Forest Plantations In Brazil Research Articles

The Brazilian wood biomass supply and utilization focusing on eucalypt

Abstract Brazil has 8.51 million km2 of territorial area and a tropical climate. In 2010, the occupation of the Brazilian soil consists of 20.8% pasture, 6.8% agriculture, 0.8% forested areas, 61.0% natural forests, and 9.7% other areas. In 2012, of the total area of the country 3.25% (27.65 million ha) is occupied by soy bean cultivation and 1% (8.5 million ha) by sugar cane cultivation. In 2012, the main cultivated species in the country were Eucalyptus spp. (71.0%), Pinus spp. (21.75%), Acacia mearnsii and Acacia mangium (2.12%), Hevea brasiliensis (2.36%), and Schizolobium amazonicum (1.22%). From 2004 to 2012, the planted forest area growth was 50.4%. The main factor that boosted this growth was the demand of the pulp and paper, followed by wood-based panels sector. It is also notable the development of new planted forests in Brazil for energy purposes. In recent decades, scientific and technological advance shave resulted in significant improvements in productivity, resistance to diseases, uniform degree of the forest plantations, wood quality etc. Among the most researched species are the ones belonging to Eucalyptus gender for having excellent adaptability to the edaphoclimatic conditions in the country. The current average productivity of Eucalyptus is of 40.7 m3/ha·year. In some regions of the country the average productivity of Eucalyptus has reached 100 m3/ha·year. The Brazilian forestry industry uses mainly planted forests, and the pulp and paper industry consumes only this type of wood. The pulp and wood panel sectors are more technologically advanced in relation to the other wood products sectors.

Novos registros de Asopinae (Pentatomidae) predadores de lagartas Nystalea nyseus (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)

New records of Asopinae (Pentatomidae) predators of caterpillars Nystalea nyseus (Cramer, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). Defoliating caterpillars are important insect pests in forest plantations in Brazil. The aim of this study was to record the occurrence of predatory stinkbugs in outbreaks of Nystalea nyseus in eucalyptus plantations. The study was carried out in a seedling plantation of Eucalyptus saligna Smith in the municipality of Sao Sepe, Rio Grande do Sul. A visual inspection was performed to collect potential predators. The species Podisus nigrispinus, Brontocoris tabidus and Alcaeorrhynchus grandis, all belonging to the order Heteroptera and family Pentatomidae, were recorded. This may indicate the possibility of applied biological control with these predatory stinkbugs in population outbreaks of N. nyseus.

Atividade inseticida de Eugenia uniflora L. e Melia azedarach L. sobre Atta laevigata Smith

Leaf-cutting ants are among the major pest insects of planted forests in Brazil, causing economic damage since their implantation until their harvest. Because of environmental issues and forest certification requirements alternative methods are being developed to control the genus Atta. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactivity of Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) and chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) against soldiers of Atta laevigatta Smith. To this end, extracts from leaves were obtained at different concentrations by the following processes: decoction, infusion, maceration, alcohol and essential oil extraction. E. uniflora essential oil at 1.25, 2.5 and 5% concentrations presented significant insecticide activity on A. laevigata compared to other forms of extraction. M. azedarach alcohol extract at 10% also showed insecticidal potential. These extracts can be tested in field practice.

Avaliação do Desempenho Operacional do harvester 911.3 X3M em Áreas Declivosas

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as operacoes de corte florestal do harvester 911.3 X3M em diferentes classes de declividade e sentidos de operacao, bem como avaliar os movimentos nas distintas operacoes da maquina. Este harvester foi desenvolvido na Alemanha para atuar em declividades de ate 40o e ainda nao havia sido utilizado em plantacoes florestais no Brasil. Os resultados evidenciaram que a produtividade nao decresceu com o aumento da declividade, assim como os diferentes sentidos de operacao nao influenciaram no volume de madeira colhido por hora.

Efeito da área e da produtividade na produção de celulose no Brasil

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a evolução tecnológica da produção de madeira para celulose, para tanto, a produção de celulose de fibra curta derivada do eucalipto foi decomposta em efeito área e efeito produtividade. Para isso foi usado o modelo shift-share com o qual se verificou qual dessas duas variáveis mais contribuiu para a evolução na produção de celulose no país nos últimos anos. Foram avaliados os seguintes períodos: 1960 a 1970; 1970 a 1980; 1980 a 1990; 1990 a 2000; 2000 a 2007 e 1960 a 2007. No geral, foi observado que 1960 a 2007 o principal fator que explicou o crescimento da produção de celulose foi a produtividade, porém o valor baixo para o efeito área foi devido a sua expansão só ter começado na década de 90. Também foi observado que os reflorestamentos no Brasil são muito recentes quando comparado a outros países, mesmo assim o setor de celulose brasileiro conseguiu se tornar competitivo tanto no mercado nacional quanto no internacional.

A low-cost trap for Cerambycidae monitoring in forest plantations in Brazil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of a low-cost trap to capture Cerambycidae in different seasons in planted forests in Brazil. Thirty polyethylene-terephthalate trap bottles per hectare were used, disposed at every 50 m. The traps were red painted and contained glass flasks with a mixture of ethanol, methanol and benzaldehyde. There were soap and water at the trap bottom. The traps were checked biweekly for beetle presence. Sampling time required one minute per sample, and traps were easy to use. Total sampling cost, including materials and labor, was US$ 13.46 per sample. Six Cerambycidae species were captured along the dry and rainy seasons.

The determinants of reforestation in Brazil

This article analyses the main determinants of reforestation in Brazil during the 1980s and 1990s. In the year 2000 Brazil had the sixth largest planted forests area in the world. The planted forests in Brazil saw a huge increase from 1960 to 1985. Since then, however, that stock has decreased, but the demand for roundwood continues to increase. That situation will result in a scarcity of roundwood from reforestation in Brazil in few years. The expected roundwood scarcity motivates an econometric study to compare market forces and economic policies in stimulating the reforestation in Brazil. Considering the main firms reforesting in Brazil, it can be pointed out that small and medium farmers have been planting forests while private or public programmes are present. Otherwise, large wood-based firms consider factors other than prices (such as their future demand for roundwood) to be more important in their planting decisions. Those results cast doubts about the efficiency of the market price system in solving the future scarcity of roundwood in Brazil.

Influência de faixas de vegetação nativa em povoamentos de Eucalyptus cloeziana sobre população de Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

O eucalipto é a espécie florestal mais plantada no Brasil, e por pertencer à família Myrtaceae sofre ataques de insetos que migram de hospedeiros nativos dessa planta, entre os quais Oxydia vesulia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), espécie responsável por danos significativos a plantas desse grupo, em várias regiões do País. O estabelecimento e a preservação de reservas nativas têm sido uma das alternativas para reduzir a ação de agentes daninhos, pois promovem o aumento da diversidade ecológica e, conseqüentemente, favorecem a multiplicação e diversidade de inimigos naturais. Neste estudo, a coleta dos Lepidoptera foi realizada em duas situações, ou seja, em povoamentos de eucalipto sem e com faixas de vegetação nativa, utilizando armadilhas luminosas, dispostas em cinco diferentes situações de composição vegetal: 1 - no interior de uma área de cerrado a 100 m de sua borda; 2 - na zona de contato entre o cerrado e o eucaliptal; 3 - no interior do eucaliptal a 250 m de sua borda; 4 - no centro da faixa de cerrado, portanto a aproximadamente 500 m da borda; e 5 - no interior do eucaliptal a 750 m de sua borda. O. vesulia apresentou 329 indivíduos, sendo mais abundante no sistema sem faixas, com 266 indivíduos, e apenas 63 indivíduos no sistema com faixas. Essa espécie foi constante (51,43%) no sistema sem faixas e acessória (45,71%) no com faixas, com freqüência de 1,15 e 1,66%, respectivamente, com coleta de maior número de indivíduos dessa espécie a partir da segunda quinzena de fevereiro, em ambos os sistemas. No sistema com faixas, O. vesulia foi mais coletada no interior do eucaliptal a 250 m da borda, com 31 indivíduos, enquanto no sem faixas o maior número de indivíduos dessa espécie foi registrado no interior do eucaliptal a 750 m de sua borda.

World Forestry: Forest Plantations in Brazil and their Possible Effects on World Pulp Markets

Abstract Largely in response to fiscal incentives offered by the government, industrial firms in Brazil had planted eucalyptus and loblolly and slash pines (Pinus taeda, P. elliottii) on 3.8 million hectares by the end of 1979. An additional 0.5 million hectares may be planted annually through 1985. Annual growth is estimated at 20 cubic meters per hectare for pine and 25 cubic meters for eucalyptus. Some of the wood is needed to make charcoal for the nation's steel industry and to supply pulp for domestic needs, but the plantations should supply enough additional timber to allow export of very large amounts of chemical pulp by 1995.