Planting Calendar Research Articles

Effects of planting window on grain yield and oil yield under rainfed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Kilwa District, Lindi, Tanzania

This study evaluated the effects of planting windows on grain yield and oil yield of three sunflower varieties (Hysun33, Record, and K/Fedha) across two locations in 2023. The two factors (varieties and planting windows) were laid out in a split plot arrangement and fitted into randomized complete block design in three replicates. The first planting window (PW1) occurred in late January, the second (PW2) in mid-February, and the third (PW3) in early March. Weather parameters evaluated included minimum and maximum temperatures, average monthly rainfall and rainfall during the growth period. The weather data revealed trends of decreasing minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as fluctuating average rainfall over the period. Total rainfall did not significantly differ between the three planting windows (PW1, PW2, PW3). However, there was significant variation in rainfall amounts at different phenological stages between planting windows (P = 0.001). Grain yield and oil yield were highest in PW3 (1.50 t/ha and 360.2 L, respectively), as well as for the Hysun33 variety (0.92 t/ha and 22.95 L, respectively). High grain and oil yields were influenced by high germination and survival percentages, high rainfall during leaf development and stem elongation, flowering time and interactions between planting window, variety, and locations. Study showed that PW3 and HYsun33 offers the most favorable options for optimal sunflower production in Kilwa District. However, multi-environment trials, repeated over several seasons is recommended to explore the influence of environmental variables. The results may also prompt a revision of the sunflower planting calendar for the southern zone.

DETERMINATION OF THE LUNDAYEH DAYAK COMMUNITY CULTIVATION CALENDAR

Traditional ecological knowledge and planting time management have brought agricultural success in the Krayan Highlands. In ancient times, people used a planting calendar based on the position of the sun from the batu tanda. Along with the use of the Gregorian calendar, the marker stone was no longer used. The problem in this study is how to use the marker stone to determine the start of farming? The purpose of the study was to reconstruct local astronomical knowledge in deciding the farming calendar. Surveys, interviews and literature reviews carried out data collection. Archaeological data processing was carried out with formal analysis while data interviews were carried out with qualitative analysis. Astronomical modeling was carried out with the help of Horizon software. This study concluded that the batu tanda was used as an observation point for the movement of the sun. The position of the setting sun in a hill, valley, or tree is used by the local community as a reference in the farming calendar.

Water balance optimization for strategic planting patterns and calendars in paddy (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in rainfed regions

Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop in Indonesia that requires more water compared to other annual crops. Cultivating paddy in rainfed areas necessitates effective water management to prevent crop failure, making it essential to calculate water balance, planting patterns, and planting calendars. This study aims to analyze the water balance in relation to planting patterns and calendars based on water availability in the field. The research was conducted in Cukilan Village, Semarang Regency, Indonesia. A descriptive quantitative method using Cropwat 8.0 was employed to determine water balance, planting patterns, and planting calendars. The results indicate that from November to April, there is a water surplus, while from May to October, there is a water deficit. Planting can be conducted once per growing season with two possible periods: November-March or December-April. During Period I (November-March), the water requirement is 640.7 mm with effective rainfall of 1031.2 mm. In Period II (December-April), the water requirement is 638 mm with effective rainfall of 935.7 mm. Planting should begin in November or December, with harvest in March or April. From May to October, the land remains fallow due to insufficient water availability. These findings are valuable for enhancing the effectiveness of paddy cultivation in rainfed areas, assisting farmers with planting planning, and minimizing the risk of crop failure due to water scarcity.

Recognition of multi-season rice in a complex tropical agronomy zone using time-series SAR data: a case study of Hainan, China

ABSTRACT Rice plays a significant role in regional food supply and international food trading, especially for Asian countries. However, accurate mapping of tropical rice cultivationis a challenging task due to the flexible planting calendar and the complicated topography. With the all-day and all-weather imaging ability, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) provides an encouraging resolution for this task. In this research, we presented a case study in Hainan, China that identify the cultivation patterns of rice. As the only tropical province in China, Hainan has abundant crop resources and diverse rice cultivation practices. First, our previously proposedrice mapping method based on time-series Sentinel-1 data and U-Net modelwas applied to Hainan to generate the candidate rice fields in 2019. Then, a start of season (SOS) detection strategy was proposed to discriminate rice cultivation patterns. The accuracy of the annual rice map and the multi-season discrimination results were validated in pixel level and parcel level, respectively. The annual rice map achieved an overall accuracy of 95.03%. Besides, for 313 out of 360 rice parcels, the cultivation patterns were correctly identified. These results proved the effectiveness of phenology information of time-series SAR, and the proposed scheme will be easily extended to complex tropical agronomy zones.

Perceived Effects of Climate Variability on the Rice Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria

The study analyzed the perceived effects of climate variability on the rice farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. Two stage sampling procedure was used in the selection of 248 rice farmers. The data was collected with the use of a questionnaire. The findings revealed that rice farmers in the Niger State were mostly male 75.4% and their average age was 39.5 years. About 98% of the rice farmers had moderate usage levels of climate adaption strategies. The most severe perceived effect of climate variability was instability of planting calendar (M.S=2.78). The highest ranked constraint limiting the usage of climate adaptation strategies was financial constraints (M.S=3.72). This study thus recommended the provision of accurate and prompt information on weather forecasts and also there should be provision of financial incentives to the farmers.

Cultivation practices of leafy vegetable production during the wet season in Ambon, Indonesia

Green cabbage, water spinach, and spinach are important vegetables in the diet of the Ambonese communities, so the vegetables have economic value and contribute to the inflation of Ambon City. The main obstacle for optimizing leafy vegetables in urban farming of Ambon City in Ambon Bay neighborhood is excess water during the rainy season which possibly induces plant diseases and reduces the yield. The purpose of this study was to verify the 11-year weather of Ambon Bay; and the adaptation of vegetable farmers in Ambon City to the change of rainy season as well as precipitation in the study location The research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method based on interviews with farmers supported by climate data for 11 years. This study explains that the rainfall was variable during 10 years; In 2010-2013 and 2017-2020, the annual rainfall was 3.950-5.264, while in 2014-2016 it ranged from 2.017-2.995 mm. Farmers adapt to high rainfall by installing plastic rain shelters, shortening the planting distance from 20 cm to 10 cm, and changing the planting calendar. However, in general growers install rain shelters during vegetable cultivation in the wet season resulting in high productivity of leafy vegetables.

Comparative Profitability and Technical Efficiency of Small-Scale Rice Farmers with and without Access to Improved Production Technology in North Central Nigeria

This study evaluated comparative profitability and technical efficiency of small-scale rice farmers with and without access to improved production technology in North Central Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was adopted for this study. The data were collected through a well-structured questionnaire of 1500 small-scale rice farmers with access to technology and 1500 small-scale rice farmers without access to technology making a total of 3000 rice farmers in the study area. The results showed that the average age of the sampled rice farmers with access to technology was 36 years, while those without - 46 years. The results showed that the rice production was profitable for both farmers with and without access to technology. The statistically significant factors influencing the rice production for small-scale farmers with access to technology were the land size (p<0.01), labour (p<0.01), fertilizer (p<0.01) and agrochemical (p<0.01), while the statistically significant factors influencing the rice production for small-scale farmers without access to technology were land size (p<0.01), labour (p<0.01) and agrochemical (p<0.10). The major challenges faced by the small-scale rice farmers with access to technology were the poor credit facilities, shortage of farm input, inadequate rainfall season, high cost of labour and instability in the planting calendar. The F-Chow test showed that there was significant impact on the technical efficiency, productivity and profitability of rice farmers with access to improved technology. Therefore, the study recommends that inputs such as improved seed varieties, fertilizers and chemical inputs should be provided to farmers. Keywords: profitability, technical efficiency, rice farmers, small-scale, with and without access to technology

Impacts of extreme drought on rice planting calendar in Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Impacts of extreme drought on rice planting calendar in Vietnamese Mekong Delta

CALENDAR FOR PLANTING SEAWEED EUCHEUMA SP. IN MALLASORO BAY, JENEPONTO DISTRICT, BASED ON LANDSAT-8 IMAGES

Seaweed cultivation activities in Jeneponto Regency have been practised for a long time and have become the main livelihood for most of the Mallasoro Bay community. In cultivating seaweed, obstacles often arise in the form of failures experienced by seaweed farmers or poor-quality yields. This study was aimed to develop alternative planting calendars for Eucheuma sp. in Mallasoro Bay, Jeneponto Regency based on sea surface temperature and distribution of chlorophyll-a obtained from Landsat-8 imagery. Image Processing Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll-a were processed using ENVI 4.8 AND 5.3 software, the satellite images used were clean and without cloud disturbance. In this study, data analysis was carried out descriptively. The water temperature that is good for seaweed growth is 27-30˚C, for Mallasoro Bay Sea Surface Temperature which is suitable for seaweed cultivation, namely April, May, June, July, August, September, October and November. While the classification is based on the criteria for chlorophyll-a trophic status in marine waters, namely the range < 1 mg/L is classified as Oligotrophic, ≥ 1–3 mg/L is classified as Mesotrophic, ≥ 3–5 mg/L is classified as Eutrophic, and > 5 mg/L is classified as Hypertrophic. , from the results of image analysis for the distribution of chlorophyll-a in Mallasoro Bay, it shows that Mallasoro Bay is at the Mesotrophic level throughout the year or the fertility level of the waters is quite fertile because it is in the range of ≥ 1–3 mg/L. so that a seaweed planting calendar can be obtained in Mallasoro Bay, namely in January, February and December, preparation of tools such as cleaning and repair of seaweed planting tools can be carried out, then at the end of March, the end of May, the end of July and the end of September, the procurement of seaweed seeds is carried out. , in early April, early June, early August, and early October, seaweed seeds can be spread, then in mid-May, mid-July, mid-September, and mid-November, harvesting can be carried out, so that seaweed cultivation can be carried out 4 times in one year. cycle.

Agroclimate zone analysis for the suitability of rice plantation in Donggala District

As one of the supporting districts for regional food security, the productivity of food crops in Donggala Regency needs to be continuously improved. Climate type information is closely related to business development in agriculture, especially rice plants. This study aims to determine the type and distribution of agro-climatic zones for rice land suitability in Donggala Regency. This study uses the climate classification method according to Oldeman by calculating the number of wet months and dry months for one year which is then mapped using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method. The data used in this study are rainfall data for 10 years (2011-2020) from 15 points of BMKG rain observation posts as well as the Planting Calendar for rice plants from the Ministry of Agriculture. The results showed that Donggala Regency has 3 Oldeman climate types, namely type A in Rio Pakava District with the suitability of continuous rice cultivation but low production, B in Banawa Selatan and Sojol Districts with the suitability of continuous rice planting with high production when harvested during drought season. Type E in the Districts of Central Banawa, Banawa, Tanantovea, Labuan, Sindue, Sindue Tobata, Sindue Tombusabora, Balaesang, Balaesang Tanjung, North Sojol and Dampelas which is too dry, so that only one planting period of crops is possible. In areas with climate type E it is recommended to optimize irrigation to meet the water needs of rice plants. The agro-climate zone map made using the IDW interpolation method can describe the distribution of climate types as a whole, especially in areas where there are no rain gauge posts such as in Pinembani District.

Comparison of Agricultural Machine Tool Needs in Food Crop Farming on Direct Surveys and Integrated Planting Calendar Information Systems

This study aims to compare the needs of agricultural machinery in rice farming through direct surveys and integrated Planting calendar information systems. This research was conducted in July-September 2020 in Boalemo Regency. The number of respondents in the study was 54 farmers. Based on the study's results, it is known that agricultural machinery is very necessary. This is stated by 91% of respondents stating they always use agricultural machinery in their farming business. Agricultural machinery, hand tractors, power theresors, and combine harvesters are included in the high category that farmers often use with percentages of 9, 8.15%, 85.19%, and 72.22%. Rice transplanters are still in the low category 40.74%, due to small land ownership and lack of socialization. The use of agricultural machinery can save costs, reduce labour, and speed up work. Based on the calculation of the adequacy status of the hand tractor, rice transplanter, and power thereser is appropriate. However, in the combine harvester there is a difference in a calculation, manually, the status is less, and in the interactive application the status is saturated. This is due to differences in available tools, and delays in updating data on the planting calendar. So it is necessary to regularly input and repair existing data on the word. Analysis of the B/C ratio of hand tractor, rice transplanter and power thereser is 1. 0, will the business of agricultural machinery is profitable and feasible. While the combine harvester value B/C ratio 1. 0, the exploitation of agricultural machinery is detrimental and not feasible.

Inter-monthly Variability of Pineapple (Ananas comosus, MD2) Plant Water Requirement in Ghana: Implications for Planting Period Adjustment Field Experience Program

CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to estimate the water requirement of pineapple for the 2021/22 cropping period, considering all the months in the year. This was done to ascertain which months in the year have lower irrigation water requirements and where water savings can be made. For the months of December to August, irrigation requirement (mm) of 140, 145.1, 113.3, 110.8, 110.9, 145.9, 107.6 and 114, respectively was determined at the study site. However, sucker planting in September, October and November has shown requirements (mm) of 72.8, 61.3, 61.4 respectively, and adjusting the planting calendar to accommodate these months is recommended.

A Critical Review of Climate Change Impact at a Global Scale on Cereal Crop Production

Food security can be under threat due to climate change, which has the potential to alter crop yield. Wheat, maize, and rice are major crops contributing to global food security. The impact of climate change on crop yield with different models and techniques has been projected; this article reviewed the worldwide impact of climate change on future wheat, rice, and maize production. Wheat and maize crop yields may increase due to climate change in colder regions and may decrease in the countries near the equator. The increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere may help wheat and maize crops regarding increased carbon intake in colder regions. The rice crop yield may decrease in almost all major rice-producing countries due to water scarcity, which can be amplified due to climate change. The impact of climate change on crop yield prediction involves uncertainties due to different crop models, global circulation models, and bias correction techniques. It is recommended to use multiple climatic models and more than one bias correction technique for better climatic projections. Adaptation measures could help to reduce the adverse impacts of future climate on agriculture. Shifting the planting calendar, irrigation and nutrient management, improving crop varieties, and expanding the agricultural areas are suggested as the most effective adaptation actions in response to climate change. The findings of this study may help policymakers to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG 13 (Climate Action).

Assessment of climate variability and effective coping strategies used by rice farmers in Abuja, Nigeria

The study is on the assessment of climate variability and effective coping strategies used by rice farmers in Abuja Nigeria. Climate variability issues have been discussed in the media currently because of its important to agriculture. This study was guided by four objectives. The primary data were collected using 200 well-structured questionnaires and multistage sampling techniques from 2 rural communities (Dobi and Dukpa) in the study area. Analyses of data were carried out using descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequency while coping strategies used by rice farmers were achieved using coping strategies index (CSI). Majority (45%) of the rice farmers between the ages of 41- 50 (88%) were married. The study has identified that climate variability has effects on rice production; multiple coping strategies were used by rice farmers in the study area to cope with climate variability and the most effective coping strategies used by farmers are the Adjustment of rice planting calendar based on the onset of the rain and Adoption of recommended improved rice production strategies from all the multiple coping strategies. Therefore the study recommended the following: training on soil and water management in rice production is essential factor in averting the adverse effect of rainfall variability on national rice yield. There is need for government at all levels to engage extension agents who should teach farmers the climate friendly practices that mitigate climate variability and also disseminates the most effective coping strategies to farmers. Plant breeders should help to develop rice varieties that can survive higher flood, drought, pest and diseases resistant.

The impact of weather anomalies on shallot seed production in West Lombok, Indonesia

Shallot (Allium cepaL.) is one of the strategic commodities in Indonesia, where the Province of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) is the third largest shallot-producing area. The main constraint in shallot cultivation is the limited availability of certified seeds and the weather strongly influences the cultivation. This paper discusses the impact of the 2021 weather anomaly on shallot seed production in West Lombok Regency, NTB Province, Indonesia. To produce and supply shallot seeds, the Super Phillip variety was planted in the period of May-June 2021 on farmers' land with an area of 4,000 m2of alluvial soil. There was a weather anomaly in June 2021, in the form of high rainy days up to 12 days and an increase in rainfall of 176 mm (414%) above normal, resulting in damage to the bulb enlargement phase andFusariumdisease attacks on plants older than 40 days which resulted in harvest failures. This weather anomaly resulted in crop failure and losses in almost 100% of shallot seed production. To anticipate failures and minimize risks to the shallot farming system in the future, it is necessary to learn and transfer technology to interpret rainfall prediction information and design a shallot planting calendar.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PARTISIPASI PETANI DALAM PROGRAM ASURANSI USAHA TANI PADI (AUTP) DI KECAMATAN PENGANDONAN

This study aims to determine the factors that influence farmer participation in the rice farming business insurance program (AUTP) in Pengandonan District. The methodology of this research was carried out with qualitative methods. Where the research uses statistical analysis using logistic regression analysis. Data obtained by distributing questionnaires and data obtained from farmers directly and equipped with secondary data, namely the relevant agencies. The results of this study are the factors that influence farmers' decisions in participating in the rice farming insurance program (AUTP), namely there are seven factors including: age, education, farming experience, land area, income, planting calendar and premiums. Of the seven factors, six factors have a significant effect on farmers' decisions in participating in the rice farming insurance program, namely age, education, farming experience, land area, income, and premiums. And one factor that has no significant effect on farmers' decisions in participating in the rice farming insurance program is the planting calendar factor. Keywords: Participation, insurance, farming, rice

Climate change impact and adaptation policy effectiveness on rice production in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Using historical data from 1986 to 2016, this study quantifies the impacts of climate change and measures the effectiveness of the Indonesian government’s climate change adaptation policies on rice production in 14 Indonesian provinces. Generally, the Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) estimation result showed that rises in temperature and precipitation negatively affected rice production, but relative humidity was beneficial for rice production. At the provincial level, the result of the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimation revealed that West Java was worst affected by climate change. Climate change adaptation policies, including a planting calendar map and farmer insurance, showed positive influence in increasing rice production. Further application of the planting calendar map and reinforced agricultural extension advice are advisable.

Rice Planting Calendar Application Development using Scrum

Indonesia is an agricultural country that produces more rice commodities than secondary crops. Many people who work as farmers choose the land to plant rice. Farmers experience several obstacles in determining the correct planting time to improve the rice harvest quality. A planting calendar is a method used by farmers to determine the scheduling of planting for one year. The rice planting calendar works based on rainfall and climate patterns. With the help of the latest technology, determining the rice planting calendar can be done quickly. The utilization of computer technology and algorithms such as Artificial Neural Network is helpful for forecasting rainfall using time series data accurately in the following month. The planting calendar is connected to data from the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) from each station in each region. The rice planting calendar is made on a mobile basis with the aim of providing convenience for users in their hands. This cropping calendar application was developed using the Scrum method. The application development stages consist of sprint planning, first sprint, second sprint, third sprint and usability testing. The results of the development of the sprint went well. After completing the story, it was continued with the usability testing stage using the System Usability Scale (SUS). The SUS test was given to 20 respondents who had criteria including farmers and landowners. The results of SUS on the rice planting calendar application got a score of 72.75, which was categorized as Good.

A participative system methodology to model pest dynamics in an agricultural setting

PurposeThis study aims to identify the most relevant causal factors and the feedback loops of the dynamics between Tuta absoluta incidence in tomato crops and farmers' reactions to the problem. The authors seek to develop a conceptual model based on farmers' know-how to address crop damage by T. absoluta at a local and regional levels in order to determine how to confront this problem in the tomato-growing region of Sáchica, Colombia.Design/methodology/approachCommunity-Based System Dynamics (CBSD) is a participatory research methodology in which a group of stakeholders identifies relevant variables and the cause-effect relations among them which are then arranged into a causal loop diagram. The authors implemented this methodology in a workshop, focused on the farmers' insights related to the pest situation at the local and regional level, to achieve a causal loop diagram that explained pest dynamics and their potential management.FindingsThe relevant factors for the presence of T. absoluta, seen in the causal loop diagram, vary regionally and locally. At the local level, the pest impacts tomato production, farmers' well-being and their cash flow, while at the regional level, it affects market dynamics and environment and promotes regional coordination among farmers. Farmers propose product innocuity as a key regional objective. They also proposed establishing a planting calendar and census of greenhouses to control the pest throughout the region and the tomato supply.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the synthesized model could not be validated with the farmers due to the COVID 19 epidemic. However, the authors held sessions with experts to analyze each result. Second, decision-makers from the local government did not participate in the workshop. Nevertheless, the approach of the workshop was aimed at understanding the mental models of the farmers since they are the ones who decide how pests are managed. Finally, even though farmers showed interest in projects aimed at proposing area-wide, long-term and wide pest control strategies, there is a risk that they will not adopt the proposed changes, due to risk aversion.Originality/valueCBSD has not been applied to agricultural systems to analyze impacts from pests at the local and regional levels. The results of this study contribute to designing future interventions for pest control in the region, along with the factors which may turn out to be “side effects” or unwanted results. To design pest control interventions at a regional level, a sound understanding of the variables or factors that control the system dynamics at various levels is required. This study represents the first step towards that end.

Spatial Distribution of Rice Planting Calendar in West Sumatra Province Based on MODIS Image Data

Each region has its own cropping pattern due to its particular characteristics. Crop production may be increased by adjusting the timing of planting. Remote sensing technologies can be used to monitor regions where planting occurs simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of uniformity at the beginning of the paddy cultivation season in West Sumatra. In each growing season, there are two early cultivation seasons in the West Sumatra province. 19% of the region started cultivation in the first period of the first cultivation season (CS1), and 81% in the second period. 4.2% of the region started cultivation in the first period of the second cultivation season (CS2), while 95.8% started planting in the second period. 35% of the region started planting in the first period of the third cultivation season (CS3), while 65% started planting in the second period. The level of uniformity at the beginning of the second cultivation season was higher than at the beginning of the first cultivation season