Distribution Of Plants Research Articles

Quantifying the Water Sources of Riparian Plants for Different Life-Forms and Water Ecotypes in the Yongding River Basin

Riparian zones, acting as transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, boast a rich diversity of plant species. However, alterations in river hydrological regimes can significantly impact plant growth and distribution. In this study, seven typical reaches of Yongding River Basin were selected, and xylem water, soil water at different depths, and river water were collected in May and August. By measuring δ2H and δ18O values and combining with MixSIAR model, the proportion of water utilization by plants from different sources was quantified. The findings revealed that δ2H and δ18O values of river water, soil water, and plant xylem water were higher in August compared to May. While there was no significant difference in δ2H and δ18O values between river and soil water during different periods (p > 0.05), significant differences were observed in δ18O in plant xylem water (p = 0.022). Regardless of whether it was May or August, herbaceous plants utilized river water more extensively than trees and shrubs, and hydrophytes exhibited a higher dependence on river water compared to mesophytes and xerophytes. Some hygrophytes (P. anserina, etc.) utilized river water for over 90% of their total water intake. There were significant differences between herbs and trees and shrubs in the proportion of river water usage in August (p = 0.001). Moreover, considerable variations existed in the proportion of river water usage among different water ecotypes in both May (p = 0.005) and August (p < 0.001). Our findings provide a scientific basis for the rational allocation of plants in the process of riparian vegetation restoration.

Plant Diversity and Interspecific Interactions in Desert-Oasis Transition Zones: Insights from the Badain Jilin Desert

Plant species diversity and spatial distribution patterns are critical for understanding ecosystem dynamics in arid and fragile environments. This study investigates the diversity, spatial distribution, and interspecific associations of shrubs and herbaceous plants in the transition zone of the desert oasis located in the Hexi Corridor and southern edge of the Badanjilin Desert, China. Vegetation data were collected across sample plots spanning three counties in Zhangye City. Important values, diversity indices, and spatial distribution metrics were calculated to evaluate plant species dominance and community structure. Interspecific relationships were analyzed using variance ratio (VR), clumping indicators, and corrected χ2 tests. The shrub community exhibited low species diversity (H′ = 1.754) and was dominated by Reaumuria songarica (Pall.) Maxim (IV = 111.175), reflecting its superior adaptability to arid conditions. In contrast, the herbaceous community displayed higher diversity (H′ = 2.498), with Aristida adscensionis L. (IV = 48.6174) as the dominant species. Both communities showed predominantly aggregative spatial distribution patterns, influenced by localized resource availability and adaptive strategies. Weak interspecific associations characterized the shrub community, with limited competition among dominant species, while the herbaceous community demonstrated significant negative correlations, indicating stronger resource competition. The study highlights the contrasting diversity and ecological roles of shrubs and herbaceous plants in arid ecosystems, shaped by resource limitations and environmental stressors. Effective conservation strategies are needed to protect dominant species and sustain ecosystem resilience in desert regions. Future research should focus on below-ground interactions and long-term monitoring to enhance understanding of species coexistence and community stability.

Predicted distribution of curl-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) in the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area.

Distributions of plants are expected to change in response to climate change, but the relative probability of that change is often unknown. Curl-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), an important browse species used by ungulates as forage and cover across the western US, is thought to be moderately to highly vulnerable to climate change this century, and a reduction in curl-leaf mountain mahogany occurrence may negatively impact ungulates reliant upon it. A combination of probability density estimation and vector analysis was used to predict curl-leaf mountain mahogany distribution across the species range relative to climate space and how that relationship would affect curl-leaf mountain mahogany at a local scale. Locally, we used the curl-leaf mountain mahogany population at the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BICA) in Montana and Wyoming for comparison. We modeled the probability of curl-leaf mountain mahogany occurrence across its distribution using water balance data to spatially and temporally assess the vulnerability of a population at a local scale. Modeled probabilities of occurrence and vector analysis indicated the species to remain in some areas within BICA but will be vulnerable in others given the predicted changes in temperature and precipitation in BICA if historical trajectories continue. This information allows managers to direct limited resources to other management actions by using the best available science to inform decisions. Other curl-leaf mountain mahogany populations currently inhabiting wetter, drier sites may follow a similar trajectory as the effects of climate change manifest. The approach used serves as a model to assess the predicted trend for species-specific plant communities of concern that may be adversely affected by climate change.

Elevational patterns and drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of pteridophytes: A case study from the Himalaya

In recent times of global biodiversity crisis, documenting the distribution patterns of regional biodiversity and unravelling the drivers that shape these patterns has assumed urgent research priority. In mountains, understanding the distribution of biodiversity along elevational gradients is crucial to its conservation, restoration, and sustainable use. In the Himalaya – highest mountain range in the world – although studies focusing on the elevational distribution of higher plants (angiosperms and gymnosperms) are available, however such studies on lower plants such as pteridophytes are largely lacking. To fill this knowledge gap, here we investigate the elevational patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of pteridophytes and their bioclimatic drivers in Jammu and Kashmir. We compiled a comprehensive dataset on 225 pteridophyte species of the study region. We divided the elevation gradient in the study region into 43 vertical bands, each with a width of 100 meters. We used regression analysis to assess the relationship of species richness (SR), standardized effect sizes of phylogenetic diversity (PDses), mean pairwise distance (MPDses), and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTDses) with the elevation. Our results revealed a mid-elevational peak in species richness and a half U-shaped curve in phylogenetic structure along the elevational gradient. We found phylogenetic clustering more or less at mid- and high-elevational bands and phylogenetic overdispersion at low-elevation bands. Taxonomic and phylogenetic ꞵ-diversity was mainly governed by species turnover component. Further, the precipitation-related climatic variables explained a greater proportion of the variation in SR compared to temperature-related variables; but converse was true for PDses, MPDses, and MNTDses, thereby indicating that niche conservatism and environmental filtering shape the composition of pteridophytes along the elevation in this Himalayan region. Overall, the findings of the present study advance our understanding about the elevational distribution patterns in pteridophytes with wide implications for ecology, evolution and biogeography of mountain biodiversity.

Phylogenetic Perspectives and Ethnobotanical Insights on Wild Edible Plants of the Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa

This study investigates the phylogenetic and geographical distribution of wild food plants (WFPs) across 30 Mediterranean and North African (MENA) regions, focusing on the intersection of evolutionary lineage, ecological adaptation, and cultural utilization. A phylogenetic analysis of 111 genera of WFPs used in traditional diets reveals clusters reflecting shared ancestry, functional adaptations, and ecological resilience. Key regions such as Lebanon and Ikaria stand out as potential centers for the diversity of wild food plant use, suggesting that the Eastern Mediterranean may be a primary origin area, especially for species adapted to semi-arid climates. Major plant families including Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, and Fabaceae form distinct clusters that underscore their common ancestry and adaptability, making them foundational to traditional diets and medicinal applications across various environments. Geographical analysis indicates historical connections, such as those between Malta and Egypt, supporting the hypothesis that ancient trade routes influenced the spread and cultural exchange of wild food plant use across the Mediterranean. The study emphasizes the integration of phylogenetic and ethnobotanical perspectives, shedding light on how biodiversity, ecological adaptation, and cultural practices intersect in these regions. This research demonstrates that WFPs serve as both ecological and cultural assets, crucial for preserving traditional diets and supporting biodiversity conservation amid environmental changes. Integrating evolutionary and cultural knowledge can enrich ecological understanding and contribute to the sustainable use of plant resources in the MENA regions.

Uptake kinetics and distribution of flupyrimin by rice (Oryza sativa L.): Effects of subcellular fractionation and soil factors.

Flupyrimin is an emerging neonicotinoid insecticide primarily used to control rice planthoppers. However, knowledge gaps exist regarding its uptake and transport in rice planting systems. Elucidating the absorption and distribution properties of flupyrimin in rice will help assess the potential risks of human exposure to flupyrimin via the food chain. Here, we studied the uptake kinetics and transport mechanisms of flupyrimin in rice plants grown under hydroponic and soil conditions. The hydroponic experiment indicated that flupyrimin was easily taken up by rice roots via a symplastic passive diffusion process and was mainly distributed in the cell soluble fractions (50.6 %－88.0 %). Compared with transportation from the roots to the stems, flupyrimin was ultimately transported from the stems to the leaves with a greater translocation factor (TF) (TFLeave/Stem = 27.8 > TFStem/Root = 3.1). In rice-soil systems, the accumulation of flupyrimin by rice plants is influenced primarily by the soil organic matter content, which leads to increased adsorption of flupyrimin onto soils (R2 > 0.897, P < 0.014). Interestingly, the concentration of flupyrimin in rice was significantly positively correlated with its amount in the soil pore water (CIPW) (R2 > 0.967, P < 0.003), indicating that the uptake and accumulation of flupyrimin in rice planting systems can be estimated by CIPW. These findings enhance our knowledge of flupyrimin absorption and distribution in rice plants from treated soils and are important for guiding its field application and conducting environmental risk assessments.

Alleviation of cadmium toxicity and minimizing its accumulation in rice plants by methyl jasmonate: Performance and mechanisms.

Heavy metal pollution is a worldwide problem that threaten agricultural production and human health. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a phytohormone that could enhance plant resistance against various stresses. However, the mechanism of MeJA in cadmium (Cd) uptake, distribution, and translocation in rice plants remains elusive. In this study, we found that the Cd induced-growth inhibition was ameliorated by MeJA. Upon MeJA application, Cd content in root and shoot was decreased by 10.15 % and 36.39 %, which paralleled with less Cd2 + influx of rice roots and depressed expression of the cation transporters (OsNramp1 and OsNramp5). The subcellular distribution revealed that MeJA enriched Cd distribution in cell wall, which was accompanied by increased cell wall thickness and altered cell wall polysaccharide (pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose) content, meanwhile, the Cd content in pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose was increased, the FTIR analysis implied that functional groups (especially -OH and COO-) on cell wall were involved in Cd fixation. The root to shoot translocation of Cd was hindered by exogenous MeJA, this was validated by the decreased expression of OsHMA2 in root and declined Cd level in xylem sap. Overall, our results revealed that MeJA could act as a foliar resistance control substance to reduce Cd accumulation in rice plants. The detailed molecular mechanisms of MeJA in Cd detoxification in plants still need further investigation.

Invasive plants detection and distribution patterns analysis through self-attention enhanced semantic segmentation in UAV imagery and Moran’s index

Invasive plants detection and distribution patterns analysis through self-attention enhanced semantic segmentation in UAV imagery and Moran’s index

Nanocarriers boost non-systemic fluazinam transportation in plants and microbial community enrichment in soil

Utilizing nanotechnology for pesticide delivery can enhance their uptake and distribution in plants, thereby boosting pesticide efficiency. Fluazinam, a highly effective broad-spectrum fungicide with unique mode of action, is hindered by its poor systemic conductivity, limiting its field control efficacy. In this study, fluazinam-loaded nanocapsules were developed, which exhibited significantly higher inhibitory activity against various Phytophthora species compared to the commercial suspension concentrate. Notably, the nanocapsules demonstrated pronounced effects on reducing ATP content in Phytophthora capsici and effectively controlled pepper blight and cucumber downy mildew. Tracking the distribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescein-labeled fluazinam nanocapsules revealed their presence in roots seven days after treatment. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed the easy absorption and transport of fluazinam nanocapsules by pepper plants. Moreover, treatment with fluazinam nanocapsules significantly increased the expression of two exocytosis genes, FACP and RABF2a, in pepper tissues. Lastly, fluazinam nanocapsules were found to enhance the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in the soil microbial community. This study presents a promising approach to enhance the upward transport capability of non-systemic pesticides, offering novel insights into their application and improved efficacy.

Birds and ants can favour the germination of an endemic Neotropical magnolia

ABSTRACT Background Seed dispersal, a fundamental process influencing the distribution and survival of most flowering plants, is key to the understanding of the ecology of tree species and forest restoration potential. However, little is known about the seed dispersal and germination of magnolias, especially in the Neotropics. Aims To elucidate the effect of the removal of the sarcotesta (red outer seed coat) of seeds by birds and ants on the germination of Magnolia vovidesii, a species endemic to Mexico. Methods We recorded birds consuming M. vovidesii seeds using motion-activated camera traps and focal observations for 36 days. In order to understand how birds and ants removed sarcotesta and how this was related to its germination, we made two independent experiments, one using three captive clay-coloured thrushes, and another one using ants in the field. Results We recorded nine species of birds that fed on magnolia seeds. The clay-coloured thrush, an important consumer of these seeds, eats and subsequently regurgitates, magnolia seeds without sarcotesta. We found that seeds whose sarcotesta had been removed by birds and ants had a significantly higher germination than those with sarcotesta (p < 0.0005). Conclusions Without the removal of the sarcotesta, magnolia seeds do not germinate at all. Our work demonstrates that birds and ants have a key role in preserving populations of magnolias.

Effect of Partial Root Drying Stress on Improvement in Tomato Production

Several countries around the world are facing the issue of freshwater availability, where agriculture is highly dependent on irrigation, consuming 70% of this vital resource. Water availability is the most limiting factor for the crop production sector and one of the main regulators of the spatial distribution of plants. It is noted that in recent years, the methods of irrigation water application have been improved. Currently, research is directed towards irrigation strategies that reduce water applications. A partial root drying (PRD) technique involves irrigating one-half of the root zone while leaving the other half in relatively dry soil. This method is used in the production of various crops, such as potatoes and cotton. However, the mechanism of PRD, including the physiological and molecular biological processes involved, is not fully understood. In this study, tomato plants were treated with PRD and nitrogen (N) top-dressing. The results showed that PRD could significantly increase the fruit yield, photosynthetic activities, nitrate reductase activity, and fruit quality in the tomato plants, and PRD could also promote the concentrations of oxygen species (O2−), malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, and activities of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, PRD could enhance stress resistance by increasing disease resistance and NP1 and DRED3 antioxidant enzyme activity. Tomato plants treated with PRD compared to the control showed high photosynthetic activity, high yield, better quality of production, and low leaf blight incidence. Overall, the results indicate that PRD is a feasible approach that could be effectively utilized in tomato fields to improve plant growth and production compared with the control.

Hotter temperatures alter riparian plant outcomes under regulated river conditions

AbstractClimate change and river regulation alter environmental controls on riparian plant occurrence and cover worldwide. Simultaneous changes to river flow and air temperature could result in unanticipated plant responses to novel environmental conditions. Increasing temperature could alter riparian plant response to hydrology and other factors, while river regulation may exacerbate environmental stress through novel flows like those resulting from power generation. Further, plant establishment and growth may require differing conditions, which may be decoupled by novel conditions. Using a large dataset that spans a natural 5°C mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient and a Bayesian model that integrates plant occurrence and cover, we address four questions: (1) Does hotter MAT modify plant response to hydrology, substrate composition, topography, and cover of co‐occurring plant species? (2) Does the timing of hydropower tides benefit some species over others? (3) Does dam‐induced erosion hinder riparian species more than upland species? (4) Do occurrence and cover respond to different environmental variables, allowing for decoupling of life history processes? We addressed these questions with data collected along 364 km of the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, United States of America. Occurrence and cover class were recorded in &gt;10,000 plots from 2016 to 2020, along with environmental covariates that repeat across the climate gradient. For 36 species, plant occurrence and cover were modeled with respect to MAT, hydrology, substrate, topography, other plant cover, and their interactions with MAT. There were four key results. (1) Increasing MAT will not only directly influence plants but will mediate their responses to the environment, including greater dependence on stable water supplies. (2) The timing of hydropower tides shapes plant community composition. (3) Dam‐related erosion has an outsized effect on riparian species, which could lead to a loss of regionally unique plant species. (4) For all species, the most important covariates driving occurrence differed from those for cover, suggesting the potential for these life stages to be decoupled. Not only will climate change and river regulation independently alter plant distributions, interactions among hotter temperature, dam‐controlled flow patterns, and limited fine sediments will determine which species flourish or perish under future conditions.

Response of plant life forms and soil physical properties to near-natural restoration measures in alpine grassland, Tibetan plateau.

Near-natural restoration measures enhance the stability of plant life forms in degraded grasslands, facilitating the natural succession of plant communities. In this study, we investigated the effects of three natural restoration measures on the alpine meadows of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: banned grazing (BG), rest grazing (RG), traditional grazing (TG), and continuous grazing (CG). We utilized redundancy analysis (RDA), variation partitioning(VP), hierarchical partitioning (HP), and partial least squares pathway modeling (PLS-PM) to dissect the quantitative relationships between the distribution of plant life forms and soil physical properties under these restoration measures. The results indicated the following: 1) Under each restoration measure, the distribution of life form plants were predominantly characterized by the highest number of hemicryptophytes, followed by geophytes, with the least number of therophytes. We found that the BG treatment had the highest hemicryptophyte height, coverage, aboveground biomass, and importance value, while the CG treatment had the lowest. 2) After near-natural restoration, the soil bulk density (BD) was decreased. The soil moisture characteristics (MC) were increased including soil saturated water content(SSWC), capillary water holding capacity (CWHC), field water capacity (FWC). And capillary porosity (CP) and non-capillary porosity (NP) were increased. 3) VP analysis revealed that MC, BD, and CP together explained 57.4% of the variation in plant life forms communities. 4) The hemicryptophytes benefited from restoration measures and increased CP. In contrast, the decrease in BD negatively affected geophytes. In summary, restoration measures reduce BD by enhancing MC and increasing CP, which affects the distribution of plant life forms. This finding reveals the important role of soil physical properties in plant survival strategies during alpine meadow restoration.

Plant distribution in Jamadan mountain, Saudi Arabia

Plant distribution in Jamadan mountain, Saudi Arabia

Distribution of Vegetation and Soil Seed Banks Across Habitat Types in Paddy Fields Under Different Farming Practices.

Paddy field ecosystems are crucial for crop production, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem services. Although previous studies have examined paddy field biodiversity, few have addressed how the distribution and species richness of vegetation and soil seed banks are regulated. This study investigated the distribution of wetland plants and soil seed banks in paddy fields across diverse habitat types and identified factors influencing their patterns. Surveys revealed that conventional paddy field habitats contained only a few herbicide-tolerant species (e.g., Portulaca oleracea L., Cardamine flexuosa With., and Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser). In contrast, organic paddy field habitats exhibited higher species richness and abundance. Cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling demonstrated that soil seed bank distribution differed markedly in paddy field habitats with different farming practices and was influenced by distinct soil factors. These findings highlight the importance of understanding vegetation and soil seed bank dynamics in paddy field ecosystems to support biodiversity conservation and sustainable agriculture.

Climate change and epigenetics: Unraveling the role of methylation in response to thermal instability in the Antarctic plant Colobanthus quitensis.

Low temperatures are one of the critical conditions affecting the performance and distribution of plants. Exposure to cooling results in the reprogramming of gene expression, which in turn would be mediated by epigenetic regulation. Antarctica is known as one of the most severe ecosystems, but several climate models predict an increase in average temperature, which may positively impact the development of Antarctic plants; however, under warmer temperatures, plants' vulnerability to damages from low-temperature events increases. Here, we evaluated the impact of these events on the acclimation process, with a focus on how methylation influences the induction of cold response genes. According to the results, an increase in the number of methylations in the promoter regions is associated with lower expression of these genes. Similarly, in populations where this relationship is observed, individuals acclimated to the projected climate change condition are more vulnerable, as their average temperature is lower in the face of a cold event compared to individuals acclimated to the current antarctic condition. This research is the first report highlighting the role of methylation in response to cold and its influence on the transcriptional responses of the antarctic plant Colobanthus quitensis facing climate change projections.

Alteration of nitrogen sink and emission by vegetation distribution in a wetland with significant change in water level.

In wetlands, hydrological conditions drive plant community distribution, forming vegetation zones with plant species and material cycling. This mediates nitrogen migration and N2O emissions within wetlands. Five vegetation zones in a large wetland were studied during flooding and drought periods. Zones including mud flat, nymphoides, phalaris, carex, and reeds, distributed sequentially with increasing water level change rate. Carbon and nitrogen densities were higher during drought period. When sediments alternated between source and sink roles annually, N2O emissions varied significantly with zones and water levels. Emission flux decreased with higher C:N ratio in sediments, approximating a threshold at 0.23μgm-2 h-1 when C:N ratio exceeded 25. Denitrifying nirS and nirK genes and anammox hzsB gene varied significantly with water level, most prominently in mud flat and nymphoides zones. Plant distribution under hydrological conditions alters soil stoichiometric ratio, influencing N2O emissions and microbial communities across vegetation zones. Therefore, in freshwater wetlands, hydraulic regulation and reduction in prolonged flooding would be an effective strategy for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.

Unraveling Biogeographic Boundaries Within the Sierra Madre Oriental, México: An Endemicity Analysis Using a Taxonomically Diverse Dataset.

The Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) is a significant mountain range and one of Mexico's 14 biogeographical provinces. Its delimitation has been debated. This study aims to analyze the distribution of plants, beetles, odonates, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals using an endemicity analysis to identify endemism areas and confirm the SMO's biogeographical units. Georeferenced data for 326 species distributed in the Sierra Madre Oriental were compiled using QGIS software, and an endemicity analysis (EA) was carried out with NDM-VNDM to evaluate taxon distribution congruence in predefined grids. Different grid sizes and specific parameters were used to identify areas of endemism, with an Endemicity Index (EI) assigned to measure the consistency of these areas. Six main areas of endemism (EA) were identified: two in the northern region and four in the southern region of the SMO. These areas are supported by several taxa, except mammals, which did not significantly contribute to the identified AEs. The study suggests new boundaries within the SMO, establishing the Rio Verde as the natural barrier in the north rather than the Moctezuma River. The multi-taxonomic analysis supports dividing the SMO into two subprovinces, proposing a new delimitation based on the distribution of species with different dispersal capacities. This new regionalization can be useful for prioritizing conservation areas and designing more effective strategies. Future research should include more distribution data of mammals and birds to strengthen these results and better define the subprovinces and biogeographical districts of the SMO.

Efeito da velocidade de semeadura e do lubrificante à base de grafite na plantabilidade da soja

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the efficiency of soybean seed distribution in the soil, which directly influences crop yield, using graphite as a solid lubricant, a common practice to improve seed dosing fluidity. The effect of sowing speed and seed chemical treatment on distribution in the furrow, final plant population, and yield was investigated. The experiment used Federer´s augmented block design with 10 treatments, five sowing speeds (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 km h-1) and two seed treatments (with and without 4 g of graphite lubricant per kilogram of seeds). High sowing speeds increased uneven seed distribution, while graphite lubricant significantly improved plant spacing and crop yield. This study reinforces the importance of precise sowing speed adjustment and proper seed treatment to optimize soybean plant distribution in the field. Graphite lubricant proved to be effective at reducing spacing failures and increasing crop yield. These findings underscore the relevance of precision agriculture and the use of technology to ensure efficient and sustainable sowing operations.

Wetland Preferences of Plants Distributed in Wetland Protection Areas on Jeju-do, Korea

This study utilized intensive survey data conducted in accordance with the Wetland Conservation Act to organize the distribution of plants in each of the five wetland protect areas on Jeju-do and analyze their wetland preferences. The plants were identified as 498 taxa in Mulyeongari-oreum, 360 taxa 1100 Highland, 250 taxa in Muljangori-oreum, 535 taxa in Dongbaekdongsan, 300 taxa in Sumeunmulbaengdui. Among these, taxa for which wetland preferences were not identified were excluded, and an analysis of wetland preferences was conducted. According to the analysis of wetland preferences, the proportion of obligate upland plant (OBU) was the highest in all regions, Muljangori-oreum (67.7%), Mulyeongari-oreum (64.1%), 1100 Highland (58.8%), Sumeunmulbaengdui (58.4%), and Dongbaekdongsan (57.6%) followed. Wetland plants, including obligate wetland plant (OBW) and facultative wetland plant (FACW), were analyzed in the order of 1100 Highland (17.8%), Sumeunmulbaengdui (16.5%), Dongbaekdongsan (14.5%), Mulyeongarioreum (11.3%), and Muljangori-oreum (8.0%). These plant distribution characteristics can be used as basic data for establishing appropriate use, effective conservation, and management measures for wetland protection areas on Jeju-do.