticoccidial agents owing to their content of active chemicals. Drug-resistant Eimeria species have emerged as a result of excessive drug use. The current work aimed to investigate the oocysticidal activity (Eimeria papillata) of Olea europaea stem extract (OESE) and leaf extract (OELE) in vitro. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis for OELE and OESE showed the presence of 12 and 9 phytochemical compounds, respectively. Also, chemical examination revealed that the plant extracts are rich in phenols, flavonoids and tannins. Additionally, the best radical scavenging activity of OESE and OELE was at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, reaching 92.04 ±0.02 and 92.4±0.2%, respectively. The in vitro study revealed that concentrations of 200 mg/ml from OESE and OELE caused significant inhibition (100%) of process sporulation for E. papillata oocysts, in contrast to the other commercial products, which displayed varying degrees of suppression sporulation. Our findings showed that OESE and OELE have anticoccidial activity, which motivates further the conduction of in vivo studies in the search for a less expensive and more efficient cure.

A review on multifarious medicinal potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles

Momentous advancement in nanotechnology has greatly participated in bringing transformations in various challenges of society like energy production, information technology, health and environment. Out of all the challenges society is currently facing, health is the major issue. Cancer, Bacterial, Fungal and other numerous diseases are there which we need to encounter with the best possible methods. Nanoparticles owing to their better size to area ratio act as good drug delivery agents. Synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has already travelled a long pathway and researchers are looking for green synthesis of NPs which is non-toxic and non-hazardous pathway of NPs synthesis. Green synthesis of NPs can be performed using bacteria, fungi, algae, virus, plant extracts etc. Green synthesis is preferable because of its cost-effectiveness, energy-efficient nature, bio-compatibility and being therapeutically significant. Biological media tend to have antioxidant properties preferably plant resources which when incorporated with metal, transport same property to such nanoparticles synthesized. Since ancient times, it has been read and well-researched that silver accounts various health benefits. Therefore, silver NPs (AgNPs) are looked upon for their novel use in therapies and treatment against numerous diseases as anticancer, anti-fungal, antibacterial. This review commentates on therapeutic activity of green synthesized AgNPs, their mode of action, and potential medicinal use against many diseases as well as their antioxidant potential.

Inhibition of heterocyclic amines formation in grilled beef patties by red pepper stalk extracts

ABSTRACT To effectively inhibit the formation of heterocyclic amines (HAs) is crucial for human health. Plant extracts with strong antioxidant activity could be applied to meat processing to prevent the formation of HAs. The results indicated that red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) stalk extracts (RPSEs) exhibited antioxidant activity during the thermal processing of meat by decreasing protein and lipid oxidation and neutralizing free radicals. And effectively inhibited the formation of HAs in beef patties with an inhibition rate ranging from 29.5% to 89.3%. These benefits were achieved without adversely affecting the physical or chemical properties of grilled beef patties, except for a slight increase in hardness. Betaine-based deep eutectic solvent extracts resulted in a significant reduction of 65.4–89.3% and 67.5–84.7% for free and protein-bound HAs. Our research introduces a novel approach to diminish the levels of HAs in meat, enabling food producers to create more safety meat options.

A comparative study of antibacterial potentials of leaf extracts of some selected trees from Benue State University Campus on Staphylococcus aureus AND Escherichia coli

Introduction: Medicinal Plant with antimicrobial properties are of great significance in therapeutic treatments of disease caused by bacteria. Their antibacterial properties are due to compounds synthesized in their cell sap during secondary metabolism, their antibacterial activity has shown that plants represent a potential source of novel antibiotic prototypes. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial potential of three plant extracts on S. aureus and E. coli. Method: A comparative study of the antibacterial potentials of water and ethanolic leaf extracts of three plants, Parkia biglobosa, Khaya senegalensis and Daniellia oliveri, was carried out. Extracts at various regimes of concentrations, 0.2 g/ml, 0.4 g/ml, 0.6 g/ml, 0.8 g/ml and 1.0 g/ml were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer with slight modification was adapted in determining zones of inhibition. Statistical significance was considered at (p<0.05). Results: Ethanolic leaf extract of P. biglobosa recorded the highest zone of inhibition (20.0 mm) at 1.0 g/ml on S. aureus, while ethanolic leaf extract of D. oliveri had the least zone of inhibition (6.33 mm) at 0.2 g/ml on E. coli. K. senegalensis was most effective on E. coli with grand mean inhibitory effect of (13.33 mm and 12.13 mm) on ethanol and water extract respectively, while P. biglobosa was most effective on S. aureus with grand mean inhibitory effect of (13.00 mm and 12.47 mm) on ethanol and water extracts respectively. No significant difference in the grand mean inhibitory effect of the three plants on test bacterial or the type of solvent used. Conclusion: The three plants are potential useful antibacterial agents, inhibiting bacterial growth at all concentrations of the study.

Extraction, characterization, and assessment of the antioxidant activity of salvia officinalis extracts

Background : One of the biggest and most significant fragrant and medicinal genera in the Lamiaceae family is salvia (sage). Sage infusion can have numerous health advantages, including anti-mycotic, anti-carcinogenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects. By lowering free radicals, antioxidants are the chemical compounds that stop or postpone the oxidation process. Lipid oxidation causes color changes, texture problems, odd flavors, nutrient loss, and the creation of hazardous chemicals. Aim of study evaluation of the activity of Salvia officinalis extracts as antioxidants., Methods: Investigated was the chemical detection of active substances. the existence of an active substances and the use of aqueous and alcoholic extracts separately for toxicity test in mice in three concentrations: (10, 20,40 %) it was given orally and the dose ranged between (0.1-0.2 )ml twice a day. Leave the mice for 72 h with monitoring to determine the toxicity of the extracts or not, and evaluation of oxidative stress efficiency by using the DDPH method, Results: The presence of these compounds in extracts of the sage plant, which are compounds that have an effectiveness against cancer cells, which lies in the removal of free radicals (OH. O) they contribute to protecting cells and tissues from active oxygen, The toxicity test results of the aqueous and alcoholic extract showed that they were free of toxicity after oral dosing of mice, The active compounds in the prepared extracts have different polarity, in addition to the use of two different solvents, (water and ethanol), which lead differing results of the effectiveness of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts as antioxidants compared to the gallic acid. Conclusion: The tests for the detection of the active groups of the extracts showed that they are affected by the nature of the solvent in terms of polarity, which affects the type and concentration of the groups extracted and the nature of the extraction, The toxicity test results showed that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts were non-toxic, the results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the alcoholic extract of the sage plant is more effective than the aqueous extract.

Turning Waste into Treasure: Invasive Plant Ambrosia trifida L Leaves as a High-Efficiency Inhibitor for Steel in Simulated Pickling Solutions

High toxicity is the main reason for the limited application of traditional corrosion inhibitors. Herein, it is critical to find a green, efficient, and long-term stable alternative substitute for the hazardous and conventional corrosion inhibitor. Ambrosia trifida L is widely distributed in fields and riverside wetlands as an invasive plant in China. According to the concept of turning waste into treasure, the extract of Ambrosia trifida L leaves (ATL) has the potential to address this issue due to its natural origin and abundant presence of heterocyclic organics. Therefore, ATL, as a green corrosion inhibitor, is prepared for the first time via a simple water-based extraction method. FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and UV-Vis (UV-visible) indicate that ATL extract contains abundant heterocyclic organics with conjugated structures, which exhibit the potential to become a high-efficiency inhibitor. Notably, the active sites of ATL molecules and their interaction with Q235 steel at the molecular/atomic level are revealed via theoretical calculations. The highest Ebinding value observed for the major components in the ATL extract is 259.66 kcal/mol, implying a significant adsorption capacity. The electrochemical results verify that microdose ATL extract can prominently inhibit steel corrosion, and the highest inhibition efficiency (η) is 97.5% (1000 mg/L). Following immersion for 24 h, the η value is enhanced to 99.0%, indicating a reliable and long-term ATL extract protection film is formed on the steel surface in harsh acidic solutions. The results of the weight loss, SEM (scanning electron microscope), and LSCM (laser scanning confocal microscopy) are consistent with the above conclusions. Finally, this study anticipates providing theoretical support for developing novel green plant extract inhibitors and aiding in their application in industrial pickling environments.

Plant extract mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its application to treatment of cancer

Plant extract mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its application to treatment of cancer

Adsorption characteristics of Luffa Cylindrica leaf extract as a corrosion inhibitor of copper in alkaline environment

Copper corrosion inhibition by Luffa cylinderica leaf extract has been studied in 0.01M Sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) using electrochemical measurement. Inhibition efficiency increase as the inhibitor concentration increases and decrease with temperature while corrosion rate decreases with concentration and increase with rise in temperature. At the optimum concentration (1000mg/L), the highest inhibition efficiency of plant extract was found to be 72.1846% at 303K and 68.1242% at 313K , and the corrosion rate (10-5) was 1.2679 at 303K and 1.4059 at 313K. However, increase in temperature decreased the inhibition efficiency at the temperature range studied. The phenomenon of physical adsorption has been proposed from the activation energy values (3.8933 to 7.9793 kJ mol-1) with Luffa cylinderica leave extract and the heat of adsorption, Qads ranges from (-26.4619 to - 15.3085 kJmol-1) for concentration of inhibitor studied. These values are negative and suggestive of adsorption on metal surface. The surface morphology and the composition of copper metal were also examined using SEM and XRD analysis respectively. The data obtained from this study fits well into the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don

In our study, the ability to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNP) by green synthesis method using Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don. plant was investigated. The color of the extract changed from yellow to brown, proving the presence of AgNPs. Transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive spectra (EDS), FT-IR and Uv-Vis analysis were used to characterized AgNPs. AgNPs ranged from 20 nm to 40 nm in size and were mostly spherical and cubic structures. The antimicrobial potential of AgNPs was tested against seven bacterial and one yeast cultures by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. AgNPs significantly inhibited all test cultures. The highest antimicrobial activities of plant extract and AgNP were found against Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315.

Efficacy of biocontrol-agents and plant extracts against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing stem rot of chickpea

The present study was conducted to evaluate biocontrol-agents, including Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens and plant extracts, Ginger, Garlic, Tulsi, Lemon grass and Neem against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (ON831560.1) under in vitro condition. All the biocontrol-agents suppressed the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Maximum suppression (69.29%) was observed with T. harzianum, followed by T. viride, which was on par with each other. The Pseudomonas fluorescens was observed to have minimum suppression (61.51%) but more than the control. Among the plant extracts maximum percent inhibition of the pathogenic fungus was observed in treatment with Neem leaf extract (42.58%), followed by garlic clove extract, ginger rhizome extract, and lemon grass leaf, while the minimum per cent inhibition was observed in Tulsi leaf extract (12.30%).

Wound Healing Effectiveness of Berberis baluchistanica and Daphne oleoides Extracts Native to Pakistan

Traditionally in Turkish medicines, Berberis baluchistanica and Daphne oleoides plant are used for the treatment of rheumatism, fever, lumbago, gonorrhea, boils, snake bite antidote, piles, hemorrhoids, as laxative, ulcers and wound healing. The study objective was based on the scientific investigation of traditional claim of wound healing potential of both these wild plants extract in healthy inbreed male albino rats. The wound healing activity of both the extracts was evaluated by adopting excision and incision wound models with a topical dose of 100 mg/kg b.w /day. Wound healing process effectiveness was assessed by measuring wound contraction and epithelization period, measurement of tensile strength of healing skin and histopathological studies of granulating tissue. D. oleoides roots crude methanolic extract (CME) encouraged pronounced wound repairing process in both adopted wound models. In this case, boosted wound retrenchment rate (P < 0.001), shrinkage of epithelialization period (10.13 ± 0.11), high skin disintegration strength (410.0 ± 1.8) and remarkable enhanced granulation tissue weight (P < 0.001) were experienced in albino rats. As well as the granulation tissue histological examination exhibited more collagen with reduced inflammatory cells number propagation versus control. In B. baluchistanica stems CME treated animals, wound contraction, and granulation tissue content were not much prevailed being (P < 0.05) moderately high. The histology of the granulation tissue disclosed greater number of inflamed cells with less collagen than the D. oleoides treated animals. However, it was more amplified compared to control group. The collective research data emphasized that D. oleoides possesses significant wound management activity versus B. baluchistanica, furthermore both extracts rationalize the traditional claim to cure wounds and can be utilized in different wound healing therapies in human beings as well.

Effect of Chitosan Concentration, Glycerol and Cashew Peel Extract on the Physical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Starch‐Based Films

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to optimize the formulation of starch‐based films, exploring the synergy between chitosan (1%, 2% and 3%), glycerol (2.5%, 3% and 3.5%) and concentrated cashew peel extract (1%, 2% and 3%), through a central composite design (23). Evaluating their influence on physical, mechanical and morphological properties. All films produced were flexible and did not present cracks when removed from the plates. Water vapour permeability (WVP) (3.03–7.71 gH2O.mm/m2.h.mmHg) and solubility (1.94%–5.31%) were reduced with the combination of higher levels of extract and chitosan, which also influenced the colour of the films (p < 0.05). Increasing the concentration of cashew peel extract increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EB) of the films. Morphologically, films with lower levels of cashew peel extract exhibited a uniform and less rough surface. Therefore, our results identified an optimized formulation using the combination of 2% extract, 3% chitosan and 3.5% glycerol. This study expanded the development of starch‐based packaging materials with chitosan, glycerol and the addition of plant extract, which can be used in the preservation of fruits and vegetables.

Blue light as an important factor increasing plant tolerance to acute photooxidative stress

Previous studies have confirmed the stimulating effect of blue light on phenolic compound accumulation and emphasized that sufficient dose of blue light is essential for biosynthesis of B-dihydroxylated flavonoids with enhanced antioxidant properties (under UV-lacking conditions). This study investigates the importance of blue light and complex role of phenolic compounds in plant tolerance against acute photooxidative stress. Hordeum vulgare (L. Cv. Bojos) seedlings were acclimated to different light spectra (blue, green:red 1:1, and white composed of blue:green:red 1:1:1) at total irradiance 400 µmol.m−2.s−1. Subsequently, they were subjected to a 3-hour combined stress induced by high photosynthetically active (850–950 µmol.m−2.s−1) and UV-B (2.0–2.5 W.m−2) radiation. Content of flavonoids, expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase), and antioxidant activity of plant extracts were significantly highest in plants acclimated to blue light. As an indicator of reactive oxygen species interaction with biomolecules, the content of lipid hydroperoxides was estimated. It was demonstrated that plants acclimated to blue light revealed significantly lower extent of lipid peroxidation compared to those acclimated to white or green:red light. Plants exposed to combined light-induced stress for 3 hours exhibited pronounced disruption of PSII function: FV/FM tended to decrease proportionally with decreasing amount of blue photons in the treatments. Additionally, stress exposure upregulated the expression of genes related to phenolic compounds but not genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. We confirmed higher resistance of plants acclimated to blue light and presume that phenolic compounds are significantly involved in protection during the acute phase of stress.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Compounds in Psoriasis and Their Inclusion in Nanotechnological Systems

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects around 2–3% of the world’s population. The treatment for this autoimmune disease still remains centered around conventional methods using synthetic substances, even though more recent advancements focus on biological therapies. Given the numerous side effects of such treatments, current research involves plant extracts and constituents that could prove useful in treating psoriasis. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the most known representatives belonging to classes of natural compounds such as polyphenols (e.g., astilbin, curcumin, hesperidin, luteolin, proanthocyanidins, and resveratrol), alkaloids (e.g., berberine, capsaicin, and colchicine), coumarins (psoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen), and terpenoids (e.g., celastrol, centelloids, and ursolic acid), along with plants used in traditional medicine that could present therapeutic potential in psoriasis. The paper also provides an overview of these compounds’ mechanisms of action and current inclusion in clinical studies, as well as an investigation into their potential incorporation in various nanotechnological systems, such as lipid-based nanocarriers or polymeric nanomaterials, that may optimize their efficacy during treatment.

Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase Ι by Flavonoids and Polyacetylenes Isolated from Bidens pilosa L.

Human DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) is an essential enzyme in regulating DNA supercoiling during transcription and replication, and it is an important therapeutic target for anti-tumor agents. Bidens pilosa L. is a medicinal herb that is used as a folk medicine for cancers in China. A new flavonoid (1) and a new polyacetylene (20), along with eighteen flavonoids (2–19) and nine polyacetylenes (21–29), were isolated and identified from the methanol extract of the whole plant of B. pilosa, and some of the compounds (4, 5, 6 and 7) exhibited potent cytotoxicity against a panel of five human cancer cell lines. The DNA relaxation assay revealed that some flavonoids and polyacetylenes exerted inhibitory activities on human DNA Topo I, among them compounds 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 19, 20, 22, and 24 were the most active ones, with IC50 values of 393.5, 328.98, 145.57, 239.27, 224.38, 189.84, 89.91, 47.5, 301.32, 178.03, and 218.27 μM, respectively. The structure–activity analysis of flavonoids was performed according to the results from the Topo I inhibition assay. The DNA content analysis revealed that 5, 6, and 7 potently arrested cell cycle at the G1/S and G2/M phases in human colon cancer cell DLD-1 depending on the concentration of the inhibitors. The levels of protein expression related to the G1/S and G2/M cell cycle checkpoints were in accordance with the results from the DNA content analysis. These findings suggest that flavonoids are one of the key active ingredients accounting for the anti-tumor effect of B. pilosa.

Green stabilization of silver nanoparticles over the surface of biocompatible Fe3O4@CMC for bactericidal applications

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria, especially in agents associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs), has initiated an exciting effort to develop biocompatible nanoparticles to confront their threat. Designing simple, cheap, biocompatible, and efficient nanomaterials as bactericidal agents seems to be a judicious response to this problem. Here, a solvothermal method was hired for the one-pot preparation of the cellulose gum (carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) magnetic composite to prepare a cost-effective, efficient, and biocompatible support for the plant-based stabilization of the silver NPs. The green stabilization of the Ag NPs is performed using Euphorbia plant extract with high efficiency. Various characterization methods, including FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, and VSM were used to study the composition and properties of Fe3O4@CMC/AgNPs. The composite shows well integrity and monodispersity with a mean diameter of <300 nm, indicating its potential for bio-related application. The CMC functionalities of the proposed material facilitated the stabilization of the Ag NPs, resulting in their monodispersity and enhanced performance. The manufactured composite was used as an antibacterial agent for the removal of UTIs agents, collected from 200 hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome, which showed promising results. This study showed that the concentration of the Ag NPs has a direct relationship with the antibacterial properties of the composite.

Qualitative Analysis and Anti-oxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract ofManilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Leaves

Background: The normal metabolic functioning of aerobic cells is related to free radical formation. The oxygen utilized in the cell growth gives rise to a number of oxygen free radicals. Further, these oxygen free radicals interact with lipidic molecules to produce hydroxyperoxides and various other peroxides also, radicals like superoxide, hydroxyls, and lipoid peroxides, which lead to cytotoxicity due to their interaction with biological systems. The uncontrolled generation of free radicals may lead to various diseases and disorders like prostate cancer, coronary heart disease and also ageing. The therapeutic potential of the plant M. zapota has been demonstrated in various diseases, such as cancers (e.g., breast, prostate, cervical, and hepatocellular cancer), diabetes mellitus, arthritis, bacterial infections, and gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., diarrhea and ulcers) and many medical conditions. The main phytocomponents of this plant are polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, and sterols. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate qualitative analysis and anti-oxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Leaves. In demand to minimize the damage caused by free radicals. It is very essential to develop such antioxidants which protect the body from the effect of free radicals and also do not cause much harm to the human body. The main phytocomponents of the plant are polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins and sterols which are responsible for antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening methods, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Hydrogen Peroxide scavenging assay for analysis of an ethanolic extract of plant leaves. Results and Discussion: Antioxidant activity was determined by a hydrogen peroxide assay. Plant extract was examined using phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, and FTIR spectra. The plant extract showed hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (IC50 = 16.45 μg/ml) compared to the IC50 values of standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 9.079 μg/ml). Conclusion: The present study concluded the antioxidant and phytochemical assessment of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Manilkara zapota. The results of the present research study demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of the plant extract was strong as compared to ascorbic acid.

Models for predicting corrosion inhibition efficiency of common drugs on steel surfaces: A rationalized comparison among methodologies

Several anticorrosive treatments have been proposed over time to create protective layers to hinder the corrosion phenomenon. In recent years, organic molecules from plant extracts and expired drugs have been tested due to their potential corrosion inhibition properties. However, direct corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE%) evaluation requires costly reactants and a specific experimental setup. Quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) proposes modeling IE% in terms of variables measured in previous experiments or determined by theoretical approaches. Computed descriptors, such as ionization energy (I), electronic affinity (A), or global hardness, were added to a database of physicochemical properties. This work compares several methodologies to obtain precise yet portable mathematical models for predicting corrosion inhibition efficiency. As an original approach from this research group, nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX), using forward regression with orthogonal least squares (FROLS), models were implemented as a robust method to get nonlinear portable models and to determine the most important variables impacting IE%. Contrastingly, ordinary least squares (OLS) methodology was employed with the novelty of applying power series expansions from the promoted FROLS variables for linear and polynomial regression with only one independent variable, which resulted in clearer graph visualization of trends and the ease of proposing thumb rules based on raw information. Finally, IBM Watson was also compared as a robust yet non-portable and highly parametrized alternative to conventional mathematical approaches, based on extra trees regressor (ETR). The models were compared using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean-squared error (MSE), and root-mean-squared error (RMSE). Overall, models with fewer variables and up to second-order terms show improved performance. The main tendencies of IE%, drawn by inferences for 630 substances by second-order NARX, are analyzed. Also, the determinant role of the highest occupied molecular orbital energy was reported. Experimentalists can take advantage of a “cost-free” general approach that can obtain estimations for IE% values with errors of about 6 %, in particular the second-order NARX model.

Bio-efficacy of Solanum torvum (Sw.) against agricultural pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Recently, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) has emerged as a significant threat to the environment. Because of the pest's ability to spread, pesticides are often applied to agricultural crops. By combining certain plant extracts with other compounds, both a reduction in insect infestation and an increase in production could be achieved. The antifeedant, larvicidal and histological effects of Solanum torvum (Sw.) leaf extracts were investigated against S. litura. The study found that the ethyl acetate leaf extract showed a significant antifeedant effect against S. litura of (86.16%) at 5% concentration. Ethyl acetate extract showed larvicidal activity against S. litura of 88.21% and the LC50 value was 2.05%. Exposure of larvae to ethyl acetate leaf extract resulted in significant histological damage, particularly affecting epithelial, goblet and digestive cells. The results suggest that the inclusion of these plant extracts in integrated pest management approaches can promote sustainable and environmentally friendly pest control methods in agriculture.

Investigation of bioactive phytochemical compounds of the Ethiopian medicinal plant using GC-MS and FTIR

Medicinal plants Highly aromatic crude materials are utilized for treating warts as an alternative medicine to surgical treatment because they can be permanently removed from the body. Thus, this investigation aimed to extract plant material from Calotropis procera leaves, describe the phytochemical screening, analyze anti-microbial activities, determine the functional groups in FTIR, and identify the chemical compounds in GC-MS. The PH, specific gravity, and viscosity of the crude extracts of Calotropis procera were determined at 4.5, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively. Analyze the solubility of crude extracts; ethanol can dissolve while water does not. Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins were also present in the phytochemical screening tests of the Calotropis procera extracts, triterpenoids, terpenoids, and steroids were not present in the crude extract. Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and saponins are the primary phytochemical components found in therapeutic plant material. The Calotropis procera crude extracts analyzed for functional groups by FT-IR contained a hydroxyl group, alkane, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, phenols, ester, alcohol, and methylene. The chemical compounds analyzed by GC-MS of Calotropis procera crude material were found to have 22 main compounds. Of 22 compounds, 5 compounds are active ingredients for the applications of medical purposes. The bioactive compounds found in the Calotropis procera plant extract are neophytadiene, hexahydrofarnesyl, lanosterol, 2,4-dimethylbenzo [H]quinolone, and squalene. Those bioactive compounds have anti-bacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-cancer properties. In an in vitro antimicrobial activity test, the crude extract effectively inhibited more gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. This collective reason is why the traditional therapist uses this Calotropis procera plant for the treatment of warts.