Roof Planting Research Articles

Design and water-saving capacity of planting roof with compound irrigation and stab-resistant function

With the continuous development of urban construction, the contradiction between human settlement and the natural environment is becoming increasingly prominent. Increasing the green area and improving the local environment and microclimate through roof planting can effectively alleviate this contradiction. On the basis of the research on the current situation and challenging problems of planting roofs, a comprehensive study of construction, stab-resistance, waterproofing, irrigation and plant landscape is combined with a designed roof case. Research results show that the planting roof is simple in construction, has high resistance to plant root thorns, can take into account the function and aesthetics of plant landscape design, and saves irrigation water by more than 60%, which will help the popularization and promotion of urban planting roofs.

Urban green roofs can support a diversity of parasitoid wasps

Green roofs are often installed atop buildings to provide ecological services such as mitigating storm water runoff and cooling air within urban heat islands. We found that green roofs in Portland, Oregon, also can support biodiversity, including a diverse assemblage of parasitoid wasps, with 20 morphospecies from 10 families present on the four roofs we surveyed. The roofs with greater plant diversity and structural complexity harbored comparatively more parasitoid morphospecies than the structurally simpler Sedum-dominated roofs. The oldest green roof supported much greater diversity than the younger roofs, including a comparably planted roof three times its size. Parasitoid wasps from the Hymenopteran families we found are high-trophic-level organisms known to feed on a variety of arthropods, including many insects commonly considered to be pests in urban areas. We suggest that green roofs have the potential to provide an often-overlooked ecological service by supporting parasitoid wasps that can act as natural biological control agents.

Small Urban Green Roof Plots Near Larger Green Spaces May Not Provide Additional Habitat for Birds

Global wildlife populations are in decline, in part, due to urbanization. However, in urban landscapes, green infrastructure such as green roofs are being created to provide habitat for wildlife. Green roof isolation, planting heterogeneity, and size can all influence wildlife biodiversity, as may the age of a green roof. When new habitat is created, wildlife use of these new habitats is expected to increase over time. To test this expectation for birds, we monitored bird activity prior to and after installation of small green roof plots on six buildings located within New York City parks. Contrary to expectations, bird activity and bird species richness did not increase after green roof plot installation, nor did they increase over a period of 4 years following installation. These unexpected results may reflect the relatively small size of the plots or the fact that the plots were on buildings located within urban parks. Bird activity and bird species richness varied widely between roofs, and the composition of rooftop bird species may have been more influenced by the characteristics of the surrounding landscapes than the presence of the green roof plots. These findings suggest that small urban green roofs within a larger and, potentially, higher quality habitat may not provide additional habitat for foraging birds. Urban green roofs have numerous ecological and environmental benefits, but the size and characteristics of landscapes surrounding a green roof need to be considered when installing green roofs as wildlife habitat.

Examining the expansion of Urban Heat Island effect in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area and its vicinity using multi-temporal MODIS satellite data

This study examines the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomena in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) region and its surrounding rural areas based on MODIS satellite data of the last two decades (2001-19). The temporal land surface temperature (LST) has increased in both the KMA and its neighborhood, with this rate of increase being 2.5 times higher in the KMA as compared to its surroundings. Seasonally, the pre-monsoon period was the warmest, with an average LST of 32.0 °C, followed by the monsoon (30.5 °C), post-monsoon (28.6 °C) and winter (25.0 °C) periods, respectively. Especially during the pre-monsoon, the ambient high air and LSTs extenuate the UHI scenario, causing much discomfort to residents. The human health comfort map identified that the city’s center and a 20 km buffer around it contained stressful health conditions, with about 90% of the heat island situated within this zone. The total amount of UHI growth was 44.65 sq.km, with an urban expansion of 28.74 sq.km and the highest UHI extent index (UHIEI) was identified in the WSW direction, with it being least towards SSE. High-rise buildings and population density has increased rapidly with concomitant decline in greenery during the study period, and therefore the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values are lower within the KMA but more enhanced in the surrounding rural areas. Spaces that enable quicker lowering of the LST are also more in areal extent in these surrounding rural areas. Practices of water roof and green roof wherever possible and planting of trees in available spaces within the city is urgently required to mitigate the UHI effect. This time series based study can guide future planning efforts towards decreasing the adverse effects of urbanization induced by heat islands and make possible an eco-friendly and sustainable urban development in this region.

Seasonal thermal performance evaluation of the composite planted roof in subtropical area

Abstract Planted roof works as a passive technology of saving building as well as reducing the building energy consumption. Actual projects show that the structure of the planted roof, for example, the soil, may decrease the heat dissipation capacity of the planted roof, resulting in the temperature rise, higher than the non-planted roof when it is at night, in the bottom of planted roof and, thus, the energy consumption of planted roof might be increased. In regard of this, four novel composite planted roofs that combined water storage and ventilation technology were proposed. Theoretically, the innovative roofs can enhance the dissipation capacity of planting layer and reduce the reverse heat transfer at night. Four types of composite planted roof models have been tested under the subtropical climate in Guangzhou. The results show that the heat insulation effect of the composite planted roof performs better than the ordinary in summer. The average total heat flow, when in summer, of modules A, B, C and D are 424.6, 333.9, 627.1 and 292.7 W/m2, respectively. In comparison with the bare roof, the intake heat of the control room was reduced by 50.1%, 60.7%, 26.2% and 65.6%, respectively. Also, the mechanical ventilation in soil layer can improve the insulation effect of the roof. However, the module with water storage and planting displayed the worst insulation performance. In addition, a mathematical model of the composite planted roof was established, and the average error between the calculated soil temperature value and the experimental data was less than 6%.

VEGETATION INSULATION SCREEN AS A PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM IN HOT HUMID CLIMATE: HEAT AND MASS EXCHANGES

Planted roofs are passive cooling techniques that reduce the thermal load of buildings. In this paper, a Dynamic mathematical model based ontime average Navier-Stokes equationsfor a plantedroof in hothumidclimates has beendeveloped for evaluating the cooling potential.Transfer equations are solved using a finite difference scheme and Thomas algorithm. The model was applied for the simulation of a planted roof in Togolese climate conditions. Results showed that, evapotranspiration and Solar Heat gain Factor are functions of the Leaf Area Index LAI which is the most important parameter when considering the foliage material. For LAI equal to 6, latent heat peak value reaches 900 W.m-2while that of sensible heat is around 350 W.m-2. Solar heat gain factor can bereducedto 15% fortheplantedroofagainst 45% forbareroof. It is clearly proved that the foliage density and hence the vegetation canopy type selection greatly influence the thermal efficiency of the bioclimatic insulation screen. A larger Leaf Area Index reduces the solar flux penetration and increases evapotranspiration which is an important parameter when considering surrounding microclimate formation.

Examination of vertical green facades and green roofs in terms of ecological criteria and evaluation of energy efficiency

In this study, it is aimed to determine the results of the usage of vertical green façade and green roof systems which are increasing in use today, in four different climatic zones of our country, considering the annual heating, cooling and total energy consumption. Based on a building model in the study, the effect of the green facade and green roof applications on the buildings' annual heating and cooling loads was tried to be determined for four cities of our country with four different climatic characteristics. In selected cities in these climate regions, a traditional building and buildings with vertical green facades and green roof applications were compared. Situated in Turkey's four different climatic zones with the results achieved in this study was found to be differences in four different city's annual energy consumption. In the annual total energy consumption; Antalya city with 2.68% as a result of application of only planted roof systems, Konya city with 11.64% as the result of application of only vertical green façade systems, and highest benefit rates in Erzurum city with application of both systems and 14.38% at the end. As a result of this, considering the annual total energy consumption, green facades and green roof applications in buildings are found to have a positive effect on the energy performance of the building, even though it does not vary from region to region.

New added values to the existing Chinese heritage shop-houses’ courtyards towards occupant environment wellness: a case study at Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

A courtyard is a main architectural component commonly found in the Chinese traditional shop houses, which was introduced by the Chinese traders. Although many studies have been done previously regarding the courtyard design, not many types of research have been done on the community buildings on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, especially in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Moreover, not much information to be found towards suitable methods on the courtyards’ elements modification and its impacts. Hence the purpose of this study was to examine and discuss new added values towards these heritage shop houses courtyards components alteration within the city of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, without changing its purpose and benefits. The research employed a qualitative method through visual observation and in-depth interviews within its building occupants as well as experts to seek their perceptions. The early findings demonstrated the courtyards had their own uniqueness in cultural aesthetics and functions. By adding certain new values such as glass roof windows, planting, water elements, and modern materials, it can provide better internal environment satisfaction to its building and occupants. However, these added values must be well planned and controlled so that they do not harm the heritage values.

The effect of green roof on improving the environmental efficiency for the residential buildings in Baghdad city

Previous studies had proposed the environmental advantages of green roofs applications for the cities. This research investigated the effect of the green roof on improving the environmental efficiency for the residential buildings in Baghdad city as an example for hot aired climate. The research studied in practical applications of roof planting which represented by planting pots with Ficus plant on special desks designed contained the pots on the same type of traditional roof type, and compares it cooling loads and thermal properties with a traditional roof for a residential building. The results showed that cooling energy lost for green roof were lower in about 64% as compared to traditional roof. Also the recorded temperatures for the interior roof surface and the air temperature for the green roof were lower by 8 °C in summer months as compared to the traditional roof, while the green roof were moderate temperatures in about 3 °C for winter months.

BIM-VE-Based Optimization of Green Building Envelope from the Perspective of both Energy Saving and Life Cycle Cost

In the context of the increasingly severe energy crisis and global warming, green buildings and their energy-saving issues are being paid more attention in the world. Since envelope optimization can significantly reduce the energy consumption of green buildings, value engineering (VE) technology and building information modeling (BIM) technology are used to optimize the envelope of green buildings, which takes into account both energy saving and life cycle cost. The theoretical framework of optimization for green building envelope based on BIM-VE is proposed, including a BIM model for architecture, a life cycle cost analysis model, energy-saving analysis model, and a value analysis model. In the life-cycle cost model, a mathematical formula for the life-cycle cost is established, and BIM technology is used to generate a bill of quantity. In the energy-saving analysis model, a mathematical formula for energy saving is established, and BIM technology is used for the building energy simulation. In the scheme decision-making sub-model, VE technology integrating life cycle cost with energy saving is used to assess the envelope schemes and select the optimal one. A prefabricated project case is used to simulate and test the established methodology. The important results show that the 16 envelope schemes make the 16 corresponding designed buildings meet the green building evaluation standards, and the optimal envelope scheme is the “energy-saving and anti-theft door + exterior window 2+ floor 1+ exterior wall 1 + inner shear wall + inner partition wall 2 + planted roof” with the value 10.80 × 10−2 MW·h/ten thousand yuan. A significant finding is that the value generally rises with the increase of energy-saving rate while the life cycle cost is irregular with the increase of energy-saving rate. Compared with previous efforts in the literature, this study introduces VE technology into architectural design to further expand the current boundary of building energy-saving theory. The findings and suggestions will provide a valuable reference and guidance for the architectural design industry to optimize the envelope of green buildings from the perspective of both energy saving and life cycle cost.

Quality Control of Waterproof and Drainage Construction for Planting Roof of Underground Garage Based on PDCA – Take A Project in Q City for Example

The roof of the underground garage of project A in Q city has been designed with waterproofing and drainage system of the planted roof. In the process of construction, there are some quality problems. Through the use of PDCA quality management cycle method, the quality problems are investigated and analyzed. And the corresponding plans, implementation of countermeasures, consolidation measures are made, so that the quality problems can be finally resolved to achieve the desired goal.

Roof Planting as a Tool for Sustainable Development in Residential Buildings in Egypt

Roof has direct influence on thermal ease and energy preservation in and around buildings. Roof Planting is a strategy that can be a beneficial solution in diverse climates to decrease energy utilization in buildings, proposes enriching the aesthetic potentials and architecture presentation of buildings and for enhancing the built environment and increasing investment opportunity. It helps to tackle the shortage of green space in numerous areas and delivers the city with open spaces that aids ease heat effect and offers human population with a correlation to the outside. The research problem presented in the demonstrations of the confronts presented by quick urbanization and expansion, many environmental problems as pollution, dense urbanization and heat effect that creates a negative impact on the environment. The fast growing population in Cities undergo from vanishing of green areas which lead to dispossession of open space. The paper assumes that by applying roof planting to the case studies in Residential buildings in Egypt can improve quality of life, as an effective tool for sustainable development goals represented in social, economic and environmental factors. The paper methodology focuses on the analysis of some international examples and the lessons learned and applicability in Residential buildings in Egypt. The research aims to present the potentials of roof planting in abiding electricity utilization and decreasing CO2 releases in hot environments. The paper studies the impact of roof planting on the performance of buildings. The results demonstrate the sustainable development goals of using roof planting under diverse design conditions and postulate assistance for design of roof planting in alike climates.

B-48 CFD解析による屋上緑化の屋外温熱環境緩和効果の検討

B-48 CFD解析による屋上緑化の屋外温熱環境緩和効果の検討

Study on heat fluxes of green roofs based on an improved heat and mass transfer model

Analyzing heat fluxes of plants and soil is necessary to explore the thermal performance of green roofs. This paper presents mathematical expressions of heat fluxes of green roofs, and specially a heat and mass transfer model is built to get the distribution of temperature and moisture content in soil. The developed model is validated with experimental data from the intensive planted roof located in Chongqing. And the effectiveness of the model for predicting the temperature and water content variations are demonstrated by the comparison between the experimental results and simulation. Furthermore, the performance of green roof during summer in Chongqing is discussed based on the experiment. Through analyzing heat fluxes of green roofs, the study presents the contribution of each thermal behavior including reflection, convection, evapotranspiration and thermal storage to the thermal effects of the green roof quantitatively. The weight of various thermal behaviors of the green roof changes in different time, resulting in different thermal performance of green roofs. The study of the transient heat fluxes of green roofs will not only contribute to a high efficient usage but also a better application of engineering.

The Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Planting Roof Building

The rapid development of urbanization and the construction industry in our country, and the urban environment has been severely tested. The Planting roof is a good research direction, and greatly improve the residents' living and working environment, such as urban heat island. The planting roof at home and abroad have been greatly the development and application of the modern building an ecological components of concern. This paper analyzed the planting roofing heat insulation mechanism, it help to spread planting roof technology of building energy efficiency and improve the urban ecological important role and value, the planting roofing can also contribute to the popularization and application of planting roof technology in China.

Comparisons of extensive green roof media in Southern Ontario

Thirty-three extensive green roofs in southern Ontario were surveyed and samples of planting media recovered for hydrological laboratory analyses. The resulting data demonstrate a significant dominance of the role of organic matter in the physical and chemical properties of the media. This is very apparent owing to the local practice of basing some green roof media on composted materials rather than on the European recommendations of lightweight minerals or aggregates. The desirable characteristics of increased maximum water holding capacity and lower bulk density are both well correlated to the percentage of organic matter found in the media samples. Within the roofs surveyed, the percentage of organic matter, even in association with increasing maturation, was not a significant indicator for loss of green roof planting depth. Particle size distribution (PSD) parameters were also measured and compared to the water transport properties of the media (permeability and maximum water holding capacity).

Characteristics of Pollutants Removal by Carbonized Porous Media Made from Sewage Sludge <sup></sup>

In this study, carbonized porous media was manufactured using sewage sludge and analyzed for pollutants removal characteristics. Sewage sludge produced by activated sludge sewage treatment contained much organics to be carbonized, so it was mixed with other mixtures, extruded and formed in ∅ 5~10 mm ball shape, and sintered at 900°C and 1 hour in furnace for carbonization under N2 purge. The characteristics of the porous media was BET 35 m2/g and average pore size 39.3Å, pore volume 0.0092 cm3/g, Iodine number 45.9 and bulk density 0.91 cm3/g. Experiments were performed for SS, phosphate, nitrate and heavy metals (Cu, Zn). Its removal characteristics of SS and fertilizer components were compared with gravel’s used in filtration and its heavy metals removal was characterized by derivation of its adsorption equilibrium equations. In result, the carbonized porous media could be utilized as massive adsorption media for pollutant removal or fertilizer adsorption in fields of roof planting or non-point source pollutants control.

옥상공간의 태양광 자원 해석을 통한 PV 시스템 및 녹화식재에 대한 적지조건분석

These day morden cities have serious climatic problems due to enviornmental load caused by excessive development of urbanization. As technological improvement to answer to various ecological disasters and climate changes are also called on the field of construction, inter-disciplinary studies linked to the estabilishment of sustainable energy generation systems and enviornmental control is needed in a consilient point of view. This study aims to analyse optimal site conditions for photovoltaic system and green roof planting through solar radiation simulation in a integrated perspective. In so doing, it seeks to proffer basic study for developing a sound use of roof area that is sustainable in environmental and resources aspects. A computer simulation showed that, in the case of total seasonal solar radiation, summer season resulted 312.5kWh in 35% of total annual solar radiation. This season indicated the lowest radiation rate of the year for direct sunlight in 45.8% of total seasonal solar radiation. Due to such solar radiation simulation, at the largest optimal planting area, Glechoma hederacea var. longituba secured <TEX>$719.16m^2$</TEX> of gross roof area.

The heat insulation effect by sheet roof planting using Lawn and Sedum

The heat insulation effect by sheet roof planting using Lawn and Sedum

옥상녹화가 PV모듈 발전량에 미치는 영향 고찰

This study aims to examine the effect of the combined application of green roof and PV system on the PV efficiency by measuring the temperature and performance of PV module in order to reduce the temperature on the roof using roof planting system and determine the potential of efficient increase in solar-light power generation. In the experimental methodology, either monocrystalline or polycrystalline PV module was installed in green roof or non-green roof, and then the surface temperature of PV was measured by TR-71U thermometer and again the performance, module body temperature, and conversion efficiency were measured by MP-160, TC selector MI-540, and PV selector MI-520, respectively. As a result, the average body temperature of monocrystalline module was lower by in green roof than in non-green roof; that of polycrystalline module was lower by in green roof than in non-green roof. In the difference of generation, the electricity generation of monocrystalline module in green roof was 46.13W, but that of polycrystalline module was 68.82 W, which indicated that the latter produced 22.69W more than the former.