Irrigation And Drainage Research Articles

Расчет поливной нормы при капельном орошении древесно-плодовых культур в садовых насаждениях

Purpose: to develop the methodology for calculating irrigation rate for drip irrigation of tree-fruit crops, ensuring the formation of moistened soil contours in soil space with the required geometric and moisture parameters. Materials and methods. The empirical basis for the methodology development was the materials of the author's research devoted to determining the geometric dimensions (parameters) of soil moisture contours. The working hypothesis of the study involved determining the water supply rate for one emitter, one tree-fruit plant and a number of crops in the plantation, with further determining drip irrigation rate per unit area of drip-irrigated agricultural land, taking into account the number of drip micro-water outlets located on it. Results and discussion. When determining the geometric parameters of moisture contours and water supply rate, the main soil and technological parameters of drip irrigation and contour formation (physical clay content in soil, its lowest moisture capacity and bulk density, levels of pre-irrigation and after-irrigation soil moisture, specified depth soil profile moistening and dripper consumption) were considered as influence factors. The dependencies obtained by the author make it possible to determine the linear, areal and volumetric dimensions of local moisture contours and water supply rate, which, under appropriate conditions of drip irrigation, ensures the formation of a local, initially formed moisture contour with the required soil wetting depth in the soil layer. A study of the proposed methodology showed a deviation of the predicted parameters from the experimental soil moisture contours within ±10.0 %. Conclusions. A methodology allowing determining the irrigation rate for drip irrigation of agricultural land as the sum of the water supply rates of all drip water outlets irrigating 1 hectare of agricultural land with practical accuracy has been developed.

Sustainable Agriculture Practices: AI and IoT's Vital Contribution

The evolving landscape of agriculture has undergone a significant shift towards a technology-driven and data-centric approach, mainly propelled by the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT). This short review talks about numerous studies exploring the transformative impact of these cutting-edge technologies in sustainable agriculture practices. It outlines how the traditional statistical methods have given way to a more data-driven and quantitative approach, reshaping every facet of farming. The article emphasizes the immense potential of IoT in revolutionizing agriculture, shedding light on the challenges encountered when integrating these technologies into conventional farming systems. It explores the diverse applications of sensors and IoT devices across various agricultural stages, from land preparation and irrigation systems to pest control and harvesting techniques, while also highlighting the integration of advanced tools like unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for crop monitoring and yield optimization. Overall, it emphasizes the urgency to embrace these innovative technologies, addressing key challenges for their seamless integration into traditional farming and aquaculture practices to ensure a sustainable and efficient future for agriculture.

Исследование динамики влажности почвы при капельном поливе

Purpose: to study the dynamics of moisture in soils on the drainage layer during drip irrigation to save water resources and ensure uniform watering of crops using moisture contours. Materials and methods. The study is based on the theory of moisture transfer under the influence of drip irrigation on soil. Moisture contours were studied in laboratory conditions using a soil lysimeter, which was used to model the geological cross-section of the irrigated area, represented by alluvial meadow soils formed on pebbles. The pebble layer thickness was assumed to be up to 3 m. A regression analysis of moisture movement was carried out, and a mathematical model describing the nature of its movement on the drainage layer was obtained. The estimated volume of wet soil was defined on the basis of moisture contours as a result of calculating the volume of the formed lathe object using cartograms for each hour of irrigation. Results. Data on the moisture distribution in soil profile according to irrigation hours, presented on cartograms constructed using a personal computer, were obtained. The contours with the same humidity – isolines on which the humidity was displayed: 5; 10; 40 % are highlighted on the cartograms. It has been determined that water at an emitter discharge of 2.5 l/h reaches the drainage layer 4 hours after the beginning of irrigation. The graph for moisture distribution in soil volume by hour, reflecting the dynamics of water distribution supplied from an emitter with a constant discharge over 10 hours of irrigation has been constructed. Conclusion. The dynamics of moisture distribution during drip irrigation in soils located on a drainage bed was studied. Under experimental conditions, when crop irrigation lasts for more than 8 hours, an ineffective excess of irrigation rate and an increase in the design capacity of the drip irrigation system are observed.

Tracking Soil Moisture Levels and Automated Plant Watering System Utilizing IOT Technology

Nowadays, technology plays a tremendous role in serving humanity, and food is a man’s basic and primary need. Approximately 70% of Northern Nigerians are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. Water pump irrigation cannot be maintained due to frequent power outages, the inaccessibility of grid lines in remote areas, and the scarcity and cost of fuel to run pumps. This IoT-based automatic irrigation system is proposed to create a sustainable field monitoring system for improved crop growth and production. In this system, IOT and WSN control and monitor the irrigation system. IoT collects saved data and monitors diverse soil contents in real time. WSN is utilized to create a user-friendly wireless system for cultivating and irrigating the field. Sensors of several types are utilized. This article uses the “Thing Talk Cloud Server” to operate and monitor a fully automated drip irrigation system. The temperature and humidity of the soil are constantly monitored. The system notifies the user of any abnormal conditions, such as low moisture content, rising temperature, or water concentration, by sending notifications via the wireless module. This will significantly improve food security and the well being of the Nigerian populace all through the year while boosting the economy.

ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE NORMS OF MAN-MADE LOADS ON IRRIGATED LANDS DURING WASTEWATER DISPOSAL

Nature management is a combination of various forms of exploitation of the natural resource potential of natural and man-made systems and measures to preserve it. Its most important component is not only conservation, but also reproduction, as well as rational change in the ecological balance of natural systems.It is from these positions that it seems necessary to determine environmentally acceptable norms of man-made loads on irrigated lands during the disposal of wastewater, widely used in the practice of water supply and sanitation. The use of wastewater from industrial and municipal facilities for irrigation of land is of fundamental importance from both ecological and economic positions. From the point of view of ecology, the use of wastewater in the presence of waste-free and safe technologies for their disposal in irrigation fields for irrigation of agricultural crops can serve as the basis for rational environmental management. At the same time, the ecological sustainability of landscapes is ensured, which makes possible the long-term exploitation of natural resources without their pollution and degradation.From an economic point of view, by creating agricultural landscapes in unproductive lands, using wastewater from industrial and municipal facilities, it is possible to ensure the production of a certain amount of agricultural products, provided that the damage caused to the natural system (S) will be less than the profit (S). Under these conditions, the object of wastewater disposal is the soil, which requires the need to determine a number of environmentally effective ways to optimize the soil-forming process, which would create, in an agroecological and economic sense, a perfect technology for their disposal, taking into account the laws of nature

AGROCLIMATIC FACTORS AND PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT MATURITY GROUPS SOYBEAN CULTIVARS UNDER ENDOPHYTIC-RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION IN CONDITIONS OF NON-IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE OF THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE

The article presents the results of studies of weather and climatic conditions during the production processes in the period of formation of the yield of soybean varieties of different maturity under pre-sowing endophytic-rhizobial inoculation of seeds, as well as the functional activity of the rhizosphere microbiota and plant productivity in conditions of non-irrigated agriculture. The average temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were determined for the interphase periods, which are the main indicators that affect the evapotranspiration, moisture deficit, and moisture coefficient. The experiments were conducted at the experimental field of the Odesa State Agricultural Research Station, located in the southern steppe zone of Ukraine. The soil of the experimental field is a heavy loamy southern chernozem. The moisture availability indicators show that the southern part of the Steppe zone of Odesa region during the growing season of crops (April-September) in 2023 belonged to the semi-arid zone, and in July and September - to the desert. Evapotranspiration and moisture deficit during the growing season of plants of both soybean varieties (ultra-early maturing Diona and mid-season Sviatohor) varied significantly and depended on the average monthly temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. Evapotranspiration reached 1045.1-1244.0 mm, resulting in a moisture deficit of 913.3-1100.4 mm. Due to insufficient rainfall in June, July and August, most crops experienced an increase in moisture deficit. The use of complex thermotolerant and drought-resistant microbial inoculants with stress-protective functions reduced the negative impact of agroclimatic factors on soybean plants and rhizosphere microbiota. The main directions of scientific and economic activity for obtaining consistently high crop yields in the southern part of the Steppe zone are the structuring of sown areas with an optimal share of irrigated land and the use of innovative biological preparations.

Ecological irrigated land mapping: A review of papers from the Scopus database published in English for the period of last 20 years

In scientific research, review articles or literature reviews are essential. Despite the abundance of resources on literature reviews, most of them only address the theoretical underpinnings of the protocols, nomenclatures, and review processes. Due to overlapping similarities, this may result in reporting that is not economical and may also generate confusion. We adopt a practical approach to describe and clarify the academic practice of conducting literature reviews in order to solve these limitations. The types, goals, factors, techniques, and contributions of literature reviews as stand-alone investigations are the main topics of our attention. Therefore, without becoming bogged down in the nuances of review protocols, procedures, and nomenclatures, our essay offers an overview that academics can rely on to navigate the important components of literature reviews as stand-alone and independent studies.

Оптимизация мероприятий технической эксплуатации оросительных систем методами искусственного интеллекта

The purpose of the study is to develop a constructive solution for choosing priority objects of repair and restoration works using artificial intelligence methods in conditions of limited budget financing of operational measures of irrigation systems. The paper uses methods of system analysis and mathematical modeling, including binary variables for discrete optimization using evolutionary genetic programming methods. Based on the analysis of management decision support by means of mathematical support, the use of optimization methods for predicted impacts is justified, including the choice of discrete options to increase the functionality and effectiveness of planned technical operation measures. The allocation of limited financial resources is carried out on the model of multi-criteria optimization, including minimizing irrigation water losses, while increasing the area of irrigated land and increasing the financial indicators of the water management organization, which improves the quality of management impacts. The practical significance of research is determined by the development of innovative tools to solve the problem of allocating limited resources for carrying out repair and restoration work of the municipal water management complex using artificial intelligence methods. The approbation of the proposed solutions, carried out on the materials of the operation service of the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Crimea “Crimean Department of Water Management and Melioration”, proved the expediency of large-scale implementation of methods for quantitative assessment of management decisions. The technical and economic indicators of the planned activities correspond to the expected values and ensure the fulfillment of the following requirements: completeness, ensuring that they provide the necessary and sufficient information for decision-making; availability of reliable sources of reliable and accessible data for the information content of indicators and criteria.

АРАЛ ӨҢІРІНІҢ ЭКОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА КӨК ШӨПТІҢ КОНВЕЙЕРЛІК ӨНДІРІСІН ЖАСАУ МҮМКІНДІКТЕРІ

Increasing the productivity of agricultural animals is only possible with a strong forage reserve. This necessity is particularly pressing in the Aral Sea region, where the limited variety of fodder and its low nutritional value make it difficult to provide adequate animal nutrition. Livestock farming contributes more than 90% of the region's dairy production and about 45% of its meat production. The majority of this output is produced during the summer months. Therefore, organizing proper feeding of livestock during this period is of great importance. In the summer, due to the rapid withering of vegetation, it becomes extremely difficult to provide dairy herds with green fodder by using natural pastures. This is further exacerbated by the annual decrease in the flow of the Syr Darya River, leading to increased soil salinization and the degradation of areas suitable for grazing dairy cattle. Under these conditions, the efficient use of each hectare of irrigated land for the production of highquality green fodder becomes especially relevant. In this context, the organization of a conveyor system for green fodder production is of great importance. Given the region's ecological challenges, the scientific and practical significance of this method is increasing each year. The aim of this study is to explore the possibilities of establishing a conveyor system for green fodder production in the Aral Sea region. Standard methods were used in the calculations. As a result, a feasible scheme for green mass conveyor production was developed for the region. The implementation of this system in local farms will boost dairy cattle productivity by 8-10%, while also extending the feeding period by 3-4 weeks.

ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ НЕОДНОРІДНОГО ПРОФІЛЮ ІНТЕНСИВНОСТІ ДОЩУ ШЛЯХОМ РОЗВ’ЯЗАННЯ ІНТЕГРАЛЬНОГО РІВНЯННЯ РОЗСІЯННЯ ПРИ ЗАСТОСУВАННІ ДВОЧАСТОТНОГО ЗОНДУВАННЯ

Subject and Purpose. The methods for precipitation remote sensing continue to be developed. One of the trends has been assessing amounts of precipitations to determine whether to issue alerts for large-scale floods and landslides or to make decisions regarding the agricultural land irrigation. The present work focuses on the inverse problem of dual-frequency sensing and its solution through Tikhonov regularization. The goal is to improve the algorithm for solving the inverse problem and retrieve a non-uniform rainfall intensity profile. The retrieval results are enhanced by taking into account the impacts of the signal attenuation and errors in the received power measurements. Methods and Methodology. The retrieval of a non-uniform spatial profile of rain intensity is carried out by the numerical simulation using the integral scattering equation solution via Tikhonov regularization and employing dual-frequency sensing data. Results. The numerical simulations of a non-uniform spatial profile of the rain intensity in the range 0…30 mm/h have been performed at the operating wavelengths 8.2 mm and 3.2 cm and for various errors of the received power measurement and complete attenuation of the signals. It has been observed that the signal attenuation at the shorter (8.2 mm) operating wavelength has a significant effect on the retrieved intensity of rains heavier than 5 mm/h and more distant than 1 km. For the longer (3.2 cm) operating wavelength, the signal attenuation can be neglected when the maximum intensity in the profile is under 30 mm/h and the distance is less than 20 km. The retrieval error of a non-uniform rain intensity profile is shown to be no worse than 40% for the intensities in the profile above 3 mm/h and measurement errors of ±20%. Conclusions. The analysis of the results has shown that the proposed dual-frequency approach to solving the integral scattering equation makes it possible to retrieve a non-uniform rain intensity profile with a maximum error no worse than 40% for rain intensities above 3 mm/h and with the proviso that the error of the received power measurement and complete attenuation of signals at the shorter (8.2 mm) operating wavelength is no worth than ±20%.

STUDY ON THE USE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND IN THE NORTH-WEST DEVELOPMENT REGION OF ROMANIA BASED ON THE SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY

The paper aims to present the situation of agricultural lands and the effects of their management on the sustainable development of agriculture in the North-West Development Region of Romania, at the level of 2023. The study is based on data taken through the sociological survey method based on a questionnaire, of a number of 276 respondents. The collected data were interpreted for the following indicators: the type of agriculture practiced, agricultural techniques applied, the involvement of agricultural farms in associative forms, the surface of agricultural land, irrigation of agricultural land, fragmentation of agricultural land, types of crops and the use of modern technologies for a digital agriculture. After analysing the data, it is observed that a predominantly conventional and mixed agriculture is practiced, using an average of 150 hectares per farm. Due to the large presence of arable land, the main crops are field crops, represented by cereals and fodder plants. Permanent crops represented in particular by permanent meadows are owned by the majority of farmers (87.3%), and horticultural crops are present in only 27.17% of farms. Modern technologies have a high potential in the development of the region and must be exploited more in the future.

Determination of Irrigation water requirement and Scheduling of onion at Low land area of Wag-himra, Northern Ethiopia

Irrigation that saves water is important for satisfying the economic and environmental sustainability of commercial agriculture and improving the living standard of the people. Precision irrigation scheduling is critical to improving irrigation efficiency. A field experiment was conducted in two consecutive years at Abergelle irrigation schemes. The aim of the study was to determine crop water requirement and irrigation schedule of onion (when and how much to irrigate) for most market-oriented crops. The treatments were arranged with a factorial arrangement randomized complete block design with three replications. Three Levels of CROPWAT, fixed application depth (125%, 100%, and 75%ETc) and, three irrigation intervals (3, 4, and 5 days) and 1-farmer practice were used as control. The study result showed that 75% CROPWAT fixed depth at 3-day intervals achieved high water productivity, and saved 2873m3ha-1 of irrigation water compared with farmers’ method of irrigation. It provides additional irrigated land of 0.84 ha with a yield gain of 10.44 t ha-1. Therefore, a 3-day irrigation interval with 75% CROPWAT irrigation depth was recommended for the optimum yield and water productivity of the crop.

Salinization of irrigated agricultural lands in the Altai Territory

Introduction. The Altai Territory is the leader among the subjects of the Siberian Federal District in terms of the area of arable land, of which more than 80% is located in the zone of unstable moisture. Irrigation predominates among agricultural hydrotechnical land reclamation in the region. The area of irrigated land is 69 thousand hectares, of which almost 10 % have varying degrees of salinity in the root layer. Prolonged irrigation of land and non-compliance with irrigation technologies can lead to salinization of lands in irrigation systems. The purpose of the research: spatio-temporal assessment and clustering of salinization of irrigated lands in the context of municipal districts and agrochemical zones: steppe, forest-steppe and foothills. Material and methods. In Russia, all irrigation systems have uniform rules for collecting data on the state of land, conducting soil-salt surveys and laboratory processing of their results. The research material was observational data on the salt regime of lands in irrigation systems of the Altai Territory for 2013-2022, data from annual state monitoring of lands, information on irrigated lands and the technical condition of reclamation systems from the reclamation cadastre. The research methods were general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis), applied mathematical methods (regression and cluster analysis), scientific methods of hydraulic engineering agricultural reclamation. Results and discussion. Based on the reclamation cadastre data, an analysis of the state of irrigated agricultural land was carried out according to the degree of salinization. A model of the dynamics of the area of highly and very highly saline lands was constructed, statistical assessments of the quality of the model were checked, and the average rate of annual increase in the area of lands subject to salinity was determined. An analysis has been made of the most possible causes of salinization on irrigated lands, which include high levels and salinity of groundwater, high salinity of water used for irrigation. Calculations were carried out, among other things, for agrochemical zones: steppe, forest-steppe and foothills. The dynamics of areas with different groundwater levels, groundwater salinity and irrigation water were assessed. Based on data for the beginning of 2015 and 2022, a cluster analysis of the regions of the Altai Territory was carried out according to the degree of salinization of irrigated agricultural lands. The dynamics of changes in the number of regions and the area of irrigated land in clusters is analyzed. In conclusion, the calculation results are summarized and general conclusions are drawn about the dynamics and possible reasons for changes in the studied indicators. The results can be directly used by government authorities and organizations of the reclamation complex of the Altai Territory.

Studi Perencanaan Irigasi DAS Malaya di Kecamatan Lemong Kabupaten Pesisir Barat Provinsi Lampung Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis

Pesisir Barat Regency has large land potential in agriculture sector, especially for rice cultivation, including in the administrative area of Lemong District. To increase the productivity of paddy fields at Lemong District, it is necessary to analyze the irrigation water needs. Therefore, research was carried out on the analysis of rice irrigation water needs and the river water discharge needed for irrigation. The research was carried out in analysis stages including analysis of water balance using SWAT models which is integrated in the geographic information system, analysis of plant water needs, analysis of water irrigation needs, minimum discharge needed for land irrigation and analysis of water resource adequacy. The research result show that the potential water resource in Lemong District can meet the irrigation water needs of rice cultivation in two planting seasons with coverrage area that can be developed of 76.42 hectares. Meanwhile, in the third planting season for planting of secondary crops, the potential of river discharge is only sufficient for 19 hectares and in order for the target planting area of 76.42 hectares to be archieved it is necessery to add irrigation originating from ground water (pump irrigation) with discharge of 0.51 m3/sec. Keywords: Geographic information system, Irrigation, SWAT.

Future perspective of water budget in the event of three scenarios in Afghanistan using the WEAP program

In this study, WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning System) software was used for the water resources management and water budget calculation of the Balkh River Basin, the sub-basin of the Northern River Basin in Afghanistan. The water resources in the basin and 10 demand sites (irrigation, drinking water, etc.) were introduced to the software, and precipitation, evaporation, runoff, etc., were obtained from stream gauging stations for long years (2010–2021). Hydrological data and information on population, irrigation lands, and drinking water use were entered. Scenario-1 (current situation) was created by entering the existing data in the created model. Subsequently, the long-term monthly average maximum and minimum values of precipitation, evaporation, runoff, and similar values were added to the current scenario. Forecast results between the years (2022–2050) were created with Scenario-2 (optimistic case) and Scenario-3 (pessimistic case), and analyzes were carried out in three different situations, and the results were examined. According to the analyzes, the current water potential found by the inclusion of surface water and groundwater from the Mezar-i-Sharif Region in the Balkh River Basin is 4747 million m3 annually; it has been determined that this value will be approximately 9741 million m3 in 2050 in the optimistic scenario and 1811 million m3 in the pessimistic scenario. It has been determined that the water need, which cannot be met as 29,394 million m3 in the current situation, approximately 14103 m3 in the optimistic scenario, and 49,979 million m3 in the pessimistic scenario in 2050. While the current met need of the Balkh River Basin is 7.81 % with losses, it has been calculated as 27.14 % in an optimistic situation and 1.71 % in a pessimistic situation for 2050. While the current met needs of the Basin, excluding losses, is 12 %, it is calculated as 33.9 % in the optimistic situation and 3.1 % in the pessimistic situation for 2050. It is understood that Afghanistan's water resources should be handled with an integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach, and future water resource planning should be made by considering human needs, environmental impact, and government visions. Water resources should be planned most efficiently by controlling the amount of undocumented wells, drilling, and detecting the losses and leakages in the existing systems with certain methods.

Is the New Path a Modified Old Path?

Abstract This article reviews the Soviet legacy in relation to contemporary cotton production in south-western Tajikistan and asks why farmers are still locked in to Soviet cotton production policies and practices despite post-Soviet regulatory, societal and environmental changes. With hindsight on Soviet agricultural production policies in Central Asia, this contribution scrutinises the perception of smallholder dehkhan farmers towards continued cotton production as a primary crop choice, which continues to occupy most of the irrigated land in the Khatlon region. For the analyses of the post-Soviet agricultural developments, the paper applies a path dependence conceptual framework by positing the significance of historical and social contexts in policymaking and socio-economic development in cotton production. Fieldwork data collected in two districts of Khatlon region are used to explain that despite post-independence land reforms and the abolishment of Soviet authority over cotton production, smallholder dehkhan farmers are still cultivating cotton as a primary crop under deteriorating land and irrigation conditions.

Геоэкологические проблемы излива термальных вод скважины 9-Т Каргалинская

Based on stock materials on the Kargalinskoye thermal water deposit and field studies in the area of the geothermal well 9-T Kargalinskaya (Chechen Republic), mapping of the area of impact of the outflowing waters of this well was carried out and a comprehensive geoecological assessment of their impact on the landscape and land use was given. At the mesolevel, an assessment was made of the integration of the well into the regional landscape structure (a profile was built on which the main geological and geographical boundaries and units of physical and geographical differentiation are indicated: types and groups of landscapes). At a large-scale level, a comprehensive mapping of landscapes and land use was carried out on a scale of 1:10 000. In the field, characteristics were given to natural complexes of the rank of tracts and facies (with a description of vegetation, soils and actual use), water temperatures were measured, and water samples were taken for chemical analysis from a well and a groundwater basin used for drip irrigation of agricultural land. Geobotanical studies of the flora were carried out with the identification of the main phytocenoses, at some points of which transects (1 m2) were laid, dominant associations, the number of dominants, and the total projective cover were determined.

The use of small emitter flow rate in drip irrigation favored methane uptake in arid potato fields

Drip irrigation has been widely used in agriculture, while the mechanism underlying the effect of drip irrigation system design and management on soil methane (CH4) uptake have not been fully studied. A two-year experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different emitter flow rates of drip irrigation (1.3, 2.0, and 3.0 L/h) on CH4 uptake in potato fields in an arid region of Northwest China. Results showed that compared to emitter flow rates of 2.0 and 3.0 L/h, the 1.3 L/h flow rate significantly increased the cumulative CH4 uptake by 6.3–16.2%, mainly due to the increase in the abundance of the pmoA gene by 15.2–49.5%, and by the decrease of water-filled pore space (WFPS), increasing the effective CH4 diffusion coefficient (Dp) and soil oxygen concentration in the topsoil. A hump-shaped relationship was found between WFPS and CH4 uptake flux, and the optimum WFPS for CH4 uptake was about 44.8%. The treatment with an emitter flow rate of 1.3 L/h exhibited the highest frequency (28.6%) of favorable WFPS for CH4 uptake, compared to the 2.0 and 3.0 L/h treatments. In addition, significant negative quadratic relationships were observed between both Dp and soil oxygen with CH4 uptake, and optimal values were 0.02 cm2 s−1 and 18.7%, respectively. There was no significant difference in CH4 uptake between 2.0 and 3.0 L/h treatments in 2021 and 2022, due to high WFPS and low oxygen concentrations in both treatments. Multiple linear regressions indicated that soil oxygen concentration became a major limiting factor under emitter flow rates of 2.0 and 3.0 L/h. This study provides insights into mechanisms of soil CH4 uptake in drip-irrigated farmland, which gives guidance on developing irrigation strategies for sustainable production and CH4 mitigation in irrigated arid land.

The role of changing land use and irrigation scheduling in groundwater depletion mitigation in a humid region

Many agricultural production regions in the world have been experiencing groundwater resource depletion, which threatens water and food security if mitigation practices are not developed and implemented. To understand how changing land use and irrigation schedule impact groundwater, a coupled SWAT-MODFLOW model was applied to determine groundwater depletion mitigation strategy in a humid region, the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) in Mississippi, USA. It was found that converting grasslands to forests contributed to reducing groundwater declining. Simulated results indicated that the watershed lost 749, 586, and 381 mm yr−1 of water through surface runoff in the wet, normal and dry years, respectively. The amount of groundwater that moved into the vadose zone to help satisfy crop water demand ranged from 700 to 750 mm yr−1. Precipitation increased the groundwater recharge during the rainy season from fall to spring. Annual recharge rate was only 34–50 mm. Groundwater level dropped 0.2–0.5 m in crop irrigation seasons (May to August). Land use dataset showed 81 % of the area is cropland, with soybean, corn, rice, and cotton accounting for 64 % of the total cropland area in BSRW. The planted area of corn and soybean significantly increased while the area of cotton area was tremendously reduced. Corn, soybean, and rice consumed approximately 96 % of the total amount of groundwater irrigation. This study indicated that irrigation scheduling based on plant water demand could save 47 % of groundwater currently used by conventional irrigation. The improved irrigation schedule could reduce groundwater decline by 0.01–2.05 m across the watershed, and mitigate the declines by 1.35–2.05 m in the depression cone in the central east part of the watershed. The results can assist with planning land and water use and developing sustainable groundwater management practices focused on locations of high groundwater withdrawals in other regions around the world.

IDENTIFICATION OF DESTRUCTION AREAS OF RECLAMATION SYSTEMS AND EVALUATION OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE BY THE REMOTE SENSING DATA

The article analyzes the results of using the decision-making support system to identify the destruction areas of reclamation systems and evaluates the state of irrigated agriculture by the remote sensing, as well as proves its ability to form and provide the user with preliminary information about the state of reclamation infrastructure. Most of the relatively new and functioning irrigation systems are currently out of the control of the Government of Ukraine due to the occupation of the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions by the Russians. Irrigation and drainage systems, over which control was restored and which were in the zone of direct hostilities, were in a destroyed state, and the undermining of the Kakhovska HPP by the occupiers makes it impossible to further use the irrigation systems of both the occupied and unoccupied parts of Ukraine, which were provided with water directly from the Kakhovska reservoir. To provide a rapid visual identification of destruction areas of reclamation systems for evaluating damage to irrigation and drainage infrastructure in 2023, the capabilities of the information system developed at the Institute of Water Problems and Land Reclamation of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Ukraine have been expanded. On the example of the Odesa region, based on basic information about pumping stations of reclamation systems and available information using ACLED technology about hostilities, explosions, artillery attacks, etc., as a result of Russian aggression, a synthesized image was formed, which can be used for visual evaluation of the impact of hostilities on reclamation systems in both individual areas and the whole country. The information system was used for zoning regions by the intensity of military impacts and expected damage to the infrastructure of irrigation and drainage systems. The evaluation of indirect damage zones was carried out using remote sensing data by the NDVI index, which indicates a decrease in the accumulation of biomass in the areas of irrigation systems. The forecast for the further use of irrigated land is based on a statistical analysis of the data on the conclusion of contracts for special water use, which proved a four-fold decrease in water demand, planned for 2022.
 The study results can be used to evaluate the damage caused to Ukraine as a result of the war and confirm the devastating impact of the war on the irrigation and drainage sectors.