Plant Cell Tissue Research Articles

Digalacturonates from pectin degradation induce tissue responses against potato soft rot

The pathogenicity of the bacterium Erwinia carotovorasubsp. atroseptica, which causes potato soft rot, is triggered by short oligogalacturonates released by enzymic degradation of plant cell wall pectin. In the first stage unsaturated digalacturonate (uDG), produced by the action of pectate lyases, is degraded by oligogalacturonide lyase (OGL) to keto-deoxyuronate (DKI). The OGL encoding gene from E. carotovoraand the corresponding recombinant enzyme were characterized. Measuring the changes in plant cell viability and tissue maceration during soft rot pathogenesis in tissue slices of sprouting potato tubers, it was observed that exposure to uDG and DKI, produced by recombinant OGL, killed up to 30% of the plant cells over a period of 16h. This protected the tissue against maceration by E. carotovorasubsp. atroseptica. Endogenous OGL activity was detected in extracts from sprouting tubers where it may be involved in the conversion of uDG into cell toxic compounds. The results indicate that an additional function of small, diffusable digalacturonates is to induce plant cell death during the rotting process, thus contributing to defence reactions against E. carotovorasubsp. atroseptica.

5409828 Method for stimulating cell multiplication, differentiation, embroyogenesis and respiration in plant cell tissue culture by the addition of a glycoprotein extensin to culture medium : Frenkel Chaim; Chin Chee-Kok; Havkin-Frenkel Daphn North Brunswick, NJ, United States Assigned to Rutgers The State University of New Jersey

5409828 Method for stimulating cell multiplication, differentiation, embroyogenesis and respiration in plant cell tissue culture by the addition of a glycoprotein extensin to culture medium : Frenkel Chaim; Chin Chee-Kok; Havkin-Frenkel Daphn North Brunswick, NJ, United States Assigned to Rutgers The State University of New Jersey

Bioprocess engineering: Basic concepts

Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. I. INTRODUCTION. 1. What is a Bioprocess Engineer? Introductory Remarks. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering. Biologists and Engineers Differ in Their Approach to Research. The Story of Penicillin: How Biologists and Engineers Work Together. Bioprocesses: Regulatory Constraints. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. II. THE BASICS OF BIOLOGY: AN ENGINEER'S PERSPECTIVE. 2. An Overview of Biological Basics. Are All Cells the Same? Cell Construction. Cell Nutrients. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 3. Enzymes. Introduction. How Enzymes Work. Enzyme Kinetics. Immobilized Enzyme Systems. Large-scale Production of Enzymes. Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 4. How Cells Work. Introduction. The Central Dogma. DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message. Transcription: Sending the Message. Translation: Message to Product. Metabolic Regulation. How the Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment. Summary. Appendix: Examples of Regulation of Complex Pathways. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 5. Major Metabolic Pathways. Introduction. Bioenergetics. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle. Respiration. Control Sites in Aerobic Glucose Metabolism. Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds. Nitrogen Fixation. Metabolism of Hydrocarbons. Overview of Biosynthesis. Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism. Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 6. How Cells Grow. Introduction. Batch Growth. Quantifying Growth Kinetics. How Cells Grow in Continuous Culture. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 7. Stoichiometry of Microbial Growth and Product Formation. Introduction. Some Other Definitions. Stoichiometric Calculations. Theoretical Predictions of Yield Coefficients. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 8. How Cellular Information is Altered. Introduction. Evolving Desirable Biochemical Activities through Mutation and Selection. Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement. Genetically Engineering Cells. Genomics. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. III. ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR BIOPROCESSES. 9. Operating Considerations for Bioreactors for Suspension and Immobilized Cultures. Introduction. Choosing the Cultivation Method. Modifying Batch and Continuous Reactors. Immobolized Cell Systems. Solid-state Fermentations. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 10. Selection, Scale-Up, Operation, and Control of Bioreactors. Introduction. Scale-up and Its Difficulties. Bioreactor Instrumentation and Control. Sterilization of Process Fluids. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 11. Recovery and Purification of Products. Strategies to Recover and Purify Products. Separation of Insoluble Products. Cell Disruption. Separation of Soluble Products. Finishing Steps for Purification. Integration of Reaction and Separation. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. IV. APPLICATIONS TO NONCONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. 12. Bioprocess Considerations in Using Animal Cell Cultures. Structure and Biochemistry of Animal Cells. Methods Used for the Cultivation of Animal Cells. Bioreactor Considerations for Animal Cell Culture. Products of Animal Cell Cultures. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 13. Bioprocess Considerations in Using Plant Cell Cultures. Why Plant Cell Cultures? Plant Cells in Culture Compared to Microbes. Bioreactor Considerations. Economics of Plant Cell Tissue Cultures. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 14. Utilizing Genetically Engineered Organisms. Introduction. How the Product Influences Process Decisions. Guidelines for Choosing Host-Vector Systems. Process Constraints: Genetic Instability. Considerations in Plasmid Design to Avoid Process Problems. Predicting HostDVector Interactions and Genetic Instability. Regulatory Constraints on Genetic Processes. Metabolic Engineering. Protein Engineering. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 15. Medical Applications of Bioprocess Engineering. Introduction. Tissue Engineering. Gene Therapy Using Viral Vectors. Bioreactors. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 16. Mixed Cultures. Introduction. Major Classes of Interactions in Mixed Cultures. Simple Models Describing Mixed-culture Interactions. Mixed Cultures in Nature. Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures. Biological Waste Treatment: An Example of the Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems. 17. Epilogue. Appendix: Traditional Industrial Bioprocesses. Anaerobic Bioprocesses. Aerobic Processes. Suggestions for Further Reading. Index.

High-performance liquid chromatographic—mass spectrometric assay of high-value compounds for pharmaceutical use from plant cell tissue culture: Cinchona alkaloids

The use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) interfaced with thermospray (TSP) mass spectrometry is described for the separation and identification of various alkaloids from Cinchona ledgeriana extracts. The use of water—acetonitrile—acetic acid (71:25:4) with 0.01 M ammonium acetate (pH 3.0) as the mobile phase gave good HPLC separation and good TSP sensitivity. The specificity obtained by single-ion monitoring allowed the analysis of commercially important alkaloids such as quinine and quinidine in plant material, transformed roots and in cells from tissue culture, with relatively simple extraction and work-up procedures. TSP gave protonated species with few fragment ions but collision-induced dissociation offers the promise of increased analytically specificity from the fragment ion data. This work has important implications for the biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals normally obtained from plant sources.

Peroxidase activity in calluses and cell suspension cultures of radishRaphanus sativus var. Cherry Bell

Calluses ofRaphanus sativus var. Cherry Bell were induced in a medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and benzyladenine. The biomass and peroxidase activities were determined, both in agar cultures and cell suspension cultures. Different growth-regulator concentrations induced different responses measured as peroxidase activity in callus. The suspended-cell cultures showed the importance of selecting the cell line, in order to obtain an optimal response in extracellular peroxidase activity. The commercial production of this enzyme by utilizing plant cell tissue cultures is discussed.

An inexpensive chamber for selecting and maintaining phototrophic plant cells

The high cost of lighted CO2 environmental chambers has prevented many laboratories from initiating and maintaining phototrophic cell cultures. The construction of an inexpensive chamber for the selection and subculture of photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic higher plant cell tissue cultures is described.

Bioreactor considerations for secondary metabolite production from plant cell tissue culture: Indole alkaloids from Catharanthus roseus

Batch shake flask studies with Catharanthus roseus demonstrated that alkaloid production commenced only after growth had slowed or ceased. To obtain high alkaloid productivities for extended periods, a hormone-free production medium was used. To develop a readily scalable process, both immobilized and suspended cell systems were studied. In the immobilized cell systems, growth, glucose utilization, and alkaloid production were suppressed; for the case of membrane entrapped cells this suppression was observed to be reversible. Based on the oxygen requirements of the cells, and the oxygen transfer capabilities of a pneumatically agitated bubble column, conditions were established that allowed the growth and production dynamics observed in shake flasks to be reproduced in the air sparged column reactor. The requirement for the aseptic exchange of growth for production medium was satisfied by using a coarse cotton filter and coupling filtration to aeration. With this filtration system, media can be rapidly and completely exchanged and the filter can be quickly and effectively backwashed. By coupling filtration to aeration, a two-stage batch operation can be employed while requiring only a single bioreactor. Studies with this system demonstrated its capabilities for alkaloid production.

Prospects and problems in the large scale production of metabolites from plant cell tissue cultures

AbstractA wide range of plant products can be made directly by using plant cell tissue cultures. However, the economic production of even highvalue products from such cultures has not been conclusively demonstrated. One problem is that rapid growth and high product yields often appear to be mutually exclusive with plant cell tissue cultures. Some level of cellular differentiation often is required for the expression of genes associated with product formation; only unorganized cells grow rapidly. Another problem results from the tendency of plant cells to form aggregates, which leads to a mixture of cell types in culture. The biological response is a function not only of the chemical environment but also the physical (e.g. hydrodynamic) environment which makes scale‐up of suspension processes difficult. In addition, cell lysis due to high liquid shear is a significant design constraint. Some of these problems can be circumvented by using multi‐stage continuous culture devices or with immobilized cell reactors. Emphasis will be on membrane entrapped cultures.

Environmental parameters influencing phenolics production by batch cultures of Nicotiana tabacum

The influence of temperature, illumination, hormonal levels (2,4-D and kinetin), carbon to nitrogen ratios, antibiotics, and precursor feeding on phenolics production by Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) was studied. This plant cell system was chosen as a model system to learn more about secondary product formation in plant cell tissue cultures. This is the first study to manipulate all of these environmental parameters with a single plant cell system. The most striking results were with 2,4-D manipulation. The removal of 2,4-D resulted in significant phenolics production during the stationary phase, while normal levels strongly suppressed phenolics production during the stationary phase. The addition of phenylalanine stimulated phenolics production per gram of cells but strongly inhibited growth.

Entrapped Plant Cell Tissue Cultures

La fixation des cellules semble constituer une technique d'avenir pour l'obtention de metabolites secondaires. La fixation au moyen de membranes est comparee a la fixation dans des polymeres

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF SOILS, VOLUME 2. C. E. Marshall PLANT DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY. Edited by P. R. Scott & A. Bainbridge FUNGI, MAN, AND HIS ENVIRONMENT. R. C. Cooke PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF SEEDS IN RELATION TO GERMINATION. J. D. Bewley & M. Black APPLIED AND FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE. Edited by J. Reinert & Y. P. S. Bajaj, 1977

α-l-Arabinofuranosidase fromSclerotinia sclerotiorum: Purification, Characterization, and Effects on Plant Cell Walls and Tissue

<i>α</i>-l-Arabinofuranosidase from<i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>: Purification, Characterization, and Effects on Plant Cell Walls and Tissue

Inducing effect of plant cells on nitrogenase activity by Spirillum and Rhizobium in vitro.

Eleven different plant cell tissue cultures of both legume and non-legume origin have been grown in direct association, and in separate but close proximal association with both Spirillum lipoferum and Rhizobium sp. 32H1. Basic similarities were found in the nutritional requirement for the induction of nitrogenase activity (C2H2) in both organisms. In the absence of plant cell cultures both organisms need to be provided with a pentose sugar and a tricarboxylic acid to induce high levels of nitrogen-fixing activity. Plant cell callus tissue appears only capable of supplying the tricarboxylic acid to induce high levels of nitrogen-fixing activity. Plant cell callus tissue appears only capable of supplying the tricarboxylic acids needed but not the sugar component. The plant tissue, however, seems able to activate certain carbohydrates, which in themselves are incapable of substituting for the pentose additive.

Accumulation of Amino-acids in Plant Cell Tissue Cultures

IT was recently reported that when plant cell tissue cultures derived from sycamore cambial callus (Acer pseudoplantanus L) were grown with limited access to air, there was a marked reduction in the amount of leucoanthocyanins produced although there was little effect on aldohexose concentration1. It has now been found that, in limited air, cell cultures from callus of sycamore, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L), rose (Rosa sp., var. Dr. van Fleet), and Haplopapus gracilis grown on agar slopes as before1, all show a marked increase in the amount of free amino-acids compared with tissue grown with free access to air. Again little or no change was found in the concentration of sugars (Table 1), nor, in the case of the sycamore callus, in the total perchloracetic acid-soluble ribonucleic acid. Analyses of the changes with time in the relative proportions of carbon dioxide and oxygen, using a Fisher gas analyser, in the culture bottles showed that, as expected, there was a build-up of carbon dioxide to ∼20 per cent and a decrease of oxygen to ∼0.5 per cent in the sealed bottles.