Plant Sulfolipid Research Articles

Metabolism of sulfoacetate by environmental Aureobacterium sp. and Comamonas acidovorans isolates.

Newly isolated environmental strains of Comamonas acidovorans and Aureobacterium sp. were found to mineralize sulfoacetate at concentrations up to at least 50 mM. Transient sulfite release was detected during growth on sulfoacetate, with essentially quantitative accumulation of sulfate. Cell-free conversion of sulfoacetate could not be obtained, but resting-cell studies indicated that cleavage of the C-S bonds of both sulfoacetate and sulfoacetaldehyde was induced only when sulfoacetate was the sole carbon and energy source. A sulfite-oxidizing activity was also induced under these conditions. Sulfoacetaldehyde sulfo-lyase activity was demonstrated by in vitro assay and by gel zymography in extracts of cells grown on sulfoacetate as sole carbon source. This activity was not present in acetate-grown cells, or in cells grown on sulfoacetate as sole sulfur source. Results suggest that sulfoacetate mineralization in both isolates may proceed by a novel pathway which involves an initial reduction to sulfoacetaldehyde and subsequent cleavage of the C-S bond to yield sulfite and acetate. The proposed pathway may be of environmental significance in the mineralization of plant sulfolipid.

Metabolism of the plant sulfolipid—Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol: Degradation in animal tissues

Metabolism of the plant sulfolipid—sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG)—was studied in animal tissues. In vivo experiments with [ 35S]SQDG in guinea pigs showed that this lipid is not absorbed intact in the gastrointestinal tract. In these experiments, 3 h after administration of [ 35S]SQDG, the intestinal mucosa contained 1 to 5% of the radioactivity as SQDG, while the remainder was in a water-soluble form. Analysis of the water-soluble components showed that about 60% of the radioactivity was present as sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQG) and the remainder was present as free SO 2− 4. In the blood, 99% of the radioactivity was present as SO 2− 4, SQG was not observed. In liver, only very little radioactivity was observed and appeared to be mainly in the form of SO 2− 4. Experiments with everted intestinal sacs of guinea pigs confirmed the formation of SQG, SO 2− 4, and, in addition, sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol (SQMG) in this tissue. In vitro experiments with saline extracts of acetone powders of pancreas and intestinal mucosa of guinea pig, sheep, and rat showed that [ 35S]SQDG was deacylated to SQMG (sulfolipase A activity) and SQG (sulfolipase B activity). It is concluded that animal tissues deacylate SQDG in a stepwise manner to SQG. It is further metabolized to yield free SO 2− 4 by cleavage of the C-S bond which appears to be brought about by the intestinal microflora. Sheep pancreatic sulfolipases were characterized. Bile salts, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and Triton X-100 inhibited the pancreatic sulfolipases, while CaCl 2 activated them. Substrate competition experiments and investigations on substrate specificity with a partially purified preparation indicated that relatively specific sulfolipase(s) may exist in pancreas. Among the species tested, guinea pig tissues showed the highest sulfolipase A and B activities followed sheep and rat tissues. Pancreatic enzymes were 18 to 60 times more active than intestinal enzymes.

Biosynthesis of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol in higher plants: The incorporation of 35SO 4 by intact chloroplasts

Isolated spinach chloroplasts have been found to incorporate 35SO 4 into the plant sulfolipid, Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, at rates of up to 700 pmol mg chlorophyll −1 h −1. The reaction is light-dependent, requires that the chloroplasts be intact, and is slightly stimulated by ATP and UTP. UDP-galactose inhibits the formation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, presumably by competing for the diacylglycerol pool. The rates of synthesis observed are sufficient to conclude that the chloroplast is autonomous with respect to the synthesis of sulfoquinovose, the headgroup moiety of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol. No evidence could be obtained to support the concept that the proposed sulfoglycolytic pathway is the biosynthetic route for sulfoquinovose formation.

Formation and degradation of photosynthetic membranes determined by 35S-labeled sulfolipid

The plant sulfolipid (sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride) is predominantly localized in the thylakoids. Sulfolipid formation and disappearance is indicative of the presence of functional photosynthetic membranes and can be easily followed through a [ 35S]sulfate administered to green microalgae. Within the lipid fraction, only sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride is labeled. To demonstrate the usefulness of this marker, some examples are reported on thylakoid build-up and degradation influenced by external factors such as iron deficiency, copper ions and herbicides.

The metabolism of glyceryl [ 35S]sulfoquinovoside by the coral tree, Erythrina crista-galli, and alfalfa, Medicago sativa

Glyceryl sulfoquinovoside, the deacylation product of the plant sulfolipid, occurs in important but variable concentrations in green plants. Metabolism of glyceryl sulfoquinovoside by leaves of alfalfa and other plants resulted in sulfolactate accumulation while leaves of the coral tree produced sulfoacetate. Identification of sulfolactaldehyde adds support for the operation of a sulfoglycolytic pathway for degradation of glyceryl sulfoquinovoside.

Lipid Composition of Cyanidium

The major lipids in Cyanidium caldarium Geitler are monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, plant sulfolipid, lecithin, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Fatty acid composition varies appreciably among the lipids, but the major ones are palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and moderate amounts of stearic acid. Trace amounts of other acids in the C(14) to C(20) range were also present. Moderate amounts of linolenic acid were found in two strains, but not in a third. The proportion of saturated acid is relatively high in all lipids ranging from about a third in monogalactosyl diglyceride to three-fourths in sulfolipid. This may be a result of the high growth temperature. Lipases forming lysosulfolipid, and lysophosphatidyl glycerol are active in ruptured cells; galactolipid is degraded with loss of both acyl residues. Thus the lipid and fatty acid composition of Cyanidium more closely resembles that of green algae than that of the blue-green algae, although there are differences of possible phylogenetic interest.

Methodology for the separation o plant lipids and application to spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae

AbstractProcedures for separation of complex plant lipids and results obtained are reviewed.Procedures based on DEAE cellulose and silicic acid chromatography, which may be preceded by countercurrent distribution, are presented for separation of the individual glyceroland sphingolipid classes of spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae. These procedures appear to be generally applicable to photosynthetic tissue of plants and algae.The separation and infrared spectra of mono‐and digalactosyl diglycerides, lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, plant sulfolipid, cerebroside, and sterol glycosides from spinach are recorded. Chloroplast lamellae lipids are in the molar ratio monogalactosyl diglyceride (14.0), digalactosyl diglyceride (8.0), phosphatidyl glycerol (5.5), sulfolipid (3.9), lecithin (2.0), phosphatidyl inositol (1.0). Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cerebrosides, and sterol glycosides were not detected in chloroplast lamellae. Fatty acid composition of individual lamellae lipids have been determined: The galactosyl lipids contain more than 90% trienoic acids.Trans‐3‐ hexadecenoic acid is restricted almost exclusively to phosphatidyl glycerol.In this report techniques which have been applied to the isolation of plant glycero‐ and sphingolipids are reviewed and a new scheme presented for the separation of several of the plant lipid classes. Results obtained with spinach leaf and its photosynthetic apparatus are presented and discussed.

Lipids of Leaves and Seeds

The lipid components of the chlorophyll lipoproteins isolated from the leaves of Cayratia japonica, Vicia sativa, and Artemisia princeps were separated and identified by column, thin-layer, and paper chromatographies. The lipids were mainly composed of carotenoids, quinones including plastoquinone, sterols and their esters, di- and monoglycerides, free fatty acids, chlorophylls and their degradation products, glycolipids including plant sulfolipids, and phospholipids, in which the glycolipids were predominant. The fatty acid composition was characteristic depending on each separated lipid component. Comparison of the lipid distributions was made between whole leaf and chlorophyll lipoprotein, and also between chlorophyll lipoproteins from young leaves and from full-grown leaves.

Isolation and fatty acid composition of the plant sulfolipid and galactolipids

The plant sulfolipid has been isolated from Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells and from alfalfa leaves by chromatography on Florisil and DEAE cellulose columns. The galactolipids, galactosyl diglyceride and digalactosyl diglyceride were isolated by further chromatography on silicic acid columns. The galactolipids from alfalfa leaves were highly unsaturated and contained 87–94% linolenic acid, while the sulfolipid contained approximately equal amounts of palmitic and linolenic acids.

The Plant Sulfolipid

Publisher Summary This chapter describes plant sulfolipid. Sulfoquinovose and its glycosides, glyceryl sulfoquinovoside and the sulfolipid, comprise the most concentrated anionic sugar derivatives in plants. As salts of a very strong sulfonic acid, they are anionic under all conditions. Sulfolipid possesses an extremely hydrophyllic moiety and two fatty ester groups. This amphipathic molecule is expected to exhibit excellent surfactant properties. Its high concentration in the lamellar lipoprotein structures of plant chloroplasts undoubtedly is a result of such properties. Its role in sulfate reduction and carbohydrate metabolism may be related to its location and orientation at important interfaces in the photosynthetic apparatus. When large quantities of sulfolipid become available, they may provide effective substitutes for synthetic surfactants in medical and industrial applications, where metabolic degradation is essential for safe or effective use.

Lipids of photosynthetic tissue I. Silicic acid chromatography of the lipids from whole leaves and chloroplasts

The Hirsch and Ahrens method of silicic acid chromatography has been applied to the separation of the lipids of whole spinach leaves and of spinach chloroplasts. Waxes, hydrocarbons and n-hexacosanol, present in the whole leaf, were absent in the chloroplast. Triglycerides were absent in the whole leaf and therefore also in the chloroplast. Appreciable quantities of plastoquinone are present in the chloroplast. Two monoglycosyl glycolipids were well resolved and represented major components of the chloroplast. The phospholipid fraction was inadequately resolved in this system, and also contained the plant sulfolipid and diglycosyl glycolipid. Contamination of lipid fractions by chlorophyll and its degradation products presented an unsolved disadvantage of the method. The presence of a proteolipid in the chloroplast was observed.

The Plant Sulfolipid. VII. Synthesis of 6-Sulfo-α-D-quinovopyranosyl-(1→1″)-glycerol and Radiochemical Syntheses of Sulfolipids

<b>The Plant Sulfolipid. VII. Synthesis of 6-Sulfo-α-D-quinovopyranosyl-(1→1″)-glycerol and Radiochemical Syntheses of Sulfolipids</b>

THE PLANT SULFOLIPID. IDENTIFICATION OF 6-SULFO-QUINOVOSE1

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE PLANT SULFOLIPID. IDENTIFICATION OF 6-SULFO-QUINOVOSE1H. Daniel, M. Miyano, R. O. Mumma, T. Yagi, M. Lepage, I. Shibuya, and A. A. BensonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 7, 1765–1766Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01468a053RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (271 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

Concentrations of phosphatides and glycolipids in leaves and chloroplasts

Deacylated leaf and chloroplast lipids were separated by two dimensional chromatography. Quantitative determinations were made of the 4 major phosphate diesters, and of the 3 major carbohydrate-glycerol compounds. From the comparison of whole leaves and chloroplasts, and similarly from the comparison of green and yellow leaves, it was concluded that the green chloroplasts are particularly enriched in phosphatidyl-glycerol and in mono- and digalactosyl lipids, the latter compounds occuring in concentrations approaching or exceeding 10 −2 M. Lecithin, cephalin, phosphatidylinositol, and the plant sulfolipid were not specifically linked to the photosynthetic apparatus.