Date Palm Research Articles

Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Future Distribution of Palm Trees in Niger, West Africa

Palm trees are multi-purpose species that are involved in several socio-economic and cultural aspects of Niger people. Indeed, palm trees significantly improve local population life. This study aims to assess the impact of future climate change on the geographical distribution of Borassus aethiopum Mart., Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. and Phoenix dactylifera L. and to determine the suitable habitats for the conservation and sustainable management of these species in Niger. The maxEnt approach was used to model the species distribution. Four climatic models of CHELSA V2.1 were used: gfdl-esm4, ipsl-cm6a-lr, mpi-esm1-2h, mri-esm2-0 under two scenarios: ssp1-2.6 and ssp5-8.5 by periods 2011–2040 and 2041–2070. The mean AUC was 0.93 for Borassus aethiopum (0.93), 0.86 for Hyphaene thebaica, and 0.87 for Phoenix dactylifera. TSS test mean were 0.85, 0.69, and 0.75 respectively for Borassus aethiopum, Hyphaene thebaica, and Phoenix dactylifera. The current distribution for highly suitable habitats was 33,223 km2 (2.22%), 159,495 km2 (10.66%), and 108,189 km2 (7%) respectively for Borassus aethiopum, Hyphaene thebaica, and Phoenix dactylifera. The moderately suitable habitats were 83,019 km2 (5.55%) for Borassus aethiopum, 86,239 km2 (5.76%) for Hyphaene thebaica and 66,426 km2 (4%) Phoenix dactylifera. The lowly suitable habitats were 137,859 km2 (9.21%), 201,609 km2 (13.48%), and 333,181 km2 (22%) respectively Borassus aethiopum, Hyphaene thebaica, and Phoenix dactylifera. The highly and moderately suitable habitats for Borassus aethiopum will increase over the period 2011–2040 and 2041–2070. The highly suitable habitats of Hyphaene thebaica will be highly decreased by the period 2011–2040 and 2041–2070 than the other suitable habitats. All suitable habitats and all models of Phoenix dactylifera will decrease under the period 2041–2070. Phoenix dactylifera and Hyphaene thebaica will be much more affected by future climate change. This will also affect production rates for farmers in Niger.

Evaluation of forage quality in various soybean varieties and high-yield cultivation techniques

ContextThe rising demand for animal protein has intensified forage shortages and restricted pasture availability, underscoring the critical need for effective dual-purpose animal feeds. ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the potential of vegetative soybeans as animal feed by assessing their nutritional value and productivity. Specifically, it explores the feasibility of using late-maturing soybean varieties, adapted to low latitudes, as forage in high-latitude regions and examines the impact of different planting dates on their growth and effectiveness during limited growing seasons. MethodsTo achieve these objectives, a series of field and controlled experiments were conducted. The first experiment assessed 418 mid-maturing soybean varieties from the Huang-Huai-Hai Basin in China for their nutritional value as forage during 2020 and 2021. The second experiment tested late-maturing and photoperiod-sensitive soybean varieties, including "ZGDD" and the methionine-enhanced material "Ox-CGS," under tropical conditions with extended daylight. The third experiment evaluated forage soybeans sown on June 19th, July 14th, and August 8th, 2022, to determine their yield and protein content. ResultsResults showed that the first experiment yielded an average protein content of 24.7 %, ether extract content of 1.9 %, neutral detergent fiber content of 41.9 %, and acid detergent fiber content of 27.3 %, with a relative feeding value of 153, surpassing local standards for high-quality leguminous forage. The second experiment demonstrated that extended daylight increased crude protein yield by 3.7 times compared to Chinese soybean seed yields, and "Ox-CGS" showed a 24.2 % increase in methionine content. The third experiment revealed that forage soybeans achieved a crude protein yield of 0.95 t/ha within 60 days, exceeding the 2022 average of 0.68 t/ha for seed soybeans in China. ConclusionsThe findings indicate that photoperiod-sensitive soybeans can be effectively used as forage over extended periods, utilizing artificial lighting or cultivation in higher latitudes, and that short growth cycles enhance crude protein accumulation. Implications or significanceThis research highlights the potential of soybeans to alleviate forage shortages, improve land use efficiency, and contribute to food security and agricultural development, especially on marginal lands and in regions with limited growing seasons.

Date palm pollen: A novel medium for bacterial culture and biosynthesis of antibacterial chromium oxide nanoparticles

Medical companies and research centers seek cost-effective alternative culture media containing the necessary nutritional requirements for bacterial cultivation because of high manufacturing and production costs. Date palm pollen (DPP) is an inexpensive and rich natural plant resource that can be easily collected in large quantities. In this study, DPP was used to prepare a novel enriched culture medium that successfully cultivated pathogenic bacteria and Streptomyces spp. without any additives and at a low concentration of 10 g per 1 L of distilled water (DW). Active compounds in DPP were detected by GCMS–, and results show the highest ratio of urea (45 %) among other components. For the first time, DPP was used to synthesize Cr2O3 NPs by an environment-friendly and inexpensive green method. DPP urea plays an important role as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the biosynthesis of Cr2O3 NPs. The obtained NPs were characterized using UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD and SEM. The results of agar disk diffusion ranging between 12 – 20 mm while the MIC for Cr2O3 NPs ranging between 1.56 – 25 U/mL indicated the effectiveness of Cr2O3 NPs in antibacterial activity against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria. Cr2O3 NPs showed a high inhibition ratio that reach 78 % against biofilms produced by P. aeruginosa. For later studies we expect that DPP can be used to prepare selective and other culture media after adding certain materials or antibiotics. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of Cr2O3 NPs could be promising in medical and pharmaceutical applications.

Date Palm Flower Stalk: A Potential Low-cost Biomass for Efficient Removal of Textile Dyes from Wastewater

Date Palm Flower Stalk: A Potential Low-cost Biomass for Efficient Removal of Textile Dyes from Wastewater

Impacts of aquaculture wastewater irrigation on soil health, nutrient availability, and date palm fruit quality

Water scarcity and droughts are among the most challenging issues worldwide, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Saudi Arabia. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), a major crop in Saudi Arabia, is being significantly affected by water scarcity, soil salinity, and desertification. Alternative water sources are needed to conserve freshwater resources and increase date palm production in Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia has a significant number of aquaculture farms that generate substantial amounts of wastewater, which can be utilized as an alternative source of irrigation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential of aquaculture wastewater as an alternative irrigation source for date palm orchards. Aquaculture wastewater was collected from 12 different farms (Al-Kharj, Al-Muzahmiya, and Al-Qassim regions, Saudi Arabia) and its quality was analyzed. The impacts of aquaculture wastewater irrigation on soil quality, nutrient availability, nutrient status of date palm trees, and dates fruit quality were assessed in comparison to source water (freshwater) irrigation at Al-Kharj, Al-Muzahmiya, and Al-Qassim regions. The water quality analyses showed higher salinity (EC = 3.31 dSm−1) in farm Q3, while all other farms demonstrated no salinity, sodicity, or alkalinity hazards. Moreover, the aquaculture wastewater irrigation increased soil available P, K, NO3−–N, and NH4+–N by 49.31%, 21.11%, 33.62%, and 52.31%, respectively, compared to source water irrigation. On average, date palm fruit weight, length, and moisture contents increased by 26%, 23%, and 43% under aquaculture wastewater irrigation compared to source water irrigation. Further, P, K, Fe, Cu, and Zn contents in date palm leaf were increased by 19.35%, 34.17%, 37.36%, 38.24%, and 45.29%, respectively, under aquaculture wastewater irrigation compared to source water irrigation. Overall, aquaculture wastewater irrigation significantly enhanced date palm plant growth, date palm fruit quality, and soil available nutrients compared to freshwater irrigation. It was concluded that aquaculture wastewater can be used as an effective irrigation source for date palm farms as it enhances soil nutrient availability, date palm growth, and date fruit yield and quality. The findings of this study suggest that aquaculture wastewater could be a viable alternative for conserving freshwater resources and increase date palm production in Saudi Arabia.

Using Extracted Sugars from Spoiled Date Fruits as a Sustainable Feedstock for Ethanol Production by New Yeast Isolates.

This study focuses on investigating sugar recovery from spoiled date fruits (SDF) for sustainable ethanol production using newly isolated yeasts. Upon their isolation from different food products, yeast strains were identified through PCR amplification of the D1/D2 region and subsequent comparison with the GenBank database, confirming isolates KKU30, KKU32, and KKU33 as Saccharomyces cerevisiae; KKU21 as Zygosaccharomyces rouxii; and KKU35m as Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Optimization of sugar extraction from SDF pulp employed response surface methodology (RSM), varying solid loading (20-40%), temperature (20-40 °C), and extraction time (10-30 min). Linear models for sugar concentration (R1) and extraction efficiency (R2) showed relatively high R2 values, indicating a good model fit. Statistical analysis revealed significant effects of temperature and extraction time on extraction efficiency. The results of batch ethanol production from SDF extracts using mono-cultures indicated varying consumption rates of sugars, biomass production, and ethanol yields among strains. Notably, S. cerevisiae strains exhibited rapid sugar consumption and high ethanol productivity, outperforming Z. rouxii and M. guilliermondii, and they were selected for scaling up the process at fed-batch mode in a co-culture. Co-cultivation resulted in complete sugar consumption and higher ethanol yields compared to mono-cultures, whereas the ethanol titer reached 46.8 ± 0.2 g/L.

Effect of Ajwa Date Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera) Methanol Extract on Blood Glucose Levels in Mice with Diabetes Mellitus

Highlights: The widespread incidence of DM leads to costly treatments and often results in undesirable side effects. Flavonoids in ajwa date fruit are believed to lower blood glucose levels through several mechanisms. Methanol extract of ajwa date fruit can effectively lower blood glucose levels in diabetic mice at specific optimal doses. Abstract Introduction: High diabetes mellitus (DM) cases result in costly medical expenses. Ajwa date fruit contains triterpenoids, carbohydrates, and flavonoids believed to lower blood glucose, which requires research validation using methanol extract on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice. This study aimed to determine the effect of methanol extract of ajwa dates with several dose levels, namely 3 g/WB, 5 g/WB, and 7 g/WB, given orally to mice induced by STZ. Methods: This study utilized a randomized pre- and post-test control group design to assess ajwa date fruit methanol extract effects on blood glucose in Swiss-Webster mice (Mus musculus). The mice were divided into four groups: Group K (6 mice without date extract intervention), P1 (6 mice with 3 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention), P2 (7 mice with 5 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention), and P3 (7 mice with 7 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention) and were induced with 100 mg/WB streptozotocin. Administered daily for three weeks, ajwa dates fruit extract showed varying impacts. Weekly blood glucose measurements and analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 disclosed significant group differences. Results: In the third week, blood glucose measurements revealed significant differences (p = 0.017), with an optimal reduction in P3 (7 mice with 7 g/WB/day oral dose date extract intervention). Conclusion: In the third week, ajwa dates fruit extract, at an optimal 7 g/WB dose, effectively reduced blood glucose levels via flavonoid hypoglycemic mechanisms.

A Comparative Genetic Analysis of Phoenix atlantica in Cape Verde.

The Cape Verde palm tree, Phoenix atlantica, holds significant ecological and cultural importance within the Cape Verde archipelago. However, its genetic distinctiveness has been questioned due to its close relationship and morphological similarity to the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). In this study, we used an expanded sample set, 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and a plastid minisatellite to characterize P. atlantica in Cape Verde and investigate its relationship with other Phoenix species. Our findings identify genetic markers that differentiate the P. atlantica genetic pool, including a unique fixed allele. We also provide evidence of the recent divergence of P. atlantica from Northern African date palm populations, suggesting a relatively recent colonization of Cape Verde by palm trees. Additionally, we characterized the genetic composition of palm tree populations across three Cape Verde islands, concluding that wild samples from certain populations in Boavista and Sal are best suited for establishing a seed and/or germplasm bank for replantation efforts, representing a crucial step for the conservation of Cape Verde's natural heritage. Overall, our results enhance the understanding of the historical trajectories and genetic characterization of palm trees in Africa, offering valuable insights for conservation strategies.

Hepatoprotective effect of date fruit extract against ethanol-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells

Ethanol is a well-known hepatotoxic agent and date fruits have been associated with their biological actions. In current study, we have investigated the hepatoprotective potential of DFE on ethanol-induced cellular damages in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. The hepatoprotective potential was assessed by exposing the HepG2 cells to non-toxic concentrations (15, 30, and 60 μg/mL) of DFE for 24 h; then toxic concentration (500 μM) of ethanol. Our results demonstrated that pretreatment with DFE significantly prohibited ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells. We observed that DFE treatment increased cell viability, reduced LDH leakage, restored cellular morphology, and inhibited caspase-3 enzyme activity in a dose dependent way, induced by ethanol. Further DFE was also effective in restoring the LPO, GSH, and catalase levels towards normal altered by ethanol. Our results also revealed that ethanol-induced ROS generation was significantly inhibited by DFE. The ethanol-induced mRNA expression of apoptotic related genes (p53, caspase-3, caspase-7, Bax, and Bcl-2) were also normalized by pretreatment with DFE. The findings from this study indicated that DFE can significantly protect HepG2 cells against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Our study also provides scientific validation for the traditional use of DFE, aiming to understand its hepatoprotective potential. Altogether, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrated that ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity can be prohibited by the DFE. Thus, DFE has a potential application in nutraceuticals as a therapeutic agent to prevent liver diseases.

Date Seed-Derived Supercapacitor Electrodes in Aqueous Electrolyte: Unveiling High Capacity and Coulombic Efficiency

Date seeds, often considered byproducts of date fruit processing, represent a significant bio-waste stream. Despite their abundance, these seeds are underutilized and typically regarded as agricultural waste. Rich in carbon content, date seeds have the inherent potential to serve as precursors for hard carbon electrodes in supercapacitors. Free-standing electrodes were fabricated to enhance cyclic stability and improve Coulombic efficiency, showcasing superior electrochemical performance. The activation process with a 1:3 KOH-to-bio-char ratio yielded a specific capacitance of 204 F/g at 0.2A/g for the symmetric cell with an energy density of 6.5 Wh/kg and a power density of 47.70 W/kg, highlighting the effectiveness of this approach in advancing both structural integrity and electrochemical attributes. To elucidate the electrochemical performance of KOH-activated hard carbon, BET analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Raman Spectroscopy were employed. BET analyses revealed a higher surface area for the hard carbon activated with a 1:3 KOH ratio. This enhancement in structural integrity was further corroborated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and charge-discharge curves, emphasizing the favorable electrochemical attributes of the proposed method. While previous investigations into date seed supercapacitors revealed promising results, achieving near 100% Coulombic efficiency remained challenging. In this study, the implementation of free-standing electrodes marked a significant advancement, resulting in a remarkable Coulombic efficiency of 99.97%. This nuanced approach underscores the effectiveness of our methodology in addressing and improving the Coulombic efficiency of date seed-derived supercapacitors.

Microbial assisted date palm nanocellulose isolation and the fabrication of hydrophobic bioaerogel for oil absorption application

This study introduces a novel approach by utilizing Aspergillus niger for the isolation of nanocellulose from date palm sheath fibers (DPSF), achieving significant nano-scale reduction and high yield efficiency. The enzymatic breakdown by Aspergillus niger efficiently reduced the fibers' size, achieving an 81.3 % transition to nano-scale (<100 nm) after 96 hours, with an impressive 84 % yield using 72 hours of fungal treatment. The isolated nanocellulose demonstrated superior thermal stability and zeta potential value of −32.5 mV indicates a stable colloidal suspension due to the electrostatic repulsion between nanocellulose particles. Triethoxymethylsilane (TEMS) modification of nanocellulose aerogel significantly improved mechanical strength from 0.0194 to 0.03614 N/mm². Treatment with 5 % TEMS reduced water absorption from 41.7 g/g to 11.3 g/g, enhancing hydrophobicity (water contact angle 136.21°) and shifting material preference away from water. TEMS-treated samples showed increased absorption capacities of up to 44.3 g/g for cooking oil and 57.6 g/g for motor oil, highlighting improved compatibility with non-polar substances. These advancements underscore a sustainable solution for oil spill remediation, offering significant potential in environmental conservation and recovery efforts.

Changes in amino acid levels and their effects on parthenocarpic fruit formation in young Barhi date palms Phoenix dactylifera L. derived from tissue culture

Changes in amino acid levels and their effects on parthenocarpic fruit formation in young Barhi date palms Phoenix dactylifera L. derived from tissue culture

Evaluation of Anti-tyrosinase, Anti-collagenase, and &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of Ajwa Date Fruit (&lt;i&gt;Phoenix dactylifera&lt;/i&gt; L.)

This research explores the potential of Ajwa date fruit extract as a bioactive component in cosmeceutical formulations, with particular emphasis on its anti-tyrosinase, anti-collagenase, and ultraviolet (UV) protection capabilities. The antioxidant activity was determined using the design of response surface methodology, considering the factor of sample-to-water-as-solvent ratio, extraction time, and size of the sample. This factor possesses the capacity to exert an influence on the production of antioxidants and enhance the efficacy of the extraction procedure. The Ajwa date fruit extract was obtained using the Soxhlet method. The extract showed notable inhibition percentages of 67.77 and 49.12 for anti-tyrosinase and anti-collagenase activities, respectively. Additionally, it revealed a sun protection factor value of 17.09. Previous research has indicated that Ajwa dates exhibit significant inhibitory properties against tyrosinase and collagenase enzymes, making them potentially valuable in cosmetic applications. Therefore, research has demonstrated this study’s promise in skin pigmentation, elasticity, and UV protection. The study places significant importance on exploring natural alternatives in cosmetics. It highlights the encouraging outcomes obtained from using Ajwa date fruit extract, emphasising its potential for future advancements in cosmeceuticals. The present study offers a valuable opportunity to produce skincare formulas that are both safer and more effective.

Dates Palm Increases Breast Milk Production of Breastfeeding Mothers

Breastfeeding is the ideal step in providing breast milk that is good for newborns and babies. Good support and effort can influence success in the breastfeeding process. Breast milk production is the key to breastfeeding and baby health. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of dates palm in increasing breast milk production of breastfeeding mothers. This study used secondary data, which was searched through the Google Scholar and Research Gate databases, to discuss the effect of dates palm on breastfeeding mothers for breast milk production. The study design of this research was a Systematic Literature Review. The research results showed 2 research articles that met the criteria which stated that there was an effect of dates on breastfeeding mothers to increase breast milk production. The researchers concluded that dates palm can be considered as an alternative to increase breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers. Dates palm are safe for consumption by breastfeeding mothers and pregnant women. This research is expected to be a form of meta-analysis by adding more similar articles to update the results of the effect of giving dates palm on breast milk production.

DATES PALM INCREASE BREAST MILK PRODUCTION OF BREASTFEEDING MOTHERS

Breastfeeding is the ideal step in providing breast milk that is good for newborns and babies. Good support and effort can influence success in the breastfeeding process. Breast milk production is the key to breastfeeding and baby health. The aim of this study was to analyzed the effectiveness of dates palm to increase breast milk production of breastfeeding mothers. This study used secondary data searched through the Google Scholar and Research Gate databases, which discusses the effect of dates on breastfeeding mothers for breast milk production. The study design of this research was a Systematic Literature Review. The research results showed 2 research articles that met the criteria which stated that there was an effect of dates on breastfeeding mothers to increase breast milk production. The researchers concluded that dates palm can be considered as an alternative in increase breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers. Dates palm are safe for consumption by breastfeeding mothers and pregnant women. This research is expected to be a form of meta-analysis by adding more similar articles.

Enhancing the quality and yield of Majhoul cultivar dates (Phoenix dactylifera) on a certified organic farm through the application of organic extracts from three seaweed species: Gelidium sesquipedale, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Ecklonia maxima

Enhancing the quality and yield of Majhoul cultivar dates (Phoenix dactylifera) on a certified organic farm through the application of organic extracts from three seaweed species: Gelidium sesquipedale, Ascophyllum nodosum, and Ecklonia maxima

Literature Review: The Effect of Ajwa Date Fruit Consumption on Fasting Blood Sugar Levels in Perimenopausal Women

Literature Review: The Effect of Ajwa Date Fruit Consumption on Fasting Blood Sugar Levels in Perimenopausal Women

Facile and efficient sequestration of uranium using biomass from Saudi Arabia’s local date palms waste

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has announced to utilize its domestic resources to enhance its future nuclear power capacity to a total of 17.6 GW by 2040. This ambitious plan is followed by mining and extraction of uranium from various approaches both physically and chemically. Therefore, an economical and efficient approach was devised for harvesting uranium content from aqueous solutions by using two bio-sorbent, i.e., date pit sawdust (DPS) and date palm biowaste (PDB). The DPS and PDB were analyzed with BET surface area, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, pHPZC and XRD techniques to examine the surface area, porosity, functional group on surface, morphology, point of zero charge of the materials and nature of materials respectively. Effect of parameters like sorbent dose, solutions pH, concentrations and time of contact on adsorption were studied in a batch method. The findings indicated that both DPS and PDB exhibited significant sequestration of U(VI) with maximum adsorption observed at 6 pH. However, PDB exhibited the maximum sorption percentage (78.80 %) and capacity (3.25 mg/g), followed by DPS (70.5 %, 2.47 mg/g, respectively), for uranium sequestration.

Leveraging Wheat Competition to Manage Seasonal Expansion of Feathertop Rhodes Grass (Chloris virgata)

Utilizing the potential of crops to suppress weeds is an important strategy for sustainable management. Feathertop Rhodes grass (FTR) (Chloris virgata Sw.) is a problematic warm-season weed in Australia that has recently expanded into colder seasons. This study investigated the growth and seed production of FTR at two planting times (May and July) and three wheat planting densities (0, 82, and 164 plants m−2) using a neighborhood design over two years. In both years, the plant height, tiller production, and panicle production of FTR were lower in the presence of wheat compared to when wheat was absent. Surrounding FTR with wheat delayed its pinnacle emergence, varying from 1 to 6 days in the first year and 4 to 21 days in the second year, depending on the planting date and wheat density. During both years and planting times, wheat’s presence caused approximately a 99% decrease in the dry matter and seed production of FTR compared to wheat’s absence. Additionally, the wheat height, an important competitive factor, was higher at both densities in the May planting compared to the July planting. The emergence, establishment, and continuous production of FTR seeds throughout the year indicate that inadequate management could result in the further spread of this weed. Our findings suggest that adjusting the date and density of wheat planting could be a viable strategy for sustainably managing this weed during colder seasons.

Crop Density and Sowing Timing Effect on Tan Spot Occurrence in Spring Wheat

Tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) is presenting a persistent challenge to the plant health and yield of all wheat-growing regions. This research is focused on tan spot disease management in spring wheat when planted at three distinct times and with three different seeding rates without the use of fungicides. Across all years, higher seed rates (500 and 600 seeds per m2) generally resulted in lower tan spot intensity compared to the lower seed rate (400 seeds per m2). Significant differences in tan spot intensity were observed across seed rates at all sowing times. In 2021, the percentage of the AUDPC was significantly higher in the late sowing time (324.58%), with about a 2-fold difference compared with the early (167.48%) and optimal sowing time (191.80%). This suggests that delayed sowing significantly exacerbates disease occurrence. The combined effect of sowing time and year on the AUDPC was notably significant. The AUDPC of the tan spot in all seed rates was the highest in the late sowing time plots in comparison to the ideal and initial planting dates plots. Our results demonstrate how important seed rate and sowing timing are in determining the degree of tan spot in spring wheat. Growing crop methods may be improved by taking these elements into account to better control tan spots. More agricultural methods and environmental aspects should be investigated in future studies to create all-encompassing tan spot control plans.