Plantation Area Research Articles

Implementation of Agile Methods in GIS Web Applications for Land Suitability Selection

Perusahaan Daerah Perkebunan (PDP) Kahyangan is a Regional Owned Enterprise (BUMD) in Jember Regency which was formed in order to manage plantation commodities in 3 Main Plantations and two Subdivision Plantations. PDP’s profit contribution to Jember’s PAD (Pendapatan Asli Daerah) has continued to decline in recent years. With a target of PAD from plantation products in 2020 of 20 million rupiah, only 20% can be realized (4 million rupiah). Based on the 2023 PDP Kahyangan Jember Strategic Plan, one of the problems causing the opinion deficit is external factors. One of them is the suitability between the potential of the plants planted and the land conditions in a plantation area. Where land suitability, which is the carrying capacity of the land, has a significant effect on crop production. Based on the problems that have been presented, it is necessary to design a GIS-based Decision Support System (DSS), which can provide insight to researchers, practitioners and policy makers regarding the success of managing GIS data for the land suitability evaluation process so that it can increase agricultural productivity. Several stages that will be carried out include data collection, data preparation, and data processing carried out in GIS, then continued with implementation of Decision Support System. The used of agile methods to the application development process ensures that the application is built in a shorter time through the use of continuous iteration and testing thereby ensuring that the DSS implementation on the Web GIS application can run optimally.

Policy governance in the plantation sector: Challenges and impacts of palm oil in Riau Province, Indonesia

This study aims to examine and challenge the impact of local government policy governance on the oil palm plantation sector in Riau Province, Indonesia. It was discovered that 1,628 million hectares of illegal oil palm plantations are located within forest areas. Plantation area and crop harvest areas are declining due to the increase in damaged old plants, low productivity of plantation crops, inadequate facilities and infrastructure conditions, low technology application, plantation business licensing, limited downstream plantation industry and marketing, assistance in changing the attitudes, behavior, and skills of farmers. The methodology used was exploratory qualitative to explore this topic, and the determination of research topics was conducted using Biblioshiny application analysis. Then, the data was analyzed using Nvivo 12 Plus software. The results of this study discovered that the policy governance of the oil palm plantation sector as a leading commodity in Riau Province, Indonesia, is influenced by three dimensions: firstly, the actor dimension; secondly, the structural dimension; and third, the empirical dimension of governance. This research contributes as a knowledge reference to oil palm plantations.

Perbedaan Massa dan RPM Terhadap Adsorben Karbon Pelepah Sawit pada Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah

The statistics center in 2021 stated that North Sumatra is the second largest palm oil-producing province in Indonesia with a plantation area of 1,373.30 Ha. The use of cooking oil in Indonesia in 2021 was 18.4 million tons and increased by 6% from the previous year. This research utilizes palm fronds for the manufacture of adsorbents in cooking oil refining. The method used is carbonization with the help of pyrolysis. The carbon is chopped into powder and divided by variations of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 grams. Each gram is stirred using a shaker with speed variations of 50, 70, and 100 rpm. Turbidity is tested using a turbidimeter once every 20 minutes for 180 minutes. The results of the analysis showed that the best adsorbent weight in reducing used cooking oil was 4.5 grams with a turbidity level of 15.5 NTU and stirring of 100 rpm.

Study on Comparative Analysis of Production of Dry Fruit Economic Forest Products Based on Big Data

The analysis of economic forest products production in Shandong Province mainly focuses on economic forest production and output value as well as economic forest plantation area, capital and labour input. By analysing the above, the basic situation of economic forest products production in Shandong Province can be understood on a macro level, laying the foundation for the subsequent study of the relevant data of the farmers, and at the same time providing a reference for the relevant management. There is an obvious gap between the production value of economic forest products in Shandong Province and that of the whole country. By combining modern information technologies such as 3S, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and other modern information technologies, we have established an integrated modern forest cultivation technology system ranging from the intelligent evaluation of forest terrain conditions, ecological environment simulation and simulation to the precise monitoring and diagnosis of forest growth, intelligent equipment and variable irrigation and fertilisation, etc. It is of great practical significance to expand the scale of production value of economic forest products in Shandong Province and narrow the gap with the national average level by carrying out research on the production and management efficiency of economic forest products in Shandong Province.

Meteorological Impacts on Rubber Tree Powdery Mildew and Projections of Its Future Spatiotemporal Pattern

Meteorological conditions play a crucial role in driving outbreaks of rubber tree powdery mildew (RTPM). As the climate warms and techniques improve, rubber cultivation is expanding to higher latitudes, and the changing climate increases the RTPM risk. Rubber plantations on Hainan Island, situated on the northern margin of the tropics, have been selected as a case study to explore the meteorological mechanisms behind RTPM outbreaks quantitatively using a structural equation model, and project current and future RTPM outbreak patterns under different climate change scenarios by building predictive models based on data-driven algorithms. The following results were obtained: (1) days with an average temperature above 20 °C and days with light rain were identified as key meteorological drivers of RTPM using structural equation modeling (R2 = 0.63); (2) the Bayesian-optimized least-squares boosted trees ensemble model accurately predicted the interannual variability in the historical RTPM disease index (R2 = 0.79); (3) currently, due to the increased area of rubber plantations in the central region of Hainan, there is a higher risk of RTPM; and (4) under future climate scenarios, RTPM shows a decreasing trend (at a moderate level), with oscillating and sporadic outbreaks primarily observed in the central and northwest regions. We attribute this to the projected warming and drying trends that are unfavorable for RTPM. Our study is expected to enhance the understanding of the impact of climate change on RTPM, provide a prediction tool, and underscore the significance of the climate-aware production and management of rubber.

The Dynamics of Social, Economic, and Cultural Changes and the Role of Institutions in Supporting Agribusiness Development in The Oil Palm Plantation Area

The purpose of this research is to reveal the dynamics of social, economic, and cultural changes in agribusiness institutions in oil palm development locations. Then reveal the role of each agribusiness institution in the location of oil palm development. Using a qualitative approach to build a post-positivism approach. The research location is limited to the community (in this case farmers), consisting of independent farmers and plasma farmers. The results of the study found that there were changes in demographic patterns around oil palm plantations that other researchers had not uncovered (the findings of this study), namely social stratification, patterns of indirect (easier) interactions, and improved health status. The role of institutions in supporting agriculture is very vital in accommodating the interests of farmers. The farmer groups formed are capable of acting as learning vehicles, production units, and collaboration vehicles. In terms of increasing the capacity of farmers, extension agents also play an important role in supporting farming. Specifically, Cooperatives do not only partner, providing production, transportation, and Marketing Facilities, besides that there is risk management. Risk management covered by cooperatives is engineering business, financial, social, and legal risk management.

The Impact of Rainfall on Oil Palm Production: A Case Study in Berau Regency, East Borneo, Indonesia

This study examines the impact of rainfall on oil palm growth and productivity in the Berau region of East Borneo, Indonesia. The research utilized qualitative and quantitative field studies, employing correlation and regression analysis. The study focused on the oil palm plantation area as its subject. Data was collected from a plantation in the Berau region of East Borneo. The plantation has homogeneous plant age (same planting year, 2009) and homogeneous progeny (Scofindo variety) and is included in the company's core plantation. The observation parameters included rainfall, rainy days, fresh fruit bunches, and plant productivity. It was found that rainfall and rainy days have an impact on oil palm productivity. The regression results indicate a positive correlation between rainfall and oil palm productivity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.025109171. However, rainy days have a negative effect on oil palm productivity, with a correlation coefficient of -0.036778304, despite being positively correlated with rainfall. The correlation coefficient of 0.768386269 indicates a direct impact on reducing oil palm productivity. Rainfall indirectly affects oil palm productivity by influencing temperature, humidity, intensity, and length of daily irradiation. These factors directly affect the productivity of oil palm plants.

The Coffee Trail Planning as an Effort to Develop Coffee Agrotourism in Cibeureum Village Kuningan Regency

The Regent of Kuningan revealed that the typical coffee of Kuningan Regency has the potential to increase economic and tourism activities. The purpose of this study are to determine the potential and uniqueness of the plantation area and coffee factory in Cibeureum Village, Kuningan Regency. Planning a coffee trail that is in accordance with the potential and uniqueness of coffee plantations and factories so that it can become a coffee agro-tourism product and promote coffee agro-tourism. The analytical method that will be used in this research is the descriptive analysis method. The data used is qualitative data obtained from the results of the researcher's in-depth observations and interviews with related parties. Planning a coffee trail is able to combine everything into a complete coffee journey, starting from the planting process, picking coffee, selecting coffee beans, drying coffee beans, roasting coffee beans, grinding the coffee beans and finally being able to enjoy the coffee. Coffee trails must be positioned as the most interesting form of coffee tourism activity and can improve the experience of tourists, especially coffee lovers, in exploring coffee agrotourism.

Variation in water utilization by mammal diversity in Khao Phaeng Ma Non-hunting area, Thailand

Access to suitable water sources is important for mammals. This study aimed to compared mammal diversity and water use among water springs, standard artificial ponds, and water pans within the Khao Phaeng Ma Non-Hunting Area in 2020 and 2021. Two camera traps were installed at each water sources for 749 nights with a total of 12 camera traps of 6 water sources. A total of 19,467 photographs were recorded comprising 13,777 photographs of gaur (Bos gaurus, vulnerable and the most important species in the area), and 5690 photographs of other mammals. In the wet season, relative use was highest at standard artificial pond number 2, which is established in the forest plantation area (4 × 4 m spacing, 12–20 m height, and 60%–80 % crown cover) and has a high volume of water, and at water pan number 1, which mimics a natural water spring in the man-made grassland and can supply water to mammals throughout the year. In the dry seasons, relative use was highest at water pan numbers 1 and 2; at the same time, other water sources dried up. During the study period, the number of mammal species was highest at water pan number 1 (10 species, diversity index [H′] = 1.38), and water pan number 2 (11 species, H′ = 1.75). Grazers and browsers, including gaur, sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), northern red muntjac (Muntiacus vaginalis), omnivores (e.g. wild boar, Sus scrofa), and Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), used the water pan in the artificial grassland and standard artificial pond in the forest plantation rather than the water spring in the dry evergreen forest. Beside forest types, the use of water springs was associated with water period (months), while the use of standard artificial pond and water pans was associated with water surface area, water depth, altitude, species diversity, and species richness, and number of mammals photographed. The results show that water pans were more suitable for utilization by mammals than are other water sources.

Research on optimal allocation of soil and water resources based on water–energy–food–carbon nexus

Current population growth and rapid urbanization in China have intensified the demand for water, energy, and food. This is threatening the intertwined global water, energy, and food security. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate interconnected and interdependent water, energy, food, and carbon policies. In this study, based on the theory of water–energy–food–carbon nexus, a soil and water resource optimization allocation model was developed by establishing an optimization modeling framework to achieve coordination between various sectors of water allocation. The model is an effective decision-making tool that fully considers the close relationship within the nexus system, and multiple uncertainty conditions. It was applied on the Fen River Basin in Shanxi Province as the study area, and a series of optimized allocation schemes were obtained. The results indicated that the current water allocation to each sector is meeting its minimum water demand. The planting structure optimization of two crops, wheat and corn, reduces the regional agricultural water consumption. For example, in dry years, the area of wheat cultivation (which needs more irrigation and has lower net economic benefits) is reduced and that of corn (which needs less irrigation and consumes less water) is increased in each subdistrict. The wheat plantation area in the midstream and downstream is decreased by 2.08% and 26.25%, respectively. The water use structure of crops indicated that precipitation and groundwater resources significantly contribute to the production of both crops throughout the entire growth process. This model can be applied in other regions; the model's economic and ecological benefits are combined so that decision makers can consider the stability of the water–energy–food–carbon system and provide optimal resource allocation under various scenarios, contributing to achieving the goal of sustainable development.

Peningkatan Kesadaran Terhadap K3 Melalui Penggunaan Apd Bagi Pekerja Di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Desa Sesulu, Penajam Paser Utara

Success in implementing occupational safety and health in the workplace depends largely on the level of knowledge, understanding and awareness of workers. This is reflected in the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) while working. The more disciplined workers are in using PPE, the better the implementation of K3 at the job site. The purpose of this program is to increase the awareness of workers in the Sesulu village oil palm plantation on the importance of using PPE while working, so that occupational safety and health can be realized properly. This activity will be held on July 25-26, 2023, located in the oil palm plantation area of Sesulu village, Waru District, North Penajam Paser Utara. The approach used is the provision of education and counseling to workers. The form of implementation consists of providing material, discussion, evaluation and providing PPE as a form of concern for the importance of implementing K3. This program is expected to have a positive impact and be able to raise awareness in maintaining and maintaining K3

Mite Species Exceeding the Economic Damage Threshold in the Tea Plantation Areas in Türkiye and Population Dynamics in the 2nd and 3rd Harvesting Periods

The main goal of this study was to determine the mite species exceeding the economic damage threshold level during the 2nd and 3rd harvesting periods and population levels. This study was carried out in tea plantation areas in Artvin, Rize and Trabzon provinces from july to october in the second and third harvesting periods of 2023. Tea leaves were collected from the field by random sampling method by determining 3 districts from each province two times per month (Artvin; Sarp, Hopa Arhavi, Rize; Ardeşen, Çayeli, Derepazarı, Trabzon; Of, Sürmene 1, Sürmene 2). As a result of our study, it was determined that Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Acari: Tarsonemidae), the most common species, exceeded the economic damage threshold in all months and in all locations. Especially in the samples collected from Sarp region in September, the number of mites per leaf was recorded as 116,73. Brevipalpus phoenicis (Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae) was detected as a second most common species and found at exceeded EDT in all months in the Sarp region. The same situation was observed in Çayelin in September. Both mite species that exceeded economic damage threshold (yellow tea mite and flat mite) were most frequently observed in september. Tetranychus urticae, Tydeus californicus, Calacarus carinatus, Tuckerella sp., mite species were found at some study points, and number of individuals did not exceed economic damage threshold except Calacarus carinatus Hopa region october samples.

Evaluation and Source Apportionment on Potentially Toxic Elements Pollution of Agricultural Soil in Mango Planting Areas in Panzhihua City, China

ABSTRACT Heavy metal pollution in agricultural soil has a wide range of sources and an enormous scope of influence, bringing about severe environmental risk. In this study, we used Pearson correlation analysis, combined with principal component and cluster analysis (PCA/CA) to comprehensively analyze the sources of soil heavy metal contamination in a mango plantation area in Panzhihua City. We performed a spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination levels via ArcGIS for single factor and Nemerow Contamination Index. The results showed that PTEs exceeded background values of soil pollution in Sichuan Province. The enrichment of Cr, Ni and Zn were caused by the development of local industry. Cu is mainly from atmospheric dust. Various pollution sources controlled the accumulation of Cd, whereas that of As and Pb were related to agricultural activities and transportation. The spatial distribution of the pollution indices indicated that the soil in the study area was mild to severe pollution with compound PTEs. Chemical speciation analysis showed that the ecological risk of PTEs enrichment in the study area was slight. This study highlights the geographic distribution of heavy metal contamination levels and source resolution, providing targeting for local regulatory authorities to improve soil environmental quality.

Zoning the occurrence of Thyrinteina arnobia in eucalypts and its relationship with the spectral behaviour of canopies and soil attributes

This study aimed to outline areas at risk of the occurrence of eucalypt defoliator caterpillars and their relationship with variations in the spectral behaviour of canopies and soil attributes. The study was conducted in three eucalypt plantation areas of the Bracell Bahia company, located in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Initially, the spatiotemporal distribution of climatic variables and water balance was evaluated. Subsequently, using geographic information systems and fuzzy logic, occurrence risk zoning was developed for defoliator caterpillars associated with different classes of eucalypt crop aptitude. After defining the areas at risk of pest occurrence, specific plots in different aptitude classes were selected to assess, intra-plot, characteristics that can increase or reduce the risk of defoliator caterpillar attack and damage intensity, as well as the plant’s ability to recover after a controlled outbreak. Information on the spectral behaviour of the canopies and the availability of nutrients in the soil was used in this step. Zone modelling enabled the delineation of areas and periods at a higher risk of pest occurrence for the different aptitude conditions of the eucalypt crop. The intra-plot methodology proved that the class of eucalypt crop aptitude with the greatest potential for recovering vegetative vigour 60 days after caterpillar damage was the apt class. This result can be attributed to K limitation and the high spatial resolution of the PlanetScope orbital sensor.

PERAN KEPALA DESA DALAM MENINGKATKAN MUTU SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA (SDM) MASYARAKAT DI DESA CISALAM KECAMATAN BAROS KABUPATEN SERANG BANTEN

ABSTRACT
 The success of a village cannot be separated from the role of the Village Head as a leader in the village, thus the role of the Village Head is very important needed in the process of improving the quality of Human Resources in order to facilitate development, as well as increasing public awareness to participate in improving the quality of human resources. Human Resources in Cisalam Village. In Cisalam Village, Baros District, Serang Regency, the natural resources are very adequate seen from the area of ​​plantations and rice fields with the majority of the people living as farmers, farm laborers, employees and traders. And the Cisalam village community has a low level of education. This study aims to: 1) To determine the role of the village head in improving the quality of human resources in Cisalam Village, Baros District, Serang Regency. 2) To find out what obstacles hinder the role of the village head in improving the quality of human resources in Cisalam Village, Baros District, Serang Regency. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative, namely describing and interpreting existing data to describe reality in accordance with the actual phenomenon. And the results of this study indicate that: 1) The role of the village head in improving the quality of human resources is quite good. 2) Human resources in Cisalam village are still relatively low.

Obstacles of conflicts on banana production and marketing in the agricultural development project of Merka district in Lower Shabelah region, south Somalia

The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic impact of the decline in banana exports in the Merka district, Somalia. Bananas and their business constitute the backbone of Somalia's economy, being the second most crucial component after livestock. Various reasons, including the civil war in Somalia and poor security, led banana companies to cease exporting, resulting in a significant economic impact on Somali society. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey approach, distributing a designed questionnaire to the target population comprising 60 banana experts, farmers, economists, and other exporters. The researchers used the Slovenian formula to determine a sample size of 52 individuals and employed a non-probability purposive sampling method. For data analysis, descriptive statistical analysis with mean and standard deviation was conducted using the SPSS application version 16. According to the study's results, the majority of respondents, 69.2 per cent, attributed the fall in banana exports to a lack of security. Similarly, 48.1 per cent of respondents attributed the decline to inappropriate marketing. Additionally, 36.5 per cent of respondents agreed that the lack of infrastructure was the cause, while 42.3 per cent attributed it to the absence of government facilities. I strongly agree with this assessment. Finally, 30.8 per cent of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed that land conflicts were responsible for the decline in banana exports in Merka, Somalia. The researchers recommended enhancing security in banana plantation areas, modernising existing markets and exploring new ones, incentivising local production and improving infrastructure, particularly roads connecting plantations to markets.

Optimizing Supplier Selection in Indonesia Through Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

This study introduces a structured multi-criteria decision-making framework using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), applied to evaluate suppliers based on quality, price, quantity of supply, and plantation area. Effective supplier selection is crucial for maintaining supply chain efficiency. By employing the Expert Choice 11 software, the AHP method quantitatively assessed each criterion, resulting in a definitive ranking of suppliers. The analysis highlighted the paramount importance of quality in supplier selection, assigning it the highest weight (0.565). The outcomes reveal that a meticulous application of AHP significantly enhances decision-making in supplier selection, suggesting its broader applicability in global supply chain management contexts to improve operational efficacy and resilience. Highlights: Structured Evaluation: The AHP method provides a systematic approach to supplier assessment. Emphasis on Quality: Quality is the dominant criterion in supplier selection with the highest weight. Operational Improvement: Implementing AHP enhances supply chain efficiency and decision accuracy. Keywords: Supplier Selection, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Expert Choice

Effect of cover crop on soil fertility and bacterial diversity in a banana plantation in southwestern China

A cover crop can be an effective strategy to mitigate soil degradation in crops, such as banana. In this study, soil bacterial diversity, chemical properties, enzymatic activities, and bacterial nutrient-related functional genes were examined in the intercropping area of a banana plantation from 2018 to 2020 that had conventional tillage with bare soil (CT), natural weed cover (WC), which was primarily goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaerth), or a cover crop of cultivated Siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum (DC.) Urb.) (SC). By 2020, SC followed by WC and CT treatments were higher in soil organic matter, available nitrogen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content as well as increased phosphatase, catalase, invertase and urease activities. Compared to CT and WC treatments, the co-occurrence network of SC treatment had higher modularity index indicating a more stable bacterial community. The composition of community was significantly different between the CT and SC treatments in 2019 and 2020, and the WC treatment in 2020. The relative abundance of fatty acids and lipid biosynthesis genes in the soil bacterial microbiome were significantly higher with SC compared to CT and WC in 2019 and 2020, as well as for carbon and nitrogen functional genes in 2020. However, the relative abundance of nucleoside and nucleoside biosynthesis genes were significantly lower with SC compared to CT and WC in 2020. SC treatment increased the relative abundance of Bradyrhizobium and MND1 related to nitrogen cycle and utilization compared to CT in 2019 and 2020. In general, the major benefits of a Siratro cover crop was increased soil organic matter, nitrogen content, and nitrogen fixing bacteria, as well as a more stable soil bacterial community, indicating that it provided multiple potential benefits to the soil of banana.

Analysis of Distribution Patterns of Environmental Risk Factors with Malaria Incidents in the Working Area of the Tanjung Tiram Community Health Center, Batu Bara Regency

<p><em>Environmental conditions have a big influence on the incidence of malaria because a bad environment can increase the breeding and proliferation of Anopheles mosquitoes. The aim of this research is to determine environmental risk factors and distribution patterns of malaria in the Tanjung Tiram Community Health Center working area, Batubara Regency. This research method is analytical observational with a case control research design and an ecological approach. This research was conducted in the working area of the Tanjung Tiram Health Center, Batu Bara Regency, which was carried out from April to July 2023. Population 40,604 people. The sampling technique was purposive sampling so that the research sample was 100 people. Data collection uses questionnaires and observation sheets. Data analysis using the bivariate Chi square test on SPSS version 20 software and Analysis of malaria case distribution mapping using the Geographic Information System (GIS) application to describe the distribution pattern of malaria in Batubara Regency. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between environmental risk factors such as ceilings (p-value=0.000), wall type (p-value=0.000), ventilation (p-value=0.000), wall density (p-value=0.000), partitions on windows (p-value=0.000), the presence of puddles (p-value=0.000), gutters (p-value=0.000) and swamps around the house (p-value=0.000). The distribution of Malaria cases in Tanjung Tiram District, Batubara Regency is not spread across all areas in the district, this means that the highest number of malaria cases occur in mixed plantation areas. By depicting the distribution pattern in the form of a map, it can optimize the reduction in the incidence of malaria cases.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords: Environment, Geographic Information System, Malaria</em></strong>

Analysis of 10-m Sentinel-2 imagery and a re-normalization approach reveals a declining trend in the latest rubber plantations in Xishuangbanna

Natural rubber is one of the four main raw materials of industry and a globally important strategic material. Rubber plantations with agroforestry attributes have undergone rapid growth in the northern part of mainland Southeast Asia (including Xishuangbanna) since the 1990s, leading to a series of eco-environmental effects on biological diversity, climate change, carbon stocks, and hydrological processes. Accurate, detailed, and updated spatial information on rubber plantations, therefore, is fundamental for developing efficient management strategies. Currently, the booming rubber plantations are being experienced new changes in Xishuangbanna. The commonly used coarser spatial resolution satellite data (e.g., 250-m MODIS and/or 30-m Landsat) have limited applications because most plantations are often small and scattered, especially in the mountainous areas. Here, we developed a straightforward and effective re-normalization of red green normalized difference vegetation index (ReNDI) approach based on finer resolution (10-m) Sentinel-2 imagery, and then mapped the first annual 10-m rubber plantations in the entire Xishuangbanna during 2018–2021. Interestingly, rubber plots no longer expanded as rapidly as in past decades and even decreased slightly. The latest area of rubber plantations was 2514.7 km2, a decrease of 31.9 km2 comparing since 2018, with an average overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of four-year reached up to 95.37 % and 0.90, respectively. Among them, Jinghong city and Menghai county increased by 52.4 km2 and 14.8 km2 respectively, and Mengla county decreased by 99.1 km2. The main area of rubber expansion was around the Jinghong city, where rubber was initially planted. More importantly, owing to pursuing increased economic benefits and requirements of environmental protection, a considerable portion of the rubber encroachment has disappeared, particularly near roads and rivers. Our phenology-based ReNDI algorithm not only enriches the remotely-sensed methods for other industrial plantations mapping, but also provides a new chance to understanding the current patterns of rubber plantations (i.e., increase and decrease), which will contributed to rational planting planning and agroforestry management in the future, especially in the tropics.