Wetland Plants Research Articles

Telomere-to-telomere Phragmites australis reference genome assembly with a B chromosome provides insights into its evolution and polysaccharide biosynthesis

Phragmites australis is a globally distributed grass species (Poaceae) recognized for its vast biomass and exceptional environmental adaptability, making it an ideal model for studying wetland ecosystems and plant stress resilience. However, genomic resources for this species have been limited. In this study, we assembled a chromosome-level reference genome of P. australis containing one B chromosome. An explosion of LTR-RTs, centered on the Copia family, occurred during the late Pleistocene, driving the expansion of P. australis genome size and subgenomic differentiation. Comparative genomic analysis showed that P. australis underwent two whole gene duplication events, was segregated from Cleistogenes songorica at 34.6 Mya, and that 41.26% of the gene families underwent expansion. Based on multi-tissue transcriptomic data, we identified structural genes in the biosynthetic pathway of pharmacologically active Phragmitis rhizoma polysaccharides with essential roles in rhizome development. This study deepens our understanding of Arundinoideae evolution, genome dynamics, and the genetic basis of key traits, providing essential data and a genetic foundation for wetland restoration, bioenergy development, and plant stress.

The Impacts of Different Salinities on the CW-MFC System for Treating Concentrated Brine

This paper aims to comprehensively explore the performance and influencing factors of the constructed wetland–microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) system when treating brine with different concentrations. The main objective is to determine how different salinity levels affect the operation and treatment efficiency of the CW-MFC system. The research results show that Bruguiera gymnorrhiza exhibits strong salt tolerance and can be used as a wetland plant for the CW-MFC system. The closed-circuit CW-MFC system with planted plants has the best performance, with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of 84.8%, a total nitrogen (TN) removal rate of 68.12%, and a chloride ion (Cl−) removal rate of 29.96%. The maximum power density is 64.79% higher than that of the system without planted plants. The power generation performance of the system first increases and then decreases with the increase in salinity, while the internal resistance keeps decreasing. When the salinity is 2%, the power generation effect is the best, with an average output voltage of 617.3 ± 25.7 mV and a power density of 45.83 mW/m2. The removal rates of COD and TN are inhibited with the increase in salinity, while the removal rate of total phosphorus (TP) is not significantly affected. The microbial community grows well under salt stress, but its structure is different. When the salinity is 1%, the optimal distance between electrodes is 10 cm. Considering the pollutant removal performance, the optimal hydraulic retention time is 3 days, and considering the power generation performance, the optimal hydraulic retention time is 2 days. This research provides important value for improving the performance of the CW-MFC system in treating brine.

Efficiency of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud. and Typha latifolia L. in remediating methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) from Ilam gas refinery wastewater: Isotherm and kinetic studies.

This study presents a novel, eco-friendly method for removing methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) from wastewater, addressing its environmental impact and elevated chemical oxygen demand (COD) from gas refineries. We employed two wetland plants, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia, utilizing a hydroponics approach to assess MDEA removal efficiency. Wastewater samples from the Ilam gas refinery in Iran were tested at varying initial concentrations (50 to 1600ppm) over three consecutive 7-day periods, with a 1-day rest interval. Key factors influencing MDEA absorption-contact time, initial effluent concentration, and pH-were systematically analyzed. Results indicated a significant decrease in pH, COD, and MDEA concentration during the first four days. Kinetic modeling employed pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) models, alongside adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dobinin-Radeshkovich, and Louis), to evaluate MDEA absorption capacity. The Langmuir isotherm best described the absorption characteristics of both plants. Maximum adsorption capacities were recorded for P. australis at 1.181, 2.018, and 3.77mg/L across the experimental periods, while T. latifolia showed values of 0.779, 1.099, and 2.99mg/L. Kinetic analysis favored the pseudo-second-order model for both species. Our findings suggest that P. australis is the more effective candidate for phytoremediation of MDEA in wastewater treatment applications.

Interaction Between Root Exudates and PFOS Mobility: Effects on Rhizosphere Microbial Health in Wetland Ecosystems

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), a persistent organic pollutant, poses significant ecological risks. This study investigates the effects of PFOS on rhizosphere microbial communities of two wetland plants, Lythrum salicaria (LS) and Phragmites communis (PC). We conducted microcosm experiments to analyze the physiological status of soil microbes under varying PFOS concentrations and examined the role of root exudates in modulating PFOS mobility. Flow cytometry and soil respiration measurements revealed that PFOS exposure increased microbial mortality, with differential impacts observed between LS and PC rhizospheres. LS root exudates intensified microbial stress, whereas PC exudates mitigated PFOS toxicity. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that LS exudates decreased PFOS mobility, leading to higher local concentrations and increased microbial toxicity, while PC exudates enhanced PFOS mobility, reducing its local impact. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy of root exudates identified compositional shifts under PFOS stress, highlighting distinct defense strategies in LS and PC. These findings underscore the importance of plant-microbe interactions and root exudate composition in determining microbial resilience to PFOS contamination.

High-resolution characterization of rhizosphere oxygen (O2) dynamics in different wetland plant species after light/dark transitions

High-resolution characterization of rhizosphere oxygen (O2) dynamics in different wetland plant species after light/dark transitions

Geographic Distribution Patterns of Soil Microbial Community Assembly Process in Mangrove Constructed Wetlands, Southeast China

Constructed wetlands, as an emerging wastewater treatment system, have been widely used worldwide due to their high purification efficiency and low investment and operating costs. Wetland plants, on the other hand, together with their inter-root microbes, significantly affect the ecological functions of constructed wetlands. The mangrove constructed wetland within Futian District, Shenzhen, China, is a typical wastewater treatment area, but the structure and function of its soil microbial community remain largely unexplored. In this study, the assembly and processes of the soil microbial communities in this constructed wetland were intensively investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology. Our results showed that the three mangrove plants had significant effects on the soil bacterial microbial community α-diversity, insignificant effects on β-diversity, and significant effects on fungal α-diversity and β-diversity. The abundance of genera changed significantly between the treatment groups, such as the genus Candidatus_Udaeobacter for bacteria versus Russula for fungi, and the random forest model showed that rare genera (e.g., Acidibacter, Dyella, Sebacina, and Lachnellula) also play an important role in microbial community construction. Community assembly revealed the deterministic process of soil bacterial and fungal communities under different mangrove species. Overall, this study enhanced our understanding of soil microbial community composition and diversity in constructed wetlands ecosystems, providing insights into their manageability.

Better safe than sorry: the unexpected drought tolerance of a wetland plant (Cyperus alternifolius L.).

A common assumption of plant hydraulic physiology is that high hydraulic efficiency must come at the cost of hydraulic safety, generating a trade-off that raises doubts about the possibility of selecting both productive and drought-tolerant herbaceous crops. Wetland plants typically display high productivity, which requires high hydraulic efficiency to sustain transpiration rates coupled to CO2 uptake. Previous studies have suggested high vulnerability to xylem embolism of different wetland plants, in line with expected trade-offs. However, some hygrophytes like Cyperus alternifolius L. can also experience prolonged periods of low water levels leading to substantial drought stress. We conducted an in-depth investigation of this species' hydraulic safety and efficiency by combining gas exchange measurements, hydraulic measurements of leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety, optical measurements of xylem vulnerability to embolism, and determination of cell turgor changes under drought. Our data confirm the high hydraulic efficiency of this wetland species, but at the same time, reveal its surprising drought tolerance in terms of turgor loss point and critical water potential values inducing xylem embolism and hydraulic failure, which were well below values inducing turgor loss and full stomatal closure. C. alternifolius emerges as a highly productive plant that is also well-equipped to tolerate drought via a combination of early stomatal closure and delayed onset of hydraulic damage. The species might represent a model plant to develop crops combining two of the most desirable traits in cultivated plants, i.e., high yield and significant drought tolerance.

Similarities and differences in physiological adaptation to cadmium interactions with nitrogen levels between two aquatic iris life forms in urban wetlands.

Plants play a key role in the ecological restoration of urban wetlands. Previous studies have shown that heavy-metal accumulation capacities and adaptation strategies of wetland plants may be related to their life forms. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) on the adaptation strategies of two evergreen and deciduous aquatic iris life forms under cadmium (Cd) stress. Our results showed that Cd stress decreased the gas exchange parameters and biomass in both evergreen and deciduous irises. However, the interactions between N and Cd reversed this effect. Specifically, for deciduous irises, the shoot mass (SM) and root-to-shoot ratio (S/R) increased with higher N concentrations, whereas in evergreen irises, these parameters initially increased and then decreased as N levels increased, suggesting that the two life forms have different efficiencies in utilizing N. Additionally, under the combined stress of N and Cd, evergreen irises exhibited higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant enzyme activity than deciduous irises, whereas deciduous irises had higher chlorophyll content and aboveground biomass. These findings suggest that evergreen and deciduous irises employ distinct adaptive strategies to Cd toxicity; evergreen irises mitigate oxidative stress through enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, whereas deciduous irises dilute Cd toxicity by increasing biomass. These results provide valuable insight into the use of different aquatic iris life forms for heavy-metal pollution remediation in wetlands.

Great Lakes coastal wetland plant biodiversity increases following the manual removal of invasive Phragmites australis

Great Lakes coastal wetland plant biodiversity increases following the manual removal of invasive Phragmites australis

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles and Cd2+ accumulated by Portulaca oleracea L. using a hydroponic system: Constructed wetland perspective.

To identify cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) and Cd hyperaccumulators for Cd-contaminated waters. A potential species of constructed wetland plants (P. oleracea) was examined for their CdS NPs and Cd ions tolerance and accumulation. This study evaluated the P. oleracea life traits response, Cd accumulation, bioaccumulation factor (BCF), and translocation factor (TF) to assess their abilities to absorb and accumulate Cd. P. oleracea demonstrates high tolerance to both CdS NPs and Cd stress, with no significant effects observed on biomass, leaf color, plant height, or root length. High accumulation of Cd was noted in plant tissues, with higher Cd in the roots than in the stems and leaves. The Cd levels in plants subjected to CdS NPs were higher than those in the Cd treatment group. CdS NPs aggregates were identified within the plant cells in root and shoot tissues using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The BCF values ranged from 6.96 to 548.10 for the Cd treatment and 12.91-499.66 for CdS NPs, indicating the ability of P. oleracea to accumulate Cd and NPs. Additionally, TF values for Cd at 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L were above 1, showing effective translocation capability. The findings suggest that P. oleracea demonstrates significant potential as a Cd-hyperaccumulator, exhibiting a robust ability to extract Cd and CdS NPs from contaminated waters. It is a feasible plant in a constructed wetland for Cd removal.

Influence of different flooding depth on wetland plant Phalaris arundinacea

Global climate change and human activities have exacerbated changes in spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation, resulting in inundation stress for many wetland plants. We employed the double basin method to investigate the impact of varying inundation depths on Phalaris arundinacea aiming to elucidate its adaptive mechanisms to inundation. Water levels were set at various depths, ranging from 0 cm to 84 cm in 12 cm increments, and the experiment was conducted over a period of 60 days. It was found that different water levels had significant effects on the growth and physiological indices of the wetland plant (p < 0.01). As the water level increased from 0 cm to 84 cm, the overall plant height and biomass decreased significantly. The plant height in the 0 cm water level group increased significantly from 48.36 cm to 103.36 cm within 60 days (p < 0.01), and the plant died after 20 days at water levels of 48 cm and above; Chlorophyll (a + b) content showed a bimodal fluctuation and overall significant decrease in the 0 cm − 36 cm water level group (p < 0.01), and carotenoid content increased significantly (p < 0.01); POD activity was higher in the 0 cm − 36 cm water level groups, and SOD activity was higher in the 48 cm − 84 cm water level groups; the SP content increased significantly (p < 0.01), and the total soluble sugar and proline content decreased significantly (p < 0.01); The effects of water level gradient and testing time on the indices were significant (p < 0.01) and the interaction was significant (p < 0.01). In general, P. arundinacea exhibits tolerance to water stress, surviving within the 0 cm − 36 cm water levels range, with the 0 cm water level being most favorable for its growth and development.

Study on the Optimization of Carbon Sequestration in Shanghai’s Urban Artificial Wetlands: The Cases of Shanghai Fish and Dishui Lake

The study focused on optimizing carbon sequestration in urban artificial wetlands, using the Shanghai Fish and Dishui Lake as case studies. As cities like Shanghai experienced rapid urbanization, natural wetland areas diminished, making artificial wetlands essential for carbon storage and ecosystem preservation. The study investigated how various factors—such as plant species, wetland size, and landscape patterns—influenced carbon sequestration. Through field surveys and remote sensing, carbon density changes from 2018 to 2023 were analyzed using grid-based landscape pattern metrics. Results showed significant spatial variation in carbon sequestration, with larger, more fragmented wetland patches contributing more to carbon storage. Emergent plants, particularly Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia, demonstrated the highest carbon sequestration potential. The research proposed three optimization models (point, linear, and planar) tailored for different wetland areas, focusing on expanding plant diversity, enhancing landscape complexity, and improving patch distribution. After optimization, carbon storage in the Shanghai Fish wetland was projected to increase by 2.6 times, while Dishui Lake’s carbon storage was expected to grow by 3.5 times. The study concluded that carefully planned wetland management, emphasizing plant species selection and spatial design, could significantly enhance carbon sequestration, contributing to Shanghai’s carbon neutrality goals. The research provided valuable insights for urban ecological planning, highlighting the role of artificial wetlands in climate regulation.

Investigation of Floating Peat Wetlands, Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California

Tidal wetland restoration is integral to achieving the Delta coequal goals. Deeply subsided islands limit the potential for tidal wetland restoration. Floating peats may offer an opportunity to create tidal habitat in the subsided western and central Delta. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to assess the feasibility of floating peat blocks, and the potential food-web benefits, biomass production, carbon sequestration, methane emissions, and water-quality effects. We evaluated the effect of varying water residence time and initial peat-block density. The peat blocks floated during the entire experiment, and accreted biomass at rates consistent with those reported for Delta non-tidal managed wetlands. Peat blocks placed in mesocosms with 45% open water expanded horizontally about 21% per year. We estimated average vertical accretion rates of 5.5 to 8.6 cm yr – 1 for all the mesocosms. Vertical and horizontal expansion increase floating peat-block stability. We measured a 3-fold zooplankton population increase during the first year after deployment, relative to the Mokelumne River, which was the mesocosm’s water source. Measured and modeled methane emissions were lower than those reported in Delta non-tidal managed wetlands. Aqueous methane concentrations and methane fluxes were significantly lower for the shorter water-residence-time of about 5 days compared to longer residence times of about 11 days. Elevated dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations generally corresponded with low methane concentrations. Our estimated net ecosystem carbon balance of – 820 +/– 137 g C m – 2 yr – 1 indicates that the floating wetlands are potentially greater carbon sinks than Delta non-tidal wetlands. Nitrogen data indicated consumption by wetland plants, and denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction in the mesocosms. Our preliminary results point to potential ecosystem benefits of floating peats on a larger scale.

Increasing plant diversity enhances soil organic carbon storage in typical wetlands of northern China.

Soil organic carbon plays an important role in climate change mitigation, and can be strongly affected by plant diversity. Although a positive effect of plant diversity on soil organic carbon storage has been confirmed in grasslands and forests, it remains unclear whether this effect exists in wetlands. In this study, we investigated plant diversity, soil properties and soil organic carbon across five typical wetlands of northern China, to test the effect of plant diversity on soil organic carbon and clarified the regulators. Increasing plant diversity significantly increased belowground biomass of wetland plant communities, and both soil organic carbon content and storage were significantly positively related to wetland plant diversity. The positive effect of plant diversity was influenced by belowground biomass of wetland plant communities, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil properties, especially soil water content and bulk density. The structural equation model showed that soil organic carbon storage was dominantly affected by microbial biomass carbon, plant diversity and biomass, with standardized total effects of 0.66 and 0.47, respectively, and there was a significant positive relationship between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon. These results suggest that increasing plant diversity can potentially promote the ability of wetlands to store organic carbon in soils. The findings highlight the importance of plant diversity on soil organic carbon in wetland ecosystems, and have implications for managing wetlands to increase carbon sinks and to mitigate global climate change.

Chemical succession of naphthenic acid fraction compounds in reclamation landscape mesocosms established on centrifuged and co-mixed fluid fine tailings from the Athabasca oil sands

The Athabasca oil sands region of Alberta, Canada contains one of the world's largest unconventional petroleum deposits. There is concern about residual contaminants where tailings are integrated during reclamation and the related adverse effects this may have. Some of the primary toxic organic contaminants in oilsands tailings are naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). To plan for successful reclamation, it is imperative to understand the behaviour and fate of tailings-derived NAFCs over time where these are re-integrated into landforms. In this companion article to Degenhardt et al. (2023), we examine different reclamation integration scenarios using oil sands process-affected materials (OSPMs) at laboratory scale using wetland plants and minimal amounts of caps to explore how cap materials and thickness will affect the of NAFCs in the systems. Specifically, we examine how capping materials and thicknesses affect NAFCs adsorbed to two treated fluid fine tailings, centrifuged (CF) and co-mixed (CM) tailings over three years. Both CF and CM were placed in columns capped with peat mineral mix (PMM) and/or glacial till and planted with graminoid or woody wetland plants. Both CF and CM had considerable NAFC concentrations (CF 3717 mg/kg, CM 321 mg/kg). The O2 NAFC class was >90 % of the total adsorbed to CF and CM throughout. Relatively thin PMM caps reduced NAFC burdens in CF columns, where 10 cm of PMM resulted in the greatest reduction. Expressed water from substrate self-weight consolidation had significantly lower NAFC concentrations when capping material was present. However, NAFC oxidation (i.e., O2 to O3, O3 to O4, etc.) was limited in capped CF and CM. These results indicate that capping CF and CM with a thin (5–10 cm) layer of PMM may help reduce NAFC concentrations and limit their mobility into the cap, potentially lowering plant mortality and improving tailings reclamation success rates.

Phosphorus removal from irrigation return flow using an iron oxide filter and denitrifying pine bark bioreactor treatment train

Development of low-cost aqueous P removal methods is imperative for water resource protection. This study assessed the contribution of an iron oxide (FeOx) filter for P sorption paired with a denitrifying pine bark bioreactor, quantifying the effect of treatment order on P removal. FeOx filters were placed upstream (order 1) or downstream (order 2) of pine bark bioreactors receiving a continuous flow of simulated irrigation return flow after constructed floating wetland treatment. The FeOx filters removed 0.095 ± 0.01 g P·m−3·d−1 and 0.21 ± 0.01 g P·m−3·d−1 in the spring and fall, respectively. P concentration was reduced from 5.08 to 3.8 mg·L−1 and from 6.72 to 4.5 mg·L−1 in the spring and fall experiments, respectively. The FeOx substrate sorbed 1.49 ± 0.08 mg P·g FeOx−1 in spring and 3.18 ± 0.2 mg P·g FeOx−1 fall experiments. P sorption varied by season due to differences in the load presented to the FeOx filters. Reclaimed FeOx substrates were viable P removal filters, especially during cooler months when the nutrient uptake capacity of constructed floating wetland plants was limited. Overall, findings indicate that FeOx filters can be used as a substrate for P sorption in conjunction with constructed floating wetlands or other plant-based treatment technologies that can be limited by seasonality.

Examining the efficacy of constructed wetland coupled microbial fuel cell to treat textile wastewater using local wetlands plant species.

Constructed wetland coupled microbial fuel cells (CW-MFC) offer a dual benefit of wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation. While existing research predominantly emphasizes cell configuration, there is a limited exploration of the impact that various wetland plants may have on bioelectricity production in CW-MFCs. This research examined three distinct native wetland plants: Canna indica, Typha latifolia, and Eichhornia crassipes. The study centered on addressing textile wastewater treatment and assessing bio-electricity production. Over the course of 4weeks, regular assessments were conducted every 3rd day to monitor the alternations in the wastewater properties. The T. latifolia exhibited a chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 85.45%, surpassing that of E. crassipes (83.17%), C. indica (80.03%), mix culture (85.29%), and the control (unplanted) system (73.11%). Maximum removal efficacy of phosphate (96.84%) and nitrate (82.88%) was also achieved by the Typha plant in comparison to other plant species. An increase in both reactive biomass and chlorophyll content of Canna and Typha under single and mixed culture conditions was also observed. The highest current and voltage were obtained from T. latifolia plant species (1.04mA; 0.178V). Based on the findings of this study, T. latifolia emerged as the optimum wetland plant for bioelectricity generation and organic matter, phosphate, and ammonia removal among the examined plant species. Therefore, incorporating T. latifolia in the design of a CW-MFC is recommended for efficient textile wastewater and bioelectricity generation.

Optimization of Wetland Plant Selection and Configuration in Urban Water Environment Ecological Restoration Projects

Optimization of Wetland Plant Selection and Configuration in Urban Water Environment Ecological Restoration Projects

How Well Do Endemic Wetland Plant Species Perform in Water Purification?

Rising anthropogenic-induced nutrient enrichment of surface waters is of great concern globally as it jeopardizes the ecological integrity and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Floating wetlands have been successfully used to treat nutrient enriched wastewater in developing nations, and provide additional co-benefits. We aimed to quantify the nutrient removal efficiency of high-potential, endemic wetland species on floating wetlands in different conditions and to understand whether the nutrient uptake process was characterised by key plant functional traits. Two experiments were run under Mediterranean-climate conditions of the Western Cape of South Africa: (1) a closed, oligotrophic mesocosm experiment representing local conditions and (2) a real-life (in-situ) eutrophic application. The mesocosm experiment conducted under oligotrophic local conditions yielded low nitrate, phosphate and ammonium removal rates (34.8–35.2 mgNO3-Nm− 2.d− 1, 10.4–10.7 mgPO4-Pm− 2.d− 1 and 3.6–3.8 mgNH4-Nm−2.d− 1) in comparison to other floating wetland studies globally, yet high removal efficiencies (> 90%). However the eutrophic in-situ experiment demonstrated the potential for these same endemic plants to remove up to 312 g.m− 2 of nitrogen and 47 g.m− 2 of phosphorus per year– which is relatively high compared to similar global research. Cyperus textilis had the highest daily nutrient uptake and content followed by Prionium serratum and Juncus lomatophyllus, while J. lomatophyllus had the greatest nutrient uptake efficiency. Two of the three species (C. textilis and P. serratum) stored significantly more total nutrients in their shoot tissue compared to their root tissue, suggesting that the permanent removal of nutrients from the system is possible through shoot harvesting. Floating wetlands planted with endemic plant species have the potential to remove nutrients effectively and sustainably from eutrophic water and can thus be implemented as low-cost nature-based solutions to mitigate pollution of lentic systems.

Harnessing Cattail Biomass for Sustainable Fibers and Engineered Bioproducts: A Review.

Cattail (Typha), a wetland plant, is emerging as a sustainable materials resource. While most of the Typha species are proven to be a fiber-yielding crop, Typha latifolia exhibits the broadest leaf size (5-30mm), yields highest amount of fiber (≈190.9g), and captures maximum CO2 (≈1270g). Alkaline retting is the most efficient degumming process for cattail fibers to achieve maximum fiber yield (30%-46%). Cattail leaves exhibit a distinctive bionic structural model consisting of epidermis and leaf blade at macro level and non-diaphragm aerenchyma, fiber cables, partitions, and diaphragms at micro level. Cattail fibers hold promise to be utilized as a high-performance composite part and as efficient energy storage devices in clean energy vehicles. The former is attributed to their lower density (≈1.26-1.39gm/cm3) and higher tensile modulus (≈66.1GPa after treatment), while the latter is attributed to their porous structure and chemical stability. Therefore, integrating the knowledge of plant biology and materials chemistry is crucial for enhancing fiber characteristics and producing engineered bioproducts. The environmental benefits of cattails, degumming methods, leaf and fiber structures, their properties and applications is reviewed. Finally, it discussed future research directions aimed at developing bioengineered, biodegradable products from it with minimal environmental impact.