Planting Depth Research Articles

Assessment of the coupled effects of vegetation leaf and root characteristics on soil suction: an integrated numerical modeling and probabilistic approach

Root depth and leaf area ratio are two important features of a plant and exhibit a coupled relation. Assessing their coupled effects on induced soil suction is essential for analyzing the performance of a green infrastructure, such as water storage/drainage in green roofs and stability of a vegetated slope. Previously soil moisture induced by vegetation was often presented deterministically without considering the overall effects of leaf and root characteristics in a probabilistic manner. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of coupled variations in root and leaf characteristics on vegetation-induced soil suction. In addition, the coupled effects were analyzed using statistical approach. Different combinations of the leaf area index and root depth of the same plant were assessed. Probabilistic analysis was then conducted by computing suction profiles in form of quantiles. It was found that the biggest variability in suction profiles occurs at around 0.6 times the root depth and the minimum occurred at near surface and at maximum root depth. This depth at 0.6 times root depth corresponds to the maximum root density. It implies that the probabilistic analysis becomes more and more important while assessing suction profiles near the maximum root density.

Изучение биоэкологических особенностей шафрана посевного (Crocus sativus L.) в условиях Нахичеванской Автономной Республики

The article provides information about introduction to Nakhchivan AR and first cultivation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). For the first time the scientific research works were carried out for to study biological development characteristics and economic indicators of planting saffron in Nakhchivan. Searching for new regions and cultivating large areas for partial repayment of our country’s need for this plant is one of today’s important issues. For this purpose, small quantities of bulbs from Bilgah saffron factory were planted in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, and scientific research was started. Experiments have been made to study the effect of the depth of planting, the irradiation and sowing times, the irrigation and water conditions on biological development, flowering and productivity of saffron. Onions of all sizes are planted at depths of 5, 10, 15, 20 cm, keeping 60×10 cm feeding area. All experiments were conducted of the four periods at 15 June, 15 July, 15 August and 1 September with 100 onions in each option. Based on the results of the researches, it is possible to say with confidence that the saffron can be adapted to the sharp continental climat of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and can be planted and grown at different altitudes of the region. Given the high profitability and economic efficiency, we believe that the establishment of saffron plantations in the Autonomous Republic will be very important.

Maximizing Ecosystem Services in Jatropha curcas ; The Appropriate Planting Method

The study, which was a pot experiment, was carried out to evaluate the effect of depth of planting on growth and flowering of physic nut (Jatropha curcas). It was conducted at the Sinna Garden, Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana. Seeds were planted at different depths of 2 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm using completely randomized design. Data were collected on leaf number per plant, number of flowers produced per plant, plant height, girth of the stem, canopy size, number of branches per plant, total leaf area, and total plant fresh and dry weight. Growth analysis was performed and correlation among characters also analyzed. Results obtained in the studies revealed that percent emergence deceased with increased depth of planting and significant differences were observed in percent emergence among the different depths of planting. The 2 cm planting depth proved to be the most effective depth to achieve high emergence rate while the 6 cm was the least. Planting depths of 2 cm and 6 cm were the best in terms of growth parameters and flowering production. In all the analyses conducted, it was observed that planting Jatropha curcas seeds at 2 cm and 6 cm depths yielded the highest number of flowers, growth rate, and biomass production. Therefore, the study recommended that in order to ensure faster growth to maximize the benefits from Jatropha curcas in terms of ecosystem services delivery; it is highly recommended that you plant at 2cm and 6 cm.

Evaluation of grafting for processing tomato production in California’s Central Valley

The benefit of grafting for California processing tomato production in the lower Sacramento Valley was evaluated in commercial tomato fields, one each year from 2016 to 2017. The investigation focused on fruit yield and quality from rootstocks grafted onto popular cultivars. Treatments included 3 rootstocks (Maxifort, Multifort and DRO 138TX) and 3 scions (‘H 8504’, ‘DRI 319’ and ‘HM 3887’) plus each of the non-grafted scions as controls. In year 2, ‘N 6428’ replaced ‘H 8504’. Grafts were done by hand, at Growers Transplanting, Inc., coastal facility in Salinas, California. Rootstocks and scions were grown and later healed in 230-cell trays (~28 cc cell volume) within their commercial greenhouses in Salinas. The grafted plants were finished in their Central Valley greenhouse ahead of field planting. Within the field, seedlings were transplanted with the grower’s ‘finger-style’ Mechanical Transplanter® as per norm. The trial design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were a single plant line on a 1.5-m centered bed for 30 m. Planting depth was 10 cm or more below the bed top without concern for the depth of the graft union which was buried. Emergence of wild rootstock shoots (which were removed) was minimal in year 1 and none in year 2. Irrigation was only with buried drip at a depth of 25 cm. Harvest was performed mechanically using the grower’s harvester and crew. Yields increased, on average, 10% in 2016 and 19% in 2017. Scion choice made a difference in yield outcome, but rootstock choice did not. Brix performance was related to scion, but not to rootstock. Factorial interaction did not occur between scion and rootstock for yield or Brix in either year, although grafting reduced Brix in 2017. Grafting for processing tomato production was not economically attractive without substantially higher yield gain, lower cost of grafting and/or reduced planting rate. The test will be conducted in the upper San Joaquin Valley from 2018 through 2020.

Planting Depth and Seed Size Affect Edamame Emergence Individually

Edamame growers currently rely heavily on planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean, despite stark differences in seed characteristics between the two types of cultivars, most notably seed size. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the effects of planting depth and seed size on edamame emergence. A popular edamame cultivar used in commercial production was sorted into “small” (23.7 g/100-seed) and “large” (36.8 g/100-seed) seed-size classes, then planted at depths of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0 cm in field experiments. Experiments were conducted in four environments as a split-plot experimental design with four replications. Seed size did not influence total emergence; however, small seed emerged 10% faster than large seed. Although planting depth recommendations for grain-type soybean are 3.2 to 4.5 cm, our results showed edamame emerged more completely and quicker at the shallowest depths examined. The research could be expanded to capture greater diversity in growing environments and crop cultivars; however, the vegetable industry now has research-based information to guide preliminary recommendations regarding appropriate planting depth of edamame.

Using gprMax to Model Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) to Locate Corn Seed as an Attempt to Measure Planting Depth

Abstract. Planting depth (PD) plays an essential role in crop production by substantially impacting germination rates and yield potential. However, techniques to measure PD nondestructively have not been developed. A two-dimensional gprMax simulation study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil electromagnetic properties on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) waves. The primary objective was to examine the possibility of using GPR as a nondestructive sensor to detect subsurface corn seeds with the goal of measuring PD. A conventional fixed-offset gprMax antenna in contact with the soil surface was used in the simulations. Corn seed models of different materials and sizes were simulated, with properties of natural and synthetic (metal) corn seeds. The seed models were spherical, with radial dimensions of 0.006 and 0.024 m to simulate small and large corn seeds, respectively. Corn seed models were embedded in three homogeneous soil models (sandy loam, loam, and clay), and 1.6 and 2.6 GHz antenna models were used as excitation frequencies. A-scans and B-scans were obtained from the simulations. The A-scans showed that all targets (small natural corn and metal corn models, and large natural corm and metal corn models) successfully provided response amplitudes proportional to their dielectric properties in sandy loam and loam, but not in clay. In high bulk density soils, GPR waves failed to penetrate the soil models, and the targets were not detected. The 2.6 GHz antenna provided better response amplitudes from the targets. In the driest soil models (2.5%, and 5%), no response amplitude signatures were observed. In dry and relatively dry soil models (15%), the simulation times were much shorter to obtain a response amplitude from the targets (with feeble response amplitudes) compared to relatively wetter soils. To validate these models, laboratory experiments were conducted with three treatment factors (soil type, planting depth, and moisture content). In dry soils, corn seeds could be detected using a 2.6 GHz GPR antenna; however, the detection varied substantially within replicates of the same moisture group. Further research is necessary to understand the effects of soil moisture on the detection variability of buried corn seeds. Keywords: Corn seed, Dielectric permittivity, Electromagnetic waves, Finite difference time domain, GPR, gprMax.

Assessment the comparative performance of the planting depth and spacing of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) CV. Double

Assessment the comparative performance of the planting depth and spacing of tuberose (<i>Polianthes tuberosa</i> L.) CV. Double

Analiza performansi agregata traktor - sadilica rizoma kurkume

A field performance analysis of a developed prototype tractor-drawn turmeric planter is presented. The experiment was randomized in a factorial design of three planter levels of rhizome lengths (30, 45 and 60 mm) and operational speeds of 8, 10, and 12 kmh-1. An average mass of 3 kg of wholesome turmeric rhizomes were introduced into the hopper of the planter and planted in 90 m 2 of experimental plot. During field evaluation of the machine, the effective field capacity, field efficiency, missing index, multiple index and planting depth were considered; whereas laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the planter's seed rate, percentage rhizome bruise wheel slippage and fuel consumption. Results obtained show that the maximum seed rate was 0.283 th-1. The maximum percent bruised turmeric rhizome was found to be 30.08%. The mean effective field capacity varied between 0.63-0.96 hah-1, at operational speeds of 8 and 12 kmh-1, respectively and 45 mm rhizome length. The mean field efficiency was obtained to be 65.8%. The maximum wheel slippage of 4.37% and fuel consumption of 3.8 lha-1 were obtained at the machine speeds of 8 kmh-1 and 12 kmh-1, respectively; whereas the minimum wheel slippage of 3.14% and fuel consumption of 2.2 lha-1 were obtained at the machine speeds of 12 kmh-1 and 8 kmh-1, respectively for the range of the studied turmeric rhizome length. The highest and lowest percentage turmeric rhizome miss index of 35% were recorded for turmeric rhizome length of 30 mm at a speed of 10 kmh-1 and 8 kmh-1, respectively. An average planting depth of 68 mm was obtained. The numerical optimization approach was adopted to obtain an optimal operational parameters of 12 kmh-1 speed and 45 mm turmeric rhizome grading size with an overall desirability index of 0.73. An economic evaluation was calculated using the principle of payback period which was obtained to be very small (1.64 years) compared to the life of the planter of 17 years. Prospects for future works were suggested.

Evaluating system of rice intensification using a modified transplanter: A smart farming solution toward sustainability of paddy fields in Malaysia

This paper presents the study reports on evaluating a new transplanting operation by taking into accounts the interactions between soil, plant, and machine in line with the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practices. The objective was to modify planting claw (kuku-kambing) of a paddy transplanter in compliance with SRI guidelines to determine the best planting spacing (S), seed rate (G) and planting pattern that results in a maximum number of seedling, tillers per hill, and yield. Two separate experiments were carried out in two different paddy fields, one to determine the best planting spacing (S=4 levels: s1=0.16 m×0.3 m, s2= 0.18 m×0.3 m, s3=0.21 m×0.3 m, and s4=0.24 m×0.3 m) for a specific planting pattern (row mat or scattered planting pattern), and the other to determine the best combination of spacing with seed rate treatments (G=2 levels: g1=75 g/tray, and g2= 240 g/tray). Main SRI management practices such as soil characteristics of the sites, planting depth, missing hill, hill population, the number of seedling per hill, and yield components were evaluated. Results of two-way analysis of variance with three replications showed that spacing, planting pattern and seed rate affected the number of one-seedling in all experiment. It was also observed that the increase in spacing resulted in more tillers and more panicle per plant, however hill population and sterility ratio increased with the decrease in spacing. While the maximum number of panicles were resulted from scattered planting at s4=0.24 m×0.3 m spacing with the seed rate of g1=75 g/tray, the maximum number of one seedling were observed at s4=0.16 m×0.3 m. The highest and lowest yields were obtained from 75 g seeds per tray scattered and 70 g seeds per tray scattered treatment respectively. For all treatments, the result clearly indicates an increase in yield with an increase in spacing. Keywords: system of rice intensification, sustainable cultivation, smart farming, modified transplanter, paddy fields, Malaysia DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191202.2999 Citation: Shamshiri R R, Ibrahim B, Balasundram S K, Taheri S, Weltzien C. Evaluating system of rice intensification using a modified transplanter: A smart farming solution toward sustainability of paddy fields in Malaysia. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2019; 12(2): 54–67.

Design and Test of Multifunctional Vegetable Transplanting Machine

In order to improve the efficiency of vegetable seedling transplantation and realize its high quality transplanting, this paper developed a multi-functional vegetable pot seedling transplanting machine. The machine was mainly composed of duckbill type planter, fertilization mechanism, power transmission system, soil covering device, watering device, film covering and pipe laying mechanism, etc. It could perform drip irrigation tape laying and film covering, transplanting, fertilizing, soil covering, watering and other working procedures at one time. In order to evaluate the work performance of the machine, field tests were conducted with 35 day-old pepper and tomato seedlings as testable subjects. The results showed that when the planting frequency were 57, 72 and 88 seedlings/min, the seedling-standing ratio decreased slightly with the increase of planting frequency, the average values were 96.4%~98.6%. The coefficient of variation of seedling spacing and the mechanical damage degree of plastic film increased with average values of 1.6%~6% and 3.8~7.9 mm/m2 respectively. The average values of the qualified rate of planting depth were 97.2%~99.0%. Seedling-standing ratio and mechanical damage degree of plastic film of diamond duckbill type planter were better than flat duckbill type planter. The test results met the requirements of mechanical industry standards. The field test results were basically consistent with the ADAMS simulation results. The structure of the transplanter was reasonable and the performance was stable. The watering device, covering device, film covering and pipe laying mechanism of the transplanter were coordinated, which could carried out the functions of each part accurately and met the agronomic requirements of vegetable seedling transplantation.

Growth and Development of Sourgrass Plants from Vegetative Parts of Clumps

ABSTRACT: Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) is a perennial plant with high infestation potential, has fast and aggressive development, and reproduces by seeds and rhizomes. D. insularis infestations have increased in agricultural areas without cover crops established between the main crop seasons. The control of this species has become one of the most expensive in these areas in Brazil. The present work evaluated the growth and development of D. insularis plants from different vegetative parts of clumps. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replications. A 5 × 4 factorial arrangement was used, with factor A corresponding to the different propagation methods, and factor B corresponding to the biotypes used (experiment 1) and the different planting depths evaluated (experiment 2). The parameters evaluated in all experiments were: rate of tiller emergence, number of tillers, flowering time, number of inflorescences, and shoot dry weight. Fragments of different parts of the sourgrass clumps, planted at up to 7 cm depth, can generate a new plant. The management of perennial plants of sourgrass by using plows, harrows, or cultivators favors the dispersal of this species.

Influence of soil temperature, moisture and planting depth on black scurf development in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Influence of soil temperature, moisture and planting depth on black scurf development in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

The stability of the Corrugated Concrete Sheet Pile (CCSP) of the Soil Retaining Wall at the Abutmen Bridge Bh 1751 in Lok Ulo District, Kebumen

Abutment bridge is a building under the bridge located on both sides of the bridge end. The process of building a bridge abutment often requires excavation to the depth of the abutment base so that the abutment reinforcement and casting work can be carried out. In deep excavation work, each side of the excavation needs to be installed in a flexible retaining wall type (plaster) first. In this study, CCSP stability analysis was carried out on earth excavation work for abutment bridge BH 1751. The calculation method starts from determining the lateral earth pressure acting on the soil, then determining the depth of CCSP planting that is able to produce CCSP stability on the rolling force. The analysis shows that the depth of CCSP planting that meets the safety requirements of the rolling force is 20 m

Biomimicry of vascular plants as a means of saline soil remediation

Soil salinization impacts millions of hectares of land around the world and threatens many soil ecosystem services. Impacts of soil salinization are long lasting and impact agriculture productivity, reduce plant diversity and cause increase soil erosion due a reduction or loss in surface vegetation. Generally, remediation of saline soil relies on soil washing methods and phytoremediation to translocate salts below the rooting depth of plants. However, standard methods can often be unsuccessful as leached salts are able to return to the rooting zone through subsequent capillary rise in the soil. Surface application of iron (III) ferrocyanide has been used to remediate salt contaminated soil as the ferrocyanide complex induces salts to efflorescence at the soil surface as water evaporates rather than crystallising within the soil matrix. However, surface application of iron (III) ferrocyanide tends to be less successful in clay textured soil and does not work well when subsequent reapplications of water are made for further salt removal. In this study we investigate a biomimetic approach to desalinate soil by mimicking the capillary transport mechanisms employed by vascular plants.Our approach uses evapotranspiration to translocate saline soil water above the soil surface where it is effloresced with ferrocyanides. After 30 days of treatment, the biomimetic approach used 2.1 pore volume equivalents of water and was able to reduce the concentration of salts from 8% (g·NaCl/g·soil) to 0.8% (g·NaCl/g·soil), resulting in a reduction of soil EC from 120 mS/cm to 14 mS/cm. Our findings indicate that the method, with further refinement and expansion to field based trials, could be an effective tool to desalinate soil and reduce global soil salinization.

Development and productivity of ‘Maxi Gala’ apple trees at different planting depths

The influence of planting depth on apple trees is a discussion theme between growers, technicians and researchers, about what is the influence on vigor, uniformity and even longevity of the orchard. The aim of this work was to evaluate the vegetative and productive performance of apple trees planted at different depths. The experiment was carried out in Vacaria-RS, Brazil (latitude 28°30’44”S; longitude 50°56’02”W) in 2010 with the cultivar ‘Maxi Gala’ grafted on M.9 rootstock. The treatments consisted of three different planting depths, with the graft union 5 cm above the ground, 10 and 20 cm. Trees planted with the graft union 5 cm above the ground were more vigorous and yielded less. Trees planted with the graft union 20 cm above the ground showed less vigor in the canopy but did not increase yield. Trees with the graft union 10 cm from the ground presented an intermediate vigor and the highest yield. Fruit quality was not influenced by the different planting depths.

Caladium cv. Florida sweetheart production at different planting depths and sowing dates

Ornamental bulbous crops emergence and yield can be improved by its emergence from soil. The response of Caladium to different planting depths and dates was investigated at Ornamental Horticulture Nursery, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during the year 2008. Randomized Complete Block Design in a split plot arrangement was used repeated three times. Sowing dates (30th March, 15th April and 30th April) were allotted to main plots whereas planting depths (2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm and 10 cm) were kept in sub plots. Findings revealed that Caladium tubers sown on 30th March took maximum days to sprouting (33), produced maximum number of sprouts plant-1 (2.21), gained maximum tuber size (40.88 cm3) with high tuber yield (5397 kg ha-1). On the other hand, tubers sown on 30th April took less days to sprouting (20.21), produced less number of sprouts plant-1(1.53), produced small tuber (33.28 cm3) and total tuber yields was also less (4374 kg ha-1). In case of planting depth, Caladium tubers sown at a depth of 7.5cm resulted in maximum plant height (52 cm), tuber size (41.76 cm3), and tuber yield (5288 kg ha-1) while maximum number of tubers plant-1 (1.92) was observed at a depth of 10 cm. Tubers sown in 2.5 cm depth resulted in minimum tuber yield (4538 kg ha-1) and plant height (46.56 cm). To maximize vegetative as well as tubers production of Caladium cv. Florida sweet heart, it shall be sown on 30th March with 7.5cm depth.

Development and performance evaluation of an onion bulblet planter for vertisol

India is the second largest producer of onion in the world next after China. Mechanization of farming is increasing day by day to produce yield of crop for gaining the profit. This study was related to the development of an onion bulblet planter for vertisol. The development and fabrication of different furrow opener for matching to the existing inclined plate metering device for planting of onion bulblet. The performance of onion bulblet planter in term of depth and width of planting, missing index percentage, multiple percentage, seed damage , actual field capacity and field efficiency. The result indicated that the field efficiency was maximum 83.33% with minimum seed damage 10.2%. Multiple index was 5.1%, missing index was 2.2 % and bulb to bulb spacing was 10.66 cm in chisel type furrow opener at 1.8 km/h speed with moisture content 17.2 %.

A survey based study on the Farmers adoption level of Strawberry cultivation technology in Haryana, India

The survey based study focused on adoption level of strawberry growers with respect to package of practices of strawberry was conducted in Hisar and Bhiwani districts of Haryana. The adoption level was measured by scores on the basis of adoption level. While analyzing, the magnitude of adoption level adopted by strawberry growers revealed that method of propagation and packaging (100%), timely irrigation (95.33%), proper time of planting (90%), varieties used for planting (86.67%) , proper planting depth (86%), mulching (85.33%) was adopted by majority of farmers whereas manures and fertilizers and diseases and their control(71.34%), intercultural operations (63.33%) and control measures for fruit drop (55.33%) were least adopted.

PENGARUH KEDALAMAN TANAM YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN KUALITAS AGAR RENDEMEN RUMPUT LAUT(Gracilaria gigas)DENGANMETODE LEPAS DASAR

Gresik Regency is faced with the problem of development which is less attention to spatial arrangement where the pond land is threatened by land conversion for settlement, urban development, and industry. As one of the Minapolitan areas in Indonesia, the profile of pond farming in Gresik Regency needs attention. The purpose of this research is to analyze the growth of Gracilaria gigas seaweed in ponds with different depth of cultivation and to analyze the quality in order to rendemen Gracilaria gigas seaweed in ponds with different depth of cultivation, which is cultivated by the off bottom method. The study was conducted in February 2018 with a study duration of 42 days. The test plants used in this study were seaweed of Gracilaria gigas species, which were cultivated by the off bottom method. The experimental design used was complete randomized design (RAL) with 4 different planting depth treatment and 3 replications ie treatment A (depth 20 cm), B (depth 40 cm), C (depth 60 cm) and D (depth 0 cm).

Temporal and Spatial Changes inVallisneria americanaMichaux (Tape-grass) Beds in the Lower St. Johns River, Florida, from 2002–2011

Vallisneria americana (Tape-grass) in the lower St. Johns River, FL, is exposed to variability in salinity and turbidity. From 2002 to 2011, we compared mean blade length, plant depth, and bed width between residential and natural shorelines, the western and eastern sides, and river sections of 64–80 km, 81–96 km, and 97–112 km from the river mouth. Leaf blades of eastern plants were 27.0 cm longer and were found in 0.57 m greater depths, a pattern possibly related to seasonal westerly winds. We observed no differences with land use. Blades were 20.0 cm longer in the farthest section where salinity concentrations were 1.35 ppt lower than in the 64–80 km section. Following hurricanes, resilience depended on pre-storm bed health and post-storm water quality.